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171 results for “tropical to temperate”
FIG. 5. — Limacia annulata n in On the phanerobranch dorids of Angola (Mollusca, Nudibranchia): a crossroads of temperate and tropical species
FIG. 5. — Limacia annulata n. sp., paratype (MNHN); A, radular teeth; B, detail of the rachis and lateral teeth morphology. Scale bars: A, 20 µm; B, 10 µm.
FIG. 3. — A in On the phanerobranch dorids of Angola (Mollusca, Nudibranchia): a crossroads of temperate and tropical species
FIG. 3. — A, Kaloplocamus ramosus (MNHN), rachis of the radula; B, Kaloplocamus ramosus (MNHN), inner lateral teeth; C, Kaloplocamus ramosus (MNHN), outer lateral teeth; D, Okenia digitata (MNHN), radular teeth morphology. Scale bars: A, C, 100 µm; B, 20 µm; D, 10 µm.
Opposing patterns of altitude-driven pollinator turnover in the tropical and temperate Americas
<p><span>Abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, precipitation) vary markedly along elevational gradients and differentially affect major groups of pollinators. Ectothermic bees, for example, are impeded in visiting flowers by cold and rainy conditions common at high elevations, while endothermic hummingbirds may continue foraging under such conditions. Despite the possibly far-reaching effects of the abiotic environment on plant-pollinator interactions, we know little about how these factors play out at broad ecogeographic scales. We address this knowledge gap by investigating how pollination systems vary across elevations in 26 plant clades from the Americas. Specifically, we explore Cruden's 1972 hypothesis that the harsh montane environment drives a turnover from insect to vertebrate pollination at higher elevations. We compared the elevational distribution and bioclimatic attributes for a total of 2232 flowering plants and found that Cruden's hypothesis only holds in the tropics. Above 30° N and below 30°S, plants pollinated by vertebrates (mostly hummingbirds) tend to occur at lower elevations than those pollinated by insects. We posit that this latitudinal transition is due to the distribution of moist, forested habitats favored by vertebrate pollinators, which are common at high elevations in the tropics but not in the temperate Americas.</span></p>
Variation in successional dynamics shape biodiversity patterns over a tropical-temperate latitudinal gradient
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A new approach to map landscape variation in forest restoration success in tropical and temperate forest biomes
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Tropical–temperate comparisons in insect seed predation vary between study levels and years
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Opposing patterns of altitude-driven pollinator turnover in the tropical and temperate Americas
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Riparian forests and macroinvertebrates support multiple ecosystem processes across temperate and tropical streams
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Range-extending tropical herbivores increase diversity, intensity and extent of herbivory functions in temperate marine ecosystems
1. Climate change is modifying species distributions around the world, forcing some species poleward, where they can alter trophic interactions. Many tropical herbivorous fishes have successfully expanded their ranges into temperate ecosystems, and while it is clear they drive increases in herbivory rates in specific localities, little is known about how they might affect the diversity of herbivory functions across large spatial scales, considering their interaction with assemblages of native herbivores in temperate habitats. 2. We assessed the spatial overlap and habitat associations of native temperate and range-expanding tropical herbivorous fishes in six sub-regions of south-western Australia to determine how incursions of tropical species may have affected the diversity, redundancy (index of uniqueness) and the 'spatial extent' (addition of functions in new areas) and 'intensity' (increasing density of functional groups) of specific herbivory functions in recipient ecosystems. 3. Tropical herbivores were more abundant in temperate ecosystems, forming schools from 40 (parrotfish) to 200 (rabbitfish) individuals strongly associated with seagrass meadows and reefs with high cover of turf algae. Overlap with temperate herbivores was highest in the northern sub-regions, forming unique assemblages, with no apparent species displacements. The addition of tropical species increased functional diversity and uniqueness (the complement of redundancy), introducing novel herbivory functions to many locations. Seagrass browsing increased in spatial extent (27%) and intensity (15 x), while seaweed browsing and grazing increased in intensity by up to 2.5 x in regions with high abundances of tropical herbivores. 4. Our results suggest that the diversity, intensity and spatial extent of different herbivory functions can change as tropical species with different habitat affinities, behaviors and diets shift their distributions poleward. Changes in functional redundancy are likely to be heterogeneous in space and might not increase initially because the diversity of herbivory functions is relatively low in some temperate marine ecosystems. However, there is the potential for greater redundancy as further tropical species arrive, their abundances increase and the spatial and functional overlap of communities rises.
Data from: Nitrogen enrichment accelerates mangrove range expansion in the temperate-tropical ecotone
Climate change and nutrient enrichment are two phenomena impacting coastal ecosystems. In coastal wetlands, mangroves in temperate-tropical ecotones are encroaching on adjacent saltmarshes, a pattern that is primarily attributed to warmer winter temperatures. Climate change is also expected to increase the vulnerability of coastal wetlands to eutrophication, and increases in nutrient availability may further mediate the rate of mangrove expansion. We investigated the consequences of nutrient enrichment on coastal wetlands in the mangrove-saltmarsh ecotone near the temperate edge of mangrove distribution along the northeast coast of Florida. We tested the hypothesis that nutrient enrichment enhances the ongoing, climate-driven expansion of mangroves into areas historically dominated by saltmarshes by increasing mangrove growth and cover, allowing them to outcompete and overgrow adjacent saltmarsh plants. We manipulated nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability and measured the effects on growth, cover, diversity, leaf traits and nutrient dynamics of Avicennia germinans. We found that A. germinans shrubs growing in the saltmarsh-mangrove ecotone in northern Florida grew taller, increased their canopies, and had higher reproductive output when enriched with N compared to control plants and P-enriched plants. Nutrient enrichment did not alter Sarcocornia perennis growth, and increased Batis maritima height but did not alter density or biomass. Nitrogen addition caused an increase in A. germinans cover and decreases in B. maritima cover and Simpson's index of diversity, suggesting that N enrichment, an ongoing phenomenon, can hasten the invasion of mangroves into saltmarshes by favoring mangrove growth and reproduction without significantly enhancing saltmarsh plant growth.
Data from: Nest attendance by tropical and temperate passerine birds: same constancy, different strategy
1. Parental care in birds varies among species and geographic regions. Incubation behavior influences embryonic development rate and varies substantially among species. 2. We studied attendance at the nest by videoing nests or collecting data from the literature for 112 species in north temperate and lowland tropical sites, then associated patterns of incubation on- and off-bouts with species and environmental traits. 3. Songbirds nesting at low elevations incubate their eggs for an average of 74.1% (12.9 s.d., n = 60 species) of the time in temperate regions and 71.0% (12.2 s.d., n = 52 species) in tropical regions during daylight hours, and 84.3% (8.2 s.d.) and 85.3% (6.2 s.d.), respectively, of each 24-hour cycle. 4. While these attendance percentages do not differ significantly between latitudes, our data also show that lowland tropical songbirds make fewer visits to the nest and, consequently, have longer on-bouts and off-bouts during incubation. This pattern in attendance reflects a latitudinal contrast in parental care strategy, where lowland tropical birds reduce visits to the nest by increasing on- and off-bout lengths while maintaining the same proportion of time spent incubating their eggs (constancy). 5. Similar constancy across latitude suggests that tropical and temperate birds may be similarly constrained to maintain elevated egg temperatures for normal embryo growth. 6. The different attendance strategies adopted in each region may reflect differences in ambient temperature, adult foraging time, and nest predation rate. Consistently warm ambient temperatures likely allow tropical birds to take longer off-bouts, and thereby to reduce activity around the nest, compared to temperate birds.
Autopolyploidy-driven range expansion of a temperate-originated plant to pan-tropic under global change
<p>Angiosperms are believed to have emerged initially in the tropics and expanded their distribution range polewards through diverse mechanisms, for example polyploidization-driven cold-tolerance evolution. Reversed expansion from temperate to pantropic climate through a polyploidization-driven shift in heat-tolerance remains largely unknown. Here, we found autopolyploidy in relation to the global expansion of <i>Solidago canadensis</i> from its temperate-climate native range in North American to hot-summer climate in an introduced range. Our cytogeographical study of 2062 accessions from 471 locations worldwide demonstrates that ploidy levels correlates negatively with latitude and positively with average temperature. An isotherm-dependent shift of the climate niches at the threshold of 20-24ºC between geo-cytotypes can be attributed mainly to autopolyploidy-driven differentiation of heat tolerance; only polyploids and not diploids are able to complete sexual reproduction, germinate and grow in the hot-summer climate of low latitudes. Ploidy-dependent fertility appears to play a key role in the hot-summer introduced range in the northern hemisphere through both pre-adaptation and rapid post-introduction adaptive evolution of delayed flowering and improved heat-tolerance during embryo development. MaxEnt model predicts continuous expansion of this weed under global change. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms governing autopolyploidy-driven backward range-expansion of plant species from temperate origins.</p>
Production of mobile invertebrate communities on shallow reefs from temperate to tropical seas
<p>Primary productivity of marine ecosystems is largely driven by broad gradients in environmental and ecological properties. In contrast, secondary productivity tends to be more variable, influenced by bottom-up (resource driven) and top-down (predatory) processes, other environmental drivers, and mediation by the physical structure of habitats. Here, we use a continental-scale dataset on small mobile invertebrates ('epifauna'), common on surfaces in all marine ecosystems, to test influences of potential drivers of temperature-standardised secondary production across biogeographic scales. We found epifaunal production to be remarkably consistent along a temperate to tropical Australian latitudinal gradient of 28.6°, spanning kelp forests to coral reefs (~3500 km). Using a model selection procedure, epifaunal production was primarily a function of biogenic habitat group, which explained up to 45% of total variability. Production was otherwise invariant to predictors capturing primary productivity, the local biomass of fishes (proxy for predation pressure), and environmental, geographic, and human impacts. Highly predictable levels of epifaunal productivity associated with distinct habitat groups across continental scales should allow accurate modelling of the contributions of these ubiquitous invertebrates to coastal food webs, to ultimately improve understanding of altered energy transfer throughout food webs in the face of ocean warming and other anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems.</p>
Predation shapes invertebrate diversity in tropical but not temperate seagrass communities
<p>1. The hypothesis that biotic interactions are stronger at lower relative to higher latitudes has a rich history, drawing from ecological and evolutionary theory. While this hypothesis suggests that stronger interactions at lower latitudes may contribute to the maintenance of contemporary patterns of diversity, there remain few standardized biogeographic comparisons of community effects of species interactions. 2. Using marine seagrasses as a focal ecosystem of conservation importance and sessile marine invertebrates as model prey, we tested the hypothesis that predation is stronger at lower latitudes and can shape contemporary patterns of prey diversity. To further advance understanding beyond prior studies, we also explored mechanisms that likely underlie a change in interaction outcomes with latitude. 3. Multiple observational and experimental approaches were employed to test for effects of predators, and the mechanisms that may underlie these effects, in seagrass ecosystems of the western Atlantic Ocean spanning 30 degrees of latitude from the temperate zone to the tropics. 4. In predator exclusion experiments conducted in a temperate and a tropical region, predation decreased sessile invertebrate abundance, richness, and diversity on both natural and standardized artificial seagrass at tropical but not temperate sites. Further, predation reduced invertebrate richness at both local and regional scales in the tropics. Additional experiments demonstrated that predation reduced invertebrate recruitment in the tropics but not the temperate zone. Finally, direct observations of predators showed higher but variable consumption rates on invertebrates at subtropical and tropical relative to temperate latitudes. 5. Together, these results demonstrate that strong predation in the tropics can have consequential impacts on prey communities through discrete effects on early life stages as well as longer-term cumulative effects on community structure and diversity. Our detailed experiments also provide some of the first data linking large-scale biogeographic patterns, community-scale interaction outcomes, and direct observation of predators in the temperate zone and tropics. Therefore, our results support the hypothesis that predation is stronger in the tropics, but also elucidate some of the causes and consequences of this variation in shaping contemporary patterns of diversity. 16-Sep-2019</p>
Variation in functional composition of reef fishes along a tropical to temperate gradient
<p><strong>Aims</strong><br>Transformations of species and functional compositions on subtropical reefs are ongoing due to poleward range shifts of some tropical species, with largely unknown consequences to ecosystem functioning. Trait-based approaches are powerful tools to quantify such changes. Here, we evaluated changes in the trait composition of coral-associated fish communities along a tropical to a temperate environmental gradient of ca.1400 km in southern Japan with abundance-weighted trait expression to assess how trait complexity changes with increasing latitude.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong><br>Ryukyu Islands and southern Pacific coast of Japan</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong><br>Reef fish</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong><br>We tested for shifts in trait space and functional redundancy, based on five morphological, life history, and behavioural traits: maximum length, pelagic larval duration, trophic level, substrate preference, and reproductive mode. Our trait database was coded with two approaches, first, by attributing a single value to each trait per species, and second, by fuzzy coding that allows more than one value per trait and hence considers some intraspecific trait variation.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong><br>We found a reduction in specialist habitat traits (coral substrate preference, nesters, herbivores) and an increase in generalist traits (predators) with increasing latitude, along with a contraction in trait space from tropical to temperate reefs. Functional redundancy declined with increasing latitude. These trends were closely linked with latitudinal gradients in temperature, along with changes in other environmental factors such as turbidity and photosynthetically active radiation.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusion</strong><br>Functional turnover and contractions are thus likely due to the marginal conditions for coral-associated fishes at higher latitudes, favouring generalist species, whereas increased resources at lower latitudes favour high redundancy and niche partitioning. Accounting for intraspecific trait variation indicated the same trends but highlighted increased functional vulnerability across all sites. We show that trait complexity in coral-associated fish communities decreases from tropical to temperate reefs, highlighting the reduced functional scope that comes with marginal environmental conditions.</p>
UCE phylogenomics of New World Cryptopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) elucidates genus boundaries, species boundaries, and the vicariant history of a temperate-tropical disjunction
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The genus <i>Cryptopone</i> Emery contains 25 species of litter and soil ants, 5 of which occur in the Americas. <i>Cryptopone</i><i>gilva </i>occurs in the southeastern U.S.A. and cloud forests of Mesoamerica, exhibiting an uncommon biogeographic disjunction observed most often in plants. We used phylogenomic data from ultraconserved elements (UCEs), as well as mitogenomes and legacy markers, to investigate phylogenetic relationships, species boundaries, and divergence dates among New World <i>Cryptopone</i>. Species delimitation was conducted using a standard approach and then tested using model-based molecular methods (SNAPP, BPP, SODA, and bPTP). We found that <i>Cryptopone</i> as currently constituted is polyphyletic, and that all the South American species belong to <i>Wadeura</i> Weber, a separate genus unrelated to <i>Cryptopone</i>. A single clade of true <i>Cryptopone</i> occurs in the Americas, restricted to North and Central America. This clade is composed of four species that originated ~4.2 million years ago. One species from the mountains of Guatemala is sister to the other three, favoring a vicariance hypothesis of diversification. The taxonomy of the New World <i>Cryptopone</i>and <i>Wadeura</i> are revised. Taxonomic changes are: <i>Wadeura</i> Weber is <b>resurrected</b>, with <b>new combinations</b> <i>W. guianensis</i>Weber, <i>W. holmgreni</i> (Wheeler), and <i>W. pauli</i> (Fernandes & Delabie); <i>C. guatemalensis</i> (Forel) (<b>rev. stat.</b>) is raised to species, and includes <i>C. obsoleta</i> (Menozzi) (<b>syn. nov.</b>). The following <b>new species</b> are described: <i>Cryptopone gilvagrande</i>, <i>C. gilvatumida</i>, and <i>Wadeura holmgrenita</i>. <i>Cryptopone hartwigi</i> is transferred to <i>Fisheropone</i> (<b>n. comb.</b>). <i>Cryptopone mirabilis</i> (Mackay & Mackay 2010) is a junior synonym of <i>Centromyrmex brachycola</i> (Roger) (<b>syn. nov.</b>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Individual growth of the Flathead Knobscaled Lizard, Xenosaurus platyceps, from tropical and temperate populations
<p><span>Growth rates of ectotherms are frequently affected by environmental conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, and prey availability. However, local adaptation to environmental conditions could influence geographic variation in growth rates. We studied growth rates of the Flathead Knob-scaled Lizard, <em>Xenosaurus platyceps</em>, from a tropical population and a temperate population in Tamaulipas, Mexico. We used a field study and a common garden experiment to examine the extent and potential causes of variation in individual growth rates between these two populations from contrasting environments. Field-determined growth rates in the tropical population were greater than those in the temperate population. In a laboratory common garden experiment that manipulated food availability and temperature for neonates from each population, neonates from the tropical population grew faster than those from the temperate population. Neonates kept at higher temperatures grew faster than those kept at lower temperature. In addition, growth rates of neonates from temperate and tropical populations did not differ at low temperature, but neonates from the tropical population grew faster at the higher temperature than did the neonates from the temperate population. Food treatment did not affect individual growth rates in these lizards, although there was a trend for neonates grown with higher food availability to grow faster. Our results suggest that not only does the warm environment of the tropical population contribute to the observed differences in field growth rates, but there is a genetic difference in the ability of the tropical population to take advantage of the warmer temperatures to increase growth rates.</span></p>
Data for: Temperate and tropical lizards are vulnerable to climate warming due to increased water loss and heat stress
<p><span>Climate warming has imposed profound impacts on species globally. Understanding the vulnerabilities of species from different latitudinal regions to warming climates is critical for biological conservation. </span><span>Using five species of <em>Takydromus </em>lizards as a study system, we quantified physiological and life-history responses and geography range change across latitudes under climate warming. Using integrated biophysical models and hybrid species distribution models, w</span><span>e found: (1) thermal safety margin is larger at high latitudes, and is predicted to decrease under climate warming for lizards at all latitudes; (2) climate warming will speed up embryonic development and increase annual activity time of adult lizards, but will exacerbate water loss of adults across all latitudes; and (3) species across latitudes are predicted to experience habitat contraction under climate warming due to different limitations: tropical and subtropical species are vulnerable due to increased extremely high temperatures, whereas temperate species are vulnerable due to both extremely high temperatures and increased water loss. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the vulnerability of species from different latitudinal regions to climate warming in ectotherms and also highlights the importance of integrating environmental factors, behavior, physiology, and life-history responses in predicting the risk of species to climate warming.</span></p>
Raw data: Temperature and water availability drive insect seasonality across a temperate and a tropical region
<p>The more insects there are, the more food there is for insectivores and the higher the likelihood of insect-associated ecosystem services. Yet, we lack insights into the drivers of insect biomass over space and seasons, both for tropical and temperate zones. We used 245 Malaise traps, managed by 191 volunteers and park guards, to characterise year-round flying insect biomass in a temperate (Sweden) and a tropical (Madagascar) country. Surprisingly, we found that local insect biomass was similar across zones. In Sweden, local insect biomass increased with accumulated heat and varied across habitats, while biomass in Madagascar was unrelated to the environmental predictors measured. Drivers behind seasonality partly converged: In both countries, the seasonality of insect biomass differed between warmer and colder sites and wetter and drier sites. In Sweden, short-term deviations from expected season-specific biomass were explained by week-to-week fluctuations in accumulated heat, rainfall, and soil moisture, whereas in Madagascar, weeks with higher soil moisture had higher insect biomass. Overall, our study identifies key drivers of the seasonal distribution of flying insect biomass in a temperate and tropical climate. This knowledge is key to understanding the spatial and seasonal availability of insects — as well as predicting future scenarios of insect biomass change.</p>
Tracing diurnal variations of atmospheric CO2, O2 and δ13CO2 over a tropical and a temperate forest
<p>These are the datasets of the campaigns used in the paper: <em>Tracing diurnal variations of atmospheric CO2, O2 and δ13CO2 over a tropical and a temperate forest. </em>Two campaigns are included: <em>CloudRoots </em>and <em>Loobos</em>. Have a look at the README files on the specifics of what is inside the files and how to cite these datasets. </p> <p> </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.