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Figure 8 in New records of Alvinocarididae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) from the southwestern Pacific hydrothermal vents, with descriptions of one new genus and three new species
Figure 8. Chorocaris variabilis sp. nov., holotype, female (carapace length 13.6 mm), CBM-ZC 11945. Left mouthparts. (A) Mandible, inner view; (B) maxillule, outer view; (C) maxilla, outer view (posterior lobe of scaphognathite broken off); (D) first maxilliped, outer view; (E) left second maxilliped, outer view; inset, epipod and podobranch, inner view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 3. Alvinocaris niwa n in Alvinocarididae) and new records of alvinocaridids from hydrothermal vents north of New Zealand
FIGURE 3. Alvinocaris niwa n. sp. holotype (NIWA 3253), a, first maxilliped, left side, anterior view; b, second maxilliped, right side, posterior view; c, second maxilliped, right side, anterior view; d, third maxilliped, right side, lateral view; e, third maxilliped, right side, mesial view; f, first pereopod, right side, lateral view; g, first pereopod, right side, mesial view; h, first pereopod fingers, right side, lateral (concave) view. Scale bars a – c = 2 mm; d – g = 4 mm; h = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2. Alvinocaris niwa n in Alvinocarididae) and new records of alvinocaridids from hydrothermal vents north of New Zealand
FIGURE 2. Alvinocaris niwa n. sp. holotype (NIWA 3253), a, front, dorsal view; b, antennal peduncle and scale, left side, ventral view; c, telson and uropods, dorsal view; d, mandible, left side, posterior (convex) view; e, mandible, left side, anterior (concave) view; f, first maxilla, right side, posterior view; g, second maxilla, right side, posterior view. Scale bars a – c = 4 mm; d – f = 1 mm; g = 2 mm.
FIGURE 1. Alvinocaris niwa n in Alvinocarididae) and new records of alvinocaridids from hydrothermal vents north of New Zealand
FIGURE 1. Alvinocaris niwa n. sp. a, b, holotype (NIWA 3253), c, paratype female (NIWA 3254); a, lateral view; b, abdomen, ventrolateral view; c, lateral view. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 8 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)
Figure 8. Seafloor images taken by NIWA's Deep-Towed Imaging System (DTIS) camera sled during 2010 RV Kaharoa voyage to the Bay of Plenty. a, North Calypso Vent, stn KAH1004/5, approx. depth 175 m; b, South Calypso Vent, stn KAH1004/8, approx. depth 195 m; c, Moutohorā/Whale Island, stn KAH1004/12, 20–30 m depth; d, Whakaari/White Island, stn KAH1004/14, approx. 225 m depth. Scale bars = 200 mm.
Figure 7 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)
Figure 7. Sample locations of Arenallianassa katrinae sp. nov. (white stars). Known hydrothermal vent locations along the Kermadec-Tonga Volcanic Arc are shown in triangles with shallow (≤200 m) vents in grey and deep (>200 m) vents in white. Locations where invertebrate specimens were collected at depths ≤200 m are indicated by white circles. The 200 m bathymetric line is shown. Lower insert shows close-up of Bay of Plenty (BOP) including locations of geothermal 'bubble zones' reported by Sarano et al. (1989). Upper insert shows colour of an undetermined specimen from type locality (RV Sonne stn SO192-2/4). Camera symbols indicate locations of 2010 camera tows.
Figure 6 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)
Figure 6. Arenallianassa katrinae sp. nov. NIWA 157715 (paratype female, cl 19.0 mm), lateral view unless stated otherwise: a, mandible, left, inside view; b, maxillule; c, maxilla; d, maxilliped 1; e, maxilliped 2; f, pleopod 1, lateral view. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 5 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)
Figure 5. Arenallianassa katrinae sp. nov. NIWA 157709 (holotype, male, cl 17.6 mm), lateral view unless stated otherwise: a, major cheliped; b, minor cheliped, right. NIWA 157710 (paratype female, cl 16.6 mm): c, maxilliped 3, left; d, major cheliped, left; e, pereopod 3; f, pleopod 1; g, pleopod 2; h, i, left and right uropodal endopods showing distribution of robust setae. NIWA 32141 (paratype female, cl 9.5 mm); j, major cheliped; k, minor cheliped; l, pleopod 1; m, pleopod 2. Top 3 scale bars = 5 mm; bottom scale bar = 2 mm.
Figure 4 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)
Figure 4. Arenallianassa katrinae sp. nov. NIWA 157709 (holotype male, cl 17.6 mm): a, eyestalks, carapace, pleon, left uropod, telson, dorsal view; b, c anterior carapace, eyestalk, antennule, antenna, dorsal view (b), lateral view (c); d, thoracic sternites 4–7, pereopodal coxae 1–4, ventral view; e, maxilliped 3, lateral face; f, pereopod 2; g, pereopod 3 (lateral view, mesial view of propodus and dactylus); h, pleopod 1, right, lateral view. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 3 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)
Figure 3. Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975). NMV J16708 (male, cl 6.9 mm): a, major (right) cheliped, mesial face; b, major cheliped fingers, lateral face; c, merus, lateral face; d, minor (left) cheliped, lateral face; e, minor cheliped fingers, mesial face; f, pereopod 2; g, pereopod 3; h, pereopod 4; i, pereopod 5. NMV J16670 (female, cl 7.3 mm); j, major (right) cheliped, lateral. NMV J16726 (male, cl 5.1 mm); k, major (left) cheliped, mesial; l, major cheliped fingers, lateral. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 2 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)
Figure 2. Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975). NMV J16708 (male, cl 6.9 mm): a, carapace, pleon, telson, dorsal view; b, c, anterior carapace, eyestalk, antennule, antenna, dorsal view (only left appendages shown in b); d, telson, right uropod, dorsal view; e, maxilliped 3, mesial view; f, same, distal articles, lateral view; g, pleopod 1, lateral view. NTMAG Cr009860 (female, cl 5.3 mm): h, telson, left uropod, dorsal view. NMV J31887 (male); i, left uropod, anterodistal angle of endopod. NMV J16726 (male, cl 5.1 mm); j, left uropod, anterodistal angle of endopod. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 25 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 25. Results of confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) of recently mineralized and ancient fossil annelid tubes (see online edition for colour version). Tubes are imaged in auto-fluorescence mode, where areas of fluorescence likely reflect the presence of organic matter. A, detail of mineralized Escarpia southwardae (Siboglinidae) tube transverse section. B, fossil tube from Upper Waiau River, New Zealand (UWT3-4), detail of transverse section. C, fossil tube from West Fork Satsop River, Washington State, USA (WFSR 1A), detail of transverse section. D, fossil tubes from Bexhaven, New Zealand (BXG), detail of two near-transverse sections. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm.
Figure 24 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 24. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectra of the organic tubes of vent and seep annelids. Spectra are offset on the absorbance axis, and key spectral absorbance peaks are labelled with the types of chemical bonds they represent: -NH, nitrogenhydrogen; -CH, carbon-hydrogen; -OH, oxygen-hydrogen. The regions of the tube analysed are as follows: Tevnia jerichonana (anterior, inner tube wall); Zenkevitchiana longissimi (middle, outer tube wall); Lamellibrachia anaximandri (posterior, outer tube wall); Sclerolinum contortum (anterior, outer tube wall); Alvinella sp. (middle); Spiochaetopterus izuensis (middle, outer tube wall).
Figure 23. Strict consensus cladograms constructed using a in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 23. Strict consensus cladograms constructed using a total of 64 modern and fossil annelid taxa and 48 mostly morphological tube characters. Analyses were performed using implied character weighting, with the concavity constant set as default (k = 3; A), and also set to downweight homoplastic characters less (k = 4; B). Numbers on nodes represent groups present/contradicted support values. Modern taxa are coloured according to taxonomic groups; fossil taxa are in grey. A, consensus of 271 most parsimonious trees (best score = 15.387, consistency index = 0.195, retention index = 0.264); B, consensus of 60 most parsimonious trees (best score = 13.568, consistency index = 0.232, retention index = 0.569). Symbols/colours indicate taxonomic affinities.
Figure 21 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 21. Principal coordinate analysis plot of modern and fossil annelid tubes, based on the 48 characters scored for this study. Fossils (grey crosses): 1. Yamankasia rifeia; 2, Eoalvinellodes annulatus; 3, 'Sibay tubes'; 4, Tevidestus serriformis; 5, 'Figueroa tubes'; 6, 'Sassenfjorden area tubes'; 7, 'Cold Fork Cottonwood Creek tubes'; 8, 'Prince Patrick tubes'; 9, 'Ellef Ringnes tubes'; 10, 'Troodos attached tubes'; 11, 'Troodos wrinkled tubes'; 12, 'Troodos collared tubes'; 13, 'Okukinenbetsu yellow tubes'; 14, 'Okukinenbetsu brown tubes'; 15, 'Omagari tubes'; 16, 'Canyon River tubes'; 17, 'Murdock Creek tubes'; 18, 'West Fork Satsop River tubes'; 19, Serpulidae sp., 'Bexhaven'; 20, 'Upper Waiau River tubes'; 21, 'Rocky Knob tubes'. Modern tubes: Chaetopteridae (orange dots): 22, Chaetopterus cf. variopedatus; 23, Chaetopteridae id83; 24, Phyllochaetopterus polus; 25, P. gigas; 26, P. claparedii; 27, P. prolifica; 28, P. socialis; 29, Spiochetopterus izuensis; 30, S. sagamiensis; 31, S. costarum; 32, S. typicus; 33, Mesochaetopterus taylori. Siboglinidae, frenulata (dark blue filled triangles): 34, Galathealinum arcticum; 35, Lamellisabella denticulata; 36, Oligobrachia gracilis; 37, Polybrachia canadensis; 38, Siboglinum ekmani; 39, S. lacteum; 40, Siphonobrachia lauensis; 41, Unibrachium colombianum; 42, Zenkevitchiana longissima; 43. Siboglinidae, Sclerolinum (light blue outline triangle): S. contortum; Siboglinidae, vestimentiferans (light purple filled inverted triangles): 44, Alaysia spiralis; 45, Arcovestia ivanovi; 46, Escarpia southwardae; 47, Lamellibrachia anaximandri; 48, Paraescarpia echinospica; 49, Ridgeia piscesae; 50, Riftia pachyptila; 51, Tevnia jerichonana; 52, Seepiophila jonesi; Siboglinidae, vestimentiferan roots (dark purple outline inverted triangles): 53, E. southwardae root; 54, L. anaximandri root; 55, S. jonesi root; 56, P. echinospica root; Alvinellidae (maroon outline diamond): 57, Alvinella sp.; Ampharetidae (fuchsia outline rhombus): 58, Glyphanostomum sp.; Serpulidae (lime filled squares): 59, Serpulidae sp. JCR; 60, Serpula vermicularis; 61, Vermiliopsis infundibulum; Sabellidae (yellow outline squares): 62, Sabella pavonina; 63, Megalomma vesiculosum; Oweniidae (dark green outline dot): 64. Owenia fusiformis.
Figure 19 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 19. Yamankasia rifeia, Silurian, Yaman Kasy, Russia. A, NHMUK VF84, large tube in hand specimen. B, NHMUK VF97, cast of tube exhibiting fold. C, NHMUK VF78, pyritized fibres or filamentous micro-organisms preserved on the outside of a tube. D, NHMUK VF78, fine longitudinal wrinkles preserved on outer tube surface. E, NHMUK OR6468a, tube in transverse section with thick, multi-layered wall. F, NHMUK OR6468b, tube wall in transverse section preserved as several layers. G, UL 61633, detail of tube transverse section showing colloform pyrite interpreted as having grown on the outside of the tube. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 3 mm; E = 1.5 mm; F, G = 500 µm.
Figure 22 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 22. Strict consensus cladogram of the three most parsimonious trees of tubes built by a total of 43 modern annelid taxa (best score = 14.344, consistency index = 0.308, retention index = 0.629). The analysis was based on the 48 mostly morphological tube characters and was performed using implied character weighting (k = 3). Numbers on nodes represent groups present/contradicted support values. Symbols/colours indicate taxonomic affinities.
Figure 18 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 18. Eoalvinellodes annulatus, Silurian, Yaman Kasy, Russia. A–C, NHMUK OR1388a, NHMUK VF52 and NHMUK VF53, respectively, hand specimens of gently curving tubes with folded fabric-like tube wall texture. D, E, UL YKB1, transverse sections of tubes showing thick walls with thick, possibly multi-layered walls. F, UL YKB1, detail of tube wall in transverse section showing preservation by colloform pyrite many layers thick. Scale bars: A, B = 2 mm; C = 1 mm; D, E = 500 µm; F = 100 µm.
Figure 16. A–C in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 16. A–C, Tevidestus serriformis tubes, Devonian, Sibay, Russia, NHMUK VF71; A, tube fragment exhibiting numerous short collars; B, C, detail of tube wall showing small collars and meshwork of fibres. D, Phyllochaetopterus prolifica outer tube wall detail for comparison, NHMUK 1915.5.1.4-6. Scale bars: A = 4 mm; B, C = 1 mm; D = 10 µm.
Figure 17 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Figure 17. 'Sibay tubes', NHMUK VF71, Devonian, Sibay, Russia. A, hand specimen showing cluster of tubes in various orientations. B, detail of tube wall showing smooth appearance. C, detail of the walls of three adjacent tubes in transverse section; walls appear thick and multi-layered. D, detail of framboidal pyrite preserving tube walls. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 10 µm.
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