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39 results for “winter warming”
Data from: A model estimating the degree of floral transition in an evergreen perennial exposed to warm periods during winter
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Data from: Asymmetric winter warming advanced plant phenology to a greater extent than symmetric warming in an alpine meadow
The warming of terrestrial high-latitude ecosystems, while increasing, will likely be asymmetric across seasons – where winter non-growing seasons will warm more than summer growing seasons. Asymmetric winter warming in temperature-sensitive ecosystems may delay spring phenological events by reducing the opportunity that a plants' chilling requirement is met. Similarly, symmetric warming can advance spring phenology. To explore the impact of asymmetric warming on plant phenology, we applied a year-round warming and a winter warming treatment to our experimental plots. Over a two-year period, we monitored leaf-out and flowering phenology for 11 plant species. There was variation among species, however, both winter and year-round warming, advanced the leaf-out day and the first flowering day relative to the control treatment. Winter warming advanced leaf-out and flowering phenology by 11.1 (± 2.4) and 12.6 (± 2.9) days, respectively. However, year-round warming had less of an impact advancing leaf-out and flowering phenology by 5.1 (± 2.1) and 10.0 (± 3.0) days, respectively. Our study provides direct evidence that asymmetric winter warming has a larger impact on plant phenology than symmetric year-round warming. Increasing soil temperature in the winter from below to above freezing temperatures advanced the spring phenology of alpine plants. Winter warming increased soil temperature more than year-round warming, which explains why phenology advanced under winter warming more than under year-round warming. In addition, early or mid-season flowering plant species displayed different phenology strategies in warmer winters. Synthesis: Relative to other ecosystems, alpine ecosystems such as the Tibetan Plateau will likely respond to asymmetric warming given the higher amplitude of winter temperature increases due to climatic warming thus seasonal variation in warming should be considered when predicting and modelling the response of alpine ecosystems to climatic change.
Effects of temperature on seed dormancy and germination of the coastal dune plant Viola grayi: Germination phenology and responses to winter warming
<p>PREMISE: In temperate sand dunes, rising air temperature owing to climate change could not only further elevate surface soil temperatures during summers but also drastically change the range of soil temperatures in other seasons. Winter warming may shift the timing of seed germination of dune species that require cold stratification for dormancy release.</p> <p>METHODS: We assessed the effects of temperature on dormancy and germination of <i>Viola grayi</i> seeds and evaluated whether winter warming could affect its germination phenology by conducting germination experiments and analyzing soil temperature data in cold and warm winters.</p> <p>RESULTS: <i>Viola grayi</i> seeds were dormant when dispersed in spring. One-month moist-chilling treatment (4°C) effectively released dormancy, while short, intermittent lower temperatures (alternating 20/5°C) did not. Continuous higher temperatures induced secondary dormancy in non-dormant seeds. During a cold, snowy winter, the surface soil temperatures of the sand dune remained at 0–2°C for approximately one month owing to the accumulated snow, while the period of such stable low soil temperatures was much shorter during a warm, less snowy winter, and the highest soil temperature class reached 20–25°C. These results suggest that dispersed seeds germinate in the following spring after winter chilling, but they may remain dormant after warm winters.</p> <p>CONCLUSIONS: With winter warming, prolonged seed dormancy and associated germination delay could occur in <i>V. grayi</i> seeds. Assessing the minimum requirements for dormancy release and the potential to form persistent soil seed banks is important for judging the necessity and urgency of conservation efforts for temperate dune species.</p>
Data from: Local diversity in phenological responses of migratory lake sturgeon to warm winters
<p>Rich intraspecific diversity in traits that shape responses to environmental conditions implies that effects of climate change will differ within species or even populations. Nevertheless, few studies investigate how different groups within species respond to climatic fluctuations, and most risk assessments rely upon species-wide generalizations. We studied effects of among-year variation in air temperature on the spring migratory phenology of a metapopulation of lake sturgeon (<em>Acipenser fulvescens</em>) within waters connecting Lake Huron and Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Sturgeon here express multiple migratory phenotypes that all spawn in either the St. Clair River or Detroit River but differ in their use after spawning of more than 86,000 km<sup>2</sup> of accessible lake and river habitat. Acoustic tracking over nine years (2012-2020) revealed mixed phenological responses to late-winter air temperatures, with three migratory groups arriving at rivers earlier during warm years and one whose arrival was consistent across years regardless of temperature. Notably, two groups that spawn in the same river but overwinter in different lakes entered the river with greater synchrony during warm years because one advanced its phenology while the other did not. The results indicated warm weather could alter the dynamics of the metapopulation and broader community, and exemplify the complexity hidden beneath broadscale generalizations of species' response to climate change.</p>
Data from: Simulated winter warming negatively impacts survival of Antarctica's only endemic insect
<p>Antarctic winters are challenging for terrestrial invertebrates, and species that live there have specialized adaptations to conserve energy and protect against cold injury in the winter. However, rapidly occurring climate change in these regions will increase the unpredictability of winter conditions, and there is currently a dearth of knowledge on how the highly adapted invertebrates of Antarctica will respond to changes in winter temperatures.</p> <p>We evaluated the response of larvae of the Antarctic midge, <em>Belgica antarctica</em>, to simulated winters at three ecologically relevant mean temperature scenarios: Warm (-1 °C), Normal (-3 °C) and Cold (-5 °C). Within each scenario, larvae were placed into three distinct habitat types in which they are commonly observed (decaying organic matter, living moss, and <em>Prasiola crispa algae</em>). Following the simulated overwintering period, a range of physiological outcomes were measured, namely survival, locomotor activity, tissue damage, energy store levels and molecular stress responses.</p> <p>Survival, energy stores and locomotor activity were significantly lower following the Warm overwintering environment than at lower temperatures, but tissue damage and heat shock protein expression (a proxy for protein damage) did not significantly differ between the three temperatures. Survival was also significantly lower in larvae overwintered in <em>Prasiola crispa</em> algae, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Heat shock proteins were expressed least in larvae overwintering in living moss, suggesting it is less stressful to overwinter in this substrate, perhaps due to a more defined structure affording less direct contact with ice.</p> <p>Our results demonstrate that a realistic 2 °C increase in winter microhabitat temperature reduces survival and causes energy deficits that have implications for subsequent development and reproduction. While our Warm winter scenario was close to the range of observed overwintering temperatures for this species, warmer winters are expected to become more common in response to climate change. Conversely, if climate change reduces the length of winter, some of the negative consequences of winter warming may be attenuated, so it will be important to consider this factor in future studies. Nonetheless, our results indicate that winter warming could negatively impact cold-adapted insects like the Antarctic midge.</p>
Dataset from "How does a warm and low-snow winter impact the snow cover dynamics in a humid and discontinuous boreal forest? Insights from observations and modeling in eastern Canada"
<p>The dataset presented below is described in the publication “<em>How does a warm and low-snow winter impact the snow cover dynamics in a humid and discontinuous boreal forest? An observational study in eastern Canada.</em>” from Bouchard et al. (submitted) in the journal Hydrology and Earth System Science.</p> <p>The original dataset includes <strong>monitoring data</strong> collected at Montmorency Forest (47.29°N, 71.17°W) from 15 October 2020 to 15 June 2021 (W20-21) and from 15 October 2021 to 15 June 2021 (W21-22) in a medium-size gap, the small-size gap and under the canopy. The study site is a balsam fir – whit birch stand on a 12° slope of north-east aspect. In the monitoring dataset you can find at the hourly timestep:</p> <ul> <li>Snow depth (cm)</li> <li>Soil temperature at 20 cm, 10 cm and 5 cm below ground surface (°C)</li> <li>Soil-snow interface temperature (°C)</li> <li>Snow temperature every 15 cm from the ground surface (°C)</li> <li>Snow surface temperature (°C)</li> <li>Air temperature (°C)</li> <li>Relative humidity (%)</li> <li>Soil volumetric water content at 15 cm below the ground surface (0 – 1)</li> </ul> <p>The dataset also includes <strong>snow pit observations</strong> taken at Montmorency Forest during W20-21 and during W21-22. Each winter, four (4) snow pits were dug inside medium-size gaps, small-size gaps and at subcanopy locations. Snow pit measurement dates are presented in Bouchard et al. (submitted). Each snow pit includes the vertical profile of:</p> <ul> <li>Snow stratigraphy</li> <li>Snow temperature</li> <li>Snow density</li> <li>Snow specific surface area (SSA)</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>The snow pit height corresponds to the upper boundary of the topmost snow layer in the stratigraphy profile. For density measurements, the height value corresponds to the center of the 3-cm thick box cutter. For the SSA, the value is measured optically at the top of the sample. This value is representative of the top 1 cm of the snow sample, as this is the typical e-folding depth of 1310 nm radiation in snow. Grain type codes for the snowpack stratigraphy correspond to the <em>International Classification for Seasonal Snow </em>(Fierz et al., 2009):</p> <ul> <li>PP: precipitation particles </li> <li>DF: decomposed and fragmented precipitation particles</li> <li>RG: rounded grains</li> <li>FC: faceted crystals</li> <li>FCxr: rounding faceted particles</li> <li>DH: depth hoar</li> <li>MFpc: melt forms – rounded polycrystals</li> <li>MF: melt forms – clustered rounded grains</li> <li>MFcr: melt forms – melt-freeze crusts</li> <li>IF: ice formations</li> </ul>
Data from: Northward expanding resident species benefit from warming winters through increased foraging rates and predator vigilance
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Effects of temperature on seed dormancy and germination of the coastal dune plant Viola grayi: Germination phenology and responses to winter warming
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Data from: Simulated winter warming negatively impacts survival of Antarctica’s only endemic insect
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Data from: Body shrinkage due to Arctic warming reduces red knot fitness in tropical wintering range
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Data from:Unpredictable warm spells in winter increase blood cortisol level but lengthen telomeres in a seasonal rodent Phodopus sungorus
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Data from: Asymmetric winter warming advanced plant phenology to a greater extent than symmetric warming in an alpine meadow
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Data from: Local diversity in phenological responses of migratory lake sturgeon to warm winters
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Data from: Tree phenology responses to winter chilling, spring warming, at north and south range limits
Increases in primary production may occur if plants respond to climate warming with prolonged growing seasons, but not if local adaptation, cued by photoperiod, limits phenological advance. It has been hypothesized that trees with diffuse porous xylem anatomy and early successional species may respond most to warming. Within species, northern populations may respond most due to the fact that growing seasons are relatively short. Species most sensitive to spring temperature may show little overall response to warming if reduced chilling in fall/winter offsets accelerated winter/spring development. Because current thermal models consider only highly aggregated variables, e.g., degree days or chilling units (temperature sums for a season or year) they may not accurately represent warming effects. We show that assumptions contained in current thermal (degree-day) models are unrealistic for climate change analysis. Critical threshold parameters are not identifiable, and they do not actually have much to do with thresholds for development. Traditional models further overlook the discrete nature of observations, observation error, and the continuous response of phenological development to temperature variation. An alternative continuous development model (CDM) that addresses these problems is applied to a large experimental warming study near northern and southern boundaries of 15 species in the eastern deciduous forest of the US, in North Carolina and Massachusetts. Results provide a detailed time course of phenological development, including vernalization during winter and warming in spring, and challenge the basic assumptions of thermal models. Where traditional models find little evidence of a chilling effect (most are insignificant or have the wrong sign), the continuous development model finds evidence of chilling effects in most species. Contrary to the hypothesis that northern populations respond most, we find southern populations are most responsive. Because northern populations already have a compressed period for spring development they may lack flexibility to further advance development. A stronger response in the southern range could allow residents to resist northward migration of immigrants as climate warms. If potential invaders fail to exploit a prolonged growing season to the same degree as residents, then there is a resident advantage. Hypothesized effects of warming for xylem anatomy and successional status are not supported by the 15 species in this study.
Data from: Tree phenology responses to winter chilling, spring warming, at north and south range limits
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Data from: Winter warming effects on tundra shrub performance are species-specific and dependent on spring conditions
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Data from: The effects of warming and nitrogen addition on ecosystem respiration in a Tibetan alpine meadow: the significance of winter warming
Global warming has become an indisputable fact on the Tibetan Plateau in the last decades. Alpine ecosystems are very sensitive to global warming, while the impact may depend on the degree of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. Previous studies paid more attention on year-round warming, while the effects of winter warming was still lacking. In this paper, a manipulative experiment consisted of warming and N addition was carried out in an alpine meadow since 2010, and three types of warming treatments were set up: no-warming (NW), year-round (YW) and winter warming (WW). Warming significantly increased air and soil temperature, but decreased soil moisture. YW significantly decreased ecosystem respiration (Reco) in 2012, and WW decreased Reco under no N addition in 2014, while neither YW nor WW had significant effects on Reco under N addition, indicating that N addition compensated the negative effect of warming on Reco. Annually, YW and WW decreased total carbon (C) emissions, and the decrease extent was even larger under winter warming. Both YW and WW significantly decreased aboveground biomass under no N addition. YW significantly decreased soil inorganic N, and WW decreased it in 2013 and 2014 under no N, and WW decreased soil microbial biomass C. Structure Equation Modelling showed that soil moisture was the most important factors regulating Reco, and soil inorganic N content and microbial biomass C can explain 46.6% and 16.8% variations of Reco. The findings indicate that soil properties changes under warming had substantially effects on ecosystem C efflux in this alpine meadow. Inhibitory effects of winter warming on ecosystem C efflux were mainly attributed to the decline of soil N and soil microbial biomass, thus the effects of winter warming on ecosystem C emission are not so serious as expected and largely depend on N deposition in this semi-arid alpine meadow.
Data from: The effects of warming and nitrogen addition on ecosystem respiration in a Tibetan alpine meadow: the significance of winter warming
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Data on: Winter warming offsets one half of the spring warming effects on leaf unfolding
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>This dataset is the data used to create figures in paper of Global Change Biology entitled "Winter warming offsets one half of the spring warming effects on leaf unfolding", we constructed a phenological model based on the linear or exponential function between the chilling accumulation (CA) and forcing requirements (FR) of leaf-out. We further used the phenological model to quantify the relative contributions of chilling and forcing on past and future spring phenological change. The results showed that the delaying effect of decreased chilling on the leaf-out date was prevalent in natural conditions, as more than 99% of time series exhibited a negative relationship between CA and FR. The reduction in chilling linked to winter warming from 1951-2014 could offset about one half of the spring phenological advance caused by the increase in forcing. In future warming scenarios, if the same model is used and a linear, stable correlation between CA and FR is assumed, declining chilling will continuously offset the advance of leaf-out to a similar degree. Our study stresses the importance of assessing the antagonistic effects of winter and spring warming on leaf-out phenology.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.