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IMPLEMENTING AND EVALUATING A PAEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT TRAINING PROGRAM FOR PRIMARY HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN ZARIA
<p>Nigeria continues to grapple with alarmingly high under-five mortality rates, with approximately 2,300 children dying daily due to preventable and treatable diseases such as pneumonia, malaria, and diarrheal illnesses. This crisis is particularly pronounced in rural areas, where childhood mortality rates are significantly higher than in urban centres. For many rural communities, primary healthcare (PHC) centres serve as the sole access point to medical services, making these centres critical to addressing this public health challenge. Despite their importance, PHC centres often face significant challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, limited access to essential medications, and a shortage of adequately trained health personnel.</p> <p>This study aimed to implement and evaluate a Paediatric Emergency Management Training Program for healthcare workers at PHC centres in Zaria, Kaduna State. The primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of the training in improving the competency of health workers in managing common paediatric emergencies, thereby enhancing the overall quality of care provided at these centres.</p> <p>A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted involving 139 healthcare workers from selected PHC centres in Sabon Gari and Zaria Local Government Areas, utilizing a multi-stage random sampling technique. Data collection was performed using a pre-tested, semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire designed to evaluate the participants' baseline knowledge, followed by an assessment after the training intervention. The data were analysed using SPSS version 21, with chi-square tests employed to examine the associations between variables. Results were presented using tables and charts for clarity.</p> <p>The findings revealed a generally low baseline competency in managing common paediatric emergencies among the healthcare workers. Specifically, 66 (48.5%) of the respondents demonstrated very poor knowledge regarding the causes of common paediatric emergencies, 32 (23.5%) had poor knowledge, 34 (25.0%) had good knowledge, and only 4 (2.9%) of the respondents exhibited excellent knowledge. Similarly, knowledge regarding the treatment of these emergencies was also lacking, with 46.7% of respondents showing very poor understanding, 34.1% having poor knowledge, 16.3% demonstrating good knowledge, and only 3.0% showing excellent knowledge. A statistically significant relationship was observed between academic qualifications and knowledge levels in both causes (p = 0.004) and treatment (p = 0.000) of paediatric emergencies.</p> <p>The low baseline knowledge underscores the critical need for targeted training interventions. The study highlights the importance of establishing a sustained partnership between the Department of Paediatrics at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital and the Departments of Primary Health Care in Zaria and Sabon Gari Local Governments. Regular training workshops, held quarterly, are recommended to continuously equip PHC workers with the necessary skills to effectively manage paediatric emergencies, ultimately contributing to a reduction in childhood mortality rates in the region.</p>
Assessment of Potential Risk Factors for COVID-19 among Health Care Workers in a Health Care Setting in Delhi, India
<p><strong><em>Executive summary</em></strong></p> <p>The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19), first detected by Wuhan Municipal Health Commission, China, in Wuhan, Hubei Province in December 2020 and eventually the disease became pandemic. It was declared as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by WHO in January 2020. The COVID-19 disease primarily spreads through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. People infected with the COVID-19 virus experiences mild, moderate or serious respiratory illness. </p> <p>Health workers play a critical role in the clinical management of patients with COVID-19 and hence are likely to be the most vulnerable for contracting the disease. Therefore, investigating the extent of infection in health care settings and identifying risk factors for infection among health workers along with follow-up within a facility in which a confirmed case of COVID-19 infection is receiving care can provide useful information on virus transmissibility and routes of transmission, and will bear important step in limiting amplification events in health care facilities. </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Objectives:</strong></p> <p>1. To find out the extent of human-to-human transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection among health workers<br> 2. To study the clinical presentations of COVID-19 infection and the risk factors for infection among health workers.<br> 3 To evaluate the effectiveness of infection prevention and control measures among health workers in protecting against COVID-19.<br> 4. To evaluate the effectiveness of infection prevention and control programmes at health facility level <br> 5. To determine the serological response of health workers with symptomatic and possibly asymptomatic COVID-19 infection.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong></p> <p>This was a prospective cohort study conducted over a period of seven months, from December 2020 to June 2021, the period covering India’s deadly second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. This was done among the health care workers working in HIMSR & HAHC hospital, a tertiary health care setting (Dedicated COVID-19 Hospital) providing care to patients with a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection. This hospital located in South East Delhi has 200 bedded COVID-19 Care Hospital and 1050 registered healthcare workers who come in contact with COVID-19-infected persons. The study population (sampling frame) included all the health personnel like doctors, nurses, paramedical staff, housekeeping staff, security staff, students of medical, nursing and paramedical sciences and other front office staff who come in contact with the patients. In this study, the first visit / interview (Baseline) was done when the staff came in contact with a confirmed COVID-19 case. The second visit / interview (Endline) was done between 22-28 days. During each of these two visits, biological sample in the form of serum was collected to check the presence of anti-COVID-19 antibodies</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Results:</strong></p> <p>A total of 192 HCW were recruited in this study. All of them were interviewed and blood was collected for serology at the baseline visit as well as at endline. Out of 192 participants, 119 (61.97%) were detected with SARS-CoV2 antibodies at baseline whereas 73 (38.02%) were seronegative. Again, on22-28 days of follow-up, the seropositivity was 77.7% at the endline. We found that seropositivity was significantly and negatively associated with doctor as profession [OR:0.353, CI:0.176-0.710], COVID-19 symptoms [OR:0.210, CI:0.054-0.820], comorbidities [OR:0.139 , CI: 0.029 - 0.674], recent IPC Training [OR:0.250, CI:0.072 -0.864] , while positively associated with Partially [OR:3.303,CI: 1.256-8.685], as well as fully Vaccinated for COVID-19 [OR:2.428, CI:1.118-5.271]. We also observed seroconversion among 36.7% while 64.0% had increase in titre of antibodies during our follow-up period. The seroconversion was 63.2% in doctors, 42.9% in nurses and 13.0% in paramedics staff. Seroconversion was positively associated with doctor as profession [OR:11.43, CI:2.47 - 52.79] and with partially, as well as fully vaccinated for COVID-19 [OR: 32.63, CI: 5.11 - 208.49]. None of the HCW who were smokers and with any comorbidity did not found to have been seroconversion. We observe a negative and significant relationship of increase in titre of antibodies with recent any ILI symptoms [OR:0.17, 0.13 - 0.94], smokers[OR: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.13 - 0.94], HCW with comorbidities [OR:0.08,95CI: 0.01 - 0.71],, recent full IPC Training [OR:0.07, CI:0.01 -0.63] , while positively associated with partially [OR: 7.87, 95CI: 2.18 - 28.40)], as well as fully Vaccinated for COVID-19 [OR: 3.59, 95CI: 1.46 - 8.87]. Majority of the health care worker enrolled in our study had close contact exposure with COVID-19 patients while 5 had indirect exposure. It was observed that almost all (100% in both) doctors and nurses as well as almost all paramedical staff (99%) were wearing some kind of personal protective equipment (PPE) when they were exposed to a COVID-19 patient. We did not found adherences to any of the infection prevention measure adopted by the enrolled HCW during the recent contact with COVID-19 patients to be significantly associated with seroconversion. </p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong></p> <p>Majority of the health care worker (67% doctor, 80% nurses & 55% paramedics) enrolled in our study had close contact exposure with COVID-19 patient. The results show that among 192 HCW enrolled, 62% were seropositive at the baseline. At end line the seropositivity was increased to 77.7%. The seroconversion rate was also studied. It was found to be 36.7% in our study population (63.2% in doctors, 42.9% in nurses and 13.0% in paramedic’s staff.). Adherence to the recommended IPC measures was reported by most participants. About two third (63%) of the HCW in our study were not vaccinated against COVID-19; nurses and paramedics were higher in proportion among those who were unvaccinated. Fifteen percentage were partially vaccinated and 22% were fully vaccinated against COVID-19, with doctors comprising majority among them. We also found that vaccination had the strongest association with seropositivity, seroconversion as well as serial rise of titre.</p>
Figs 1–5. Temnothorax workers. 1–3 in Three New Species Of Genus Temnothorax (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) From Indian Himalayas With A Revised Key To The Indian Species
Figs 1–5. Temnothorax workers. 1–3 = T. himachalensis sp. n.: 1 = head, full face view, 2 = body, lateral view, 3 = body, dorsal view; 4–5 = T. kashmirensis sp. n.: 4 = head, full face view, 5 = body, lat-
Figs 1-6 in Description of the male of Lepidotrigona nitidiventris (Smith, 1857), redescription of the female holotype and additional morphological data on the workers (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)
Figs 1-6. Lepidotrigona nitidiventris, worker. (1-3) The Malaysian holotype, including its label at the bottom left of (3). (4-6) Thai worker, BCMU-LNW04 (HB-W1). Dorsal habitus (1, 4), lateral habitus (2, 5), head, frontal view (3, 6). Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figs 7-9 in Description of the male of Lepidotrigona nitidiventris (Smith, 1857), redescription of the female holotype and additional morphological data on the workers (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)
Figs 7-9. Lepidotrigona nitidiventris, male, BCMU-LNM01 (HB-M1). Dorsal habitus (7), lateral habitus (8), head, frontal view (9). mt.cmb – metatibial comb. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Dataset from: "Global labor loss due to humid heat exposure underestimated for outdoor workers"
<p>Data from Environmental Research Letters manuscript 'Global labor loss due to humid heat exposure underestimated for outdoor workers', DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3dae.</p> <p>Associated Python (Jupyter Lab) scripts and working environment to load and plot data can be found at: https://github.com/LukeAParsons/erfs_comparison</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>'Humid heat impacts a large portion of the world’s population that works outdoors. Previous studies have quantified humid heat impacts on labor productivity by relying on exposure response functions that are based on uncontrolled experiments under a limited range of heat and humidity. Here we use the latest empirical model, based on a wider range of temperatures and humidity, for studying the impact of humid heat and recent climate change on labor productivity. We show that globally, humid heat may currently be associated with over 650 billion hours of annual lost labor (148 million full time equivalent jobs lost), 400 billion hours more than previous estimates. These differences in labor loss estimates are comparable to losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Globally, annual heat-induced labor productivity losses are estimated at 2.1 trillion in 2017 PPP$, and in several countries are equivalent to more than 10% of gross domestic product. Over the last four decades, global heat-related labor losses increased by at least 9% (>60 billion hours annually using the new empirical model) highlighting that relatively small changes in climate (<0.5 ◦C) can have large impacts on global labor and the economy.'</p>
Behavioural variation among workers promotes feed-forward loops in a simulated insect colony
<p class="CxSpFirst">Coordinated responses in eusocial insect colonies arise from worker interaction networks that enable collective processing of ecologically relevant information. Previous studies have detected a structural motif in these networks known as the feed-forward loop, which functions to process information in other biological regulatory networks (e.g., transcriptional networks). However, the processes that generate feed-forward loops among workers and the consequences for information flow within the colony remain largely unexplored. We constructed an agent-based model to investigate how individual variation in activity and movement shaped production of feed-forward loops in a simulated insect colony. We hypothesised that individual variation along these axes would generate feed-forward loops by driving variation in interaction frequency among workers. We found that among-individual variation in activity drove overrepresentation of feed-forward loops in the interaction networks by determining the directionality of interactions. However, despite previous work linking feed-forward loops with efficient information transfer, activity variation did not promote faster or more efficient information flow, thus providing no support for the hypothesis that feed-forward loops reflect selection for enhanced collective functioning. Conversely, individual variation in movement trajectory, despite playing no role in generating feed-forward loops, promoted fast and efficient information flow by linking together unconnected regions of the nest.</p>
Microbiome assembly and maintenance across the lifespan of bumble bee workers
<p>How a host's microbiome changes over its lifespan can influence development and aging. As these temporal patterns have only been described in detail for humans and a handful of other hosts, an important next step is to compare microbiome dynamics across a broader array of host-microbe symbioses, and to investigate how and why they vary. Here we characterize the temporal dynamics and stability of the bumblebee worker gut microbiome. Bumblebees are a useful symbiosis model given their relatively well-understood life history and simple, host-specific gut bacterial communities. Furthermore, microbial dynamics may influence bumblebee health and pollination services. We combined high-temporal-resolution sampling with 16S rRNA gene sequencing, quantitative PCR, and shotgun metagenomics to characterize gut microbiomes over the adult lifespan of Bombus impatiens workers. To understand how hosts may control (or lose control of) the gut microbiome as they age, we also sequenced hindgut transcriptomes. We found that, at the community level, microbiome assembly is highly predictable and similar to patterns of primary succession observed in the human gut. At the same time, partitioning of strain-level bacterial variants among colonies suggests stochastic colonization events similar to those observed in flies and nematodes. We also find strong differences in temporal dynamics among symbiont species, suggesting ecological differences among microbiome members in colonization and persistence. Finally, we show that both the gut microbiome and host transcriptome—including expression of key immunity genes—stabilize, as opposed to senesce, with age. We suggest that in highly social groups such as bumblebees, maintenance of both microbiomes and immunity contribute to the inclusive fitness of workers, and thus remain under selection even in old age. Our findings provide a foundation for exploring the mechanisms and functional outcomes of bee microbiome succession, and for comparative analyses with other host-microbe symbioses.</p>
Quality of work organization, distress and absenteeism among healthcare workers
<p>Database of the study "Quality of work organization, distress and absenteeism among healthcare workers" to be published.</p>
Dataset for honey bee queen and worker learning
<p>As the primary source of colony reproduction, social insect queens play a vital role. However, the cognitive abilities of queens are not well understood, although queen learning and memory are essential in multiple species such as honey bees, in which virgin queens must leave the nest and then successful learn to navigate back over repeated nuptial flights. Because honey bee queen learning has never been previously demonstrated, and our goal was to determine formally if <em>Apis mellifera</em> queens have learning and memory. We tested olfactory learning in queens and workers and examined the role of DNA methylation, which plays a key role in long term memory formation. We provide the first evidence that honey bee queens have remarkably good learning and memory. The proportion of honey bee queens that exhibited learning was 5-fold higher than workers at every tested age and, for memory, 4-fold higher than workers at a very young age. DNA methylation evidently plays a key role in superior queen memory because queens exhibiting remote memory had a more consistent elevation in <em>Dnmt3</em> gene expression as compared to workers. Both castes also showed excellent very long-term memory (remote memory, 7 d), which was reduced by 30-36% by the DNA methylation inhibitor, <em>Dnmt3</em>. Given that queens live about 10-fold longer than workers, these results suggest that queens can serve as an exceptionally long-term reservoir of colony memory.</p>
Species-specific differences in bumblebee worker body size between elevations: Implications for pollinator community structure under climate change
<p>Code and dataset for manuscript titled "<span>Species-specific differences in bumblebee worker body size between elevations: Implications for pollinator community structure under climate change". Authors: Caterina Massa, Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Sarah K. Richman. Manuscript accepted to Journal of Pollination Ecology in May 2024. All data collected and analyzed by the authors.<br></span></p>
FIGURE 2 in Post-embryonic development of intramandibular glands of Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers
FIGURE 2: Mandible sections of Friesella schrottkyi (Hymenoptera: Apidae) worker pupae submitted to histochemical tests. (A): Whiteeyed pupae showing the mandible cavity and epidermal cells (ep) Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive. lc; larval cuticle. (B): Brown-eyed pupae showing the secretory cells (sc) and epidermal cells (ep) positive to protein. (C-D): Black-eyed pupae showing the epidermal cells (ep) and secretory cells (sc) Periodic acid-Schiff positive. ct: cuticle. (E-F): Black-eyed pupae showing the epidermal cells (ep) and secretory cells (sc) positive to protein. n: nucleus; ct: cuticle; s: sensilla; ca: canaliculus.
FIGURE 1 in Post-embryonic development of intramandibular glands of Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers
FIGURE 1: Mandible sections of Friesella schrottkyi (Hymenoptera, Apidae) worker pupae with toluidine blue. (A): Apex of the mandible in white-eyed pupae showing the larval cuticle (lc) and epidermal cells (ep). (B): Mandible of pink-eyed pupae showing epidermal cells (ep) with basophil apex (*). (C-D): Mandible in brown-eyed pupae showing the new cuticle (ct), epidermal cells (ep) and secretory cells (sc). (E): Mandible in black-eyed pupae showing secretory cells (sc) and epidermal cells (ep). ct: cuticle; n: nucleus. (F): Mandible in newly emerged worker showing epidermal cells (ep), secretory cells (sc) and canaliculus (ca). n: nucleus.
Fig. 2 in Whole body solvent soak gives representative venom alkaloid profile from Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) workers
Fig. 2. Gas chromatograms of hexane extracts obtained from Solenopsis invicta workers by different extraction methods. Capillary milking, gland dissection, and body without gland represent chromatograms from the sequential extraction of the same individual ants; whole body represents the chromatogram from whole body solvent-soaking extracts of 20 intact workers.
Fig. 1 in Whole body solvent soak gives representative venom alkaloid profile from Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) workers
Fig. 1. Total ion chromatogram of whole body solvent-soaking extract of 20 intact Solenopsis invicta workers in hexane.
Figures 1-4 in Ultrastructural detection of lipids in the cephalic salivary glands of Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona postica (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers
Figures 1-4. Lipids, detected using imidazole-osmium, in cephalic salivary gland (CSG) cells of Apis mellifera workers. (1-2) Small droplets of lipid (arrows) dispersed in the cellular cytoplasm of a newly emerged worker (NE), mitochondria (m) of medium electron density and narrow alveolar lumens (l) containing scarce IO-positive secretion (s). (3-4) Gland cells from workers working in the brood comb area (CA). Note lipid droplets dispersed in the cytoplasm (arrows) (1C), heterogeneous granules (gr) (1D) and large amounts of lipid secretion (s) in the alveolar lumen (l). (c) Cuticle, (n) nuclei. Scale bars: 1, 2, 4 = 1 µm, 3 = 3 µm.
Figures 5-8 in Ultrastructural detection of lipids in the cephalic salivary glands of Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona postica (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers
Figures 5-8. Imidazole-osmium preparations for lipid detection in gland cells from Apis mellifera workers. (5-6) Gland cells from worker working in the brood comb area (CA) (5) and forager (FO) (6) showing lipid droplets dispersed in the apical region (arrow), infolds (i) of the apical membrane forming channels flanked by mitochondria (m). (6) Note the presence of lipid droplets in the apical channels (arrows). (7-8) Osmium-imidazole-positive dots spread in the cytoplasm (arrows) and vesicles (ve) of forager cellular glands. (c) Cuticle, (s) secretion. Scale bars: 5 = 3 µm, 6 = 2 µm, 7-8 = 1 µm.
Figures 13–19 in Protocol for the in vitro rearing of Frieseomelitta varia workers (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)
Figures 13–19. Development phases of Frieseomelitta varia reared in vitro: (13) Pw: white-eyed pupa, unpigmented cuticle; (14) Pp: pink-eyed/pharate-adult transition, unpigmented cuticle; (15) Pb: brown-eyed pharate-adult, unpigmented cuticle; (16) Pbl: brown-eyed pharate-adult, light pigmented cuticle; (17) Pbm: brown-eyed pharate-adult, intermediary pigmented cuticle; (18) Pbd: brown-eyed pharate-adult, dark pigmented cuticle; (19) recently emerged (all pupae incubated at 30 C and 75% humidity). Developmental phases modified from Hartfelder et al. (2006). Images made with a Carl-Zeiss microscope. Scale bars: 13–18 = 4 mm, 19 = 5 mm.
Figures 1–3 in Protocol for the in vitro rearing of Frieseomelitta varia workers (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)
Figures 1–3. Photo of a representative healthy Frieseomelitta varia nest used to collect larval food for in vitro rearing experiments showing: (1) the interior of the F. varia nest with brood cells and pollen pots; (2) the shape of the brood cells in clusters; (3) arrow A indicates a brood cell of a queen developing in the nest and arroe B indicates a brood cell of a worker. Note that the size of both cells are different sizes.
Figures 4–8 in Protocol for the in vitro rearing of Frieseomelitta varia workers (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)
Figures 4–8. Procedure to transfer larvae to new clean and sterilized acrylic plates: (4) preparation of larvae for transfer, arrow A indicates an acrylic plate on which F. varia workers were produced and arrow B indicates paper towels; (5) acrylic plate with wells facing down and paper towel, arrow A indicates larvae inside the plate wells with the presence of larval food remains during the defecation period and arrow B indicates paper towels; (6) Larvae transferred to paper towel; (7) arrow indicates collecting larvae with an adapted toothpick. The size of the toothpick is 7 mm and the tape is 10 mm; (8) larvae transferred to clean and sterilized acrylic plates.
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