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Fig. 1 in Towards a ground pattern reconstruction of bivalve nervous systems: neurogenesis in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Fig. 1 Development of Dreissena polymorpha from gastrula to early veliger stage. a, g, h, and i Scanning electron micrographs. b, c Confocal microscope Zprojection images. d, e, and f Single optical sections of c. Acetylated α-tubulin-lir (green), HCS CellMask (pink), and cell nuclei counter staining (blue). Apical is always up. Lateral views. Scale bars are 15 μm. a Ciliated gastrula stage (16 h post fertilization, hpf) with blastopore (bp) on the vegetal pole. b Elongated early trochophore (22 hpf) with prominent apical tuft (at) and prototroch (pt). c Early-trochophore (23 hpf) with apical tuft (at), prototroch (pt), and telotroch (tt). d Early trochophore (23 hpf). e, f Early trochophore (23 hpf) in different optical planes with foregut (fg) and shell field (sf) invagination. g Early veliger (39 hpf) with embryonic shell (s) and expanded velum (ve). h 46 hpf old veliger. i Late veliger larva (188 hpf)

Fig. 1 in A report of Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) in the middle sector of Iskar River, Bulgaria

Fig. 1. Study sector of the Iskar River: white circles marked macrozoobenthos sampling sites, dark circles marked microreservoirs of SHPPs.

Fig. 2 in A report of Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) in the middle sector of Iskar River, Bulgaria

Fig. 2. Zebra Mussels from Iskar River near Tserovo village. Left: first recorded individual, 2016 September 29. Right: location (yellow arrow) of single specimens in the border (red lines) between ripal zone (0-0.5m depth) and medial river zone (over 1.5m depth). Photos: Ivaylo Yotinov.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2019View details →

Fig. 1. A in Translocation a potential corridor for equine piroplasms in Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra)

Fig. 1. A map of south-western South Africa, showing the localities of the 3 reserves from which samples were obtained (black circles) namely Mountain Zebra National Park (MZNP), De Hoop Nature Reserve (DHNR) and Karoo National Park (KNP). The grey diamonds show other known municipal nature reserves and national parks which contain Cape Mountain zebra sourced from Cradock, Eastern Cape, South Africa.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in The gastrointestinal nematodes of plains and Grevy's zebras: Phylogenetic relationships and host specificity

Fig. 3. Crossocephalus viviparus extracted from fresh zebra faeces were often infected with an apparent fungus. Hyphae emerging from the head (left, right) and from the tail (centre) of infected worms and stained with lactophenol blue (right). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 2 in The gastrointestinal nematodes of plains and Grevy's zebras: Phylogenetic relationships and host specificity

Fig. 2. Nematode prevalence in plains vs. Grevy's zebras in (a) a bipartite graph, where edge widths indicate prevalence in each zebra species, and (b) a linear regression, shown in black with shading representing standard error and the one-to-one line indicated by the dashed red line. Only sequences comprising>1% of total reads were used and they were clustered into mOTUs by 98% similarity. Taxon labels followed by a letter signify species-level matches (>98% similarity) to reference worms identified only to genus (see SI2), while those followed by a number represent sequences that matched a reference only to the genus level (>95% similarity). Black boxes/points are taxa without a match of>95% to any identified sequences. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in The gastrointestinal nematodes of plains and Grevy's zebras: Phylogenetic relationships and host specificity

Fig. 1. Phylogeny of all sequenced Strongylidae with species-level taxon assignments from GenBank and the present study, coloured by genus (the same colour code is used across all figures in this paper). Branch tips were pruned such that only one tip was kept of all immediate sister taxa with identical taxon assignments, and the number of samples merged in each tip is indicated in parentheses. Bootstrap percentages over 50% are displayed in bold to highlight nodes with high support. Branch lengths represent the number of base substitutions per site, estimated with the Tamura 3-parameter model assuming gamma-distributed substitution rate variation.

opengpl-2.0-or-laterAug 2024View details →

Recordings of zebra finch group behaviors with manually annotated vocal segments

<div> <div>This dataset contains recording files and manually annotated vocal segments of freely behaving zebra finches in the BirdPark. The files contain animal-borne accelerometer, microphone and video channels. Birds are housed in groups of different sizes (2, 4, or 8 birds, (one 7-mins file per group). The dataset contains 112 mins of recordings from 4 different experiments.</div> </div> The dataset is published as an appendix of the following paper: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.23.509166">Rüttimann, L., Wang, Y., Rychen, J., Tomka, T., Hörster, H., Rocha, M. D., & Hahnloser, R. H. (2024). Multimodal system for recording individual-level behaviors in songbird groups. bioRxiv.</a> See the README.pdf file for a detailed description.

Fig. 7 in Towards a ground pattern reconstruction of bivalve nervous systems: neurogenesis in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Fig. 7 Suggested ground patterns based on available data for numbers of serotonin-lir apical flask-shaped cells within bivalve apical organs. For further assessment, data on crucial clades, in particular Palaeoheterodonta and Protobranchia, are vital. Phylogeny of major bivalve lineages based on González et al. (2015). Red flask-shaped cells represent the cell count of respective serotonin-lir cells in the apical organ of studied species. Blue cells represent the hypothetical ground pattern. Within Heterodonta, Spisula solidissima shows three flask-shaped cells, while Dreissena

Fig. 6 in Towards a ground pattern reconstruction of bivalve nervous systems: neurogenesis in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Fig. 6 Components of the serotonin-lir nervous system in the late veliger larva of Dreissena polymorpha. Serotonin-lir (bright yellow to dark red), acetylated α-tubulin-lir (green), and cell nuclei counter staining (blue). All images are in lateral view and apical is always up. Scale bars are 15 μm. a One flask-shaped serotonin-lir cell (red asterisk) remains of the apical organ and a neurite (n) projects dorsally into the velum (ve). The anlage of the future cerebral ganglion consists of six round, nonflask-shaped cells (turquoise x). (an) anus, (mo) mouth opening, (st) stomach. b Detail of a. Paired cerebro-visceral connectives (cvc) project

Fig. 2 in Towards a ground pattern reconstruction of bivalve nervous systems: neurogenesis in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Fig. 2 Development of the serotonin-lir nervous system in Dreissena polymorpha from trochophore to early veliger stage. Serotonin-lir (bright-yellow to dark-red), acetylated α-tubulin-lir (green), and cell nuclei counter staining (blue). All images are in lateral view and apical is always up. Scale bars are 15 μm. a Trochophore larva (23 hpf). First serotonin-lir flask-shaped cell (red asterisk) at the apical pole. (at) apical tuft, (pt) prototroch, (tt) telotroch. b Early veliger larva (39 hpf). Two flask-shaped serotonin-lir cells (red asterisks) in the apical organ underlying the velum (ve). Postero-ventrally, the posterior larval sensory organ (pso) develops. Faintly labeled paired cerebro-visceral connectives (cvc) connect the posterior larval sensory organ (pso) to the

Fig. 5 in Towards a ground pattern reconstruction of bivalve nervous systems: neurogenesis in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Fig. 5 Development of the serotonin-lir nervous system in Dreissena polymorpha from mid- to late veliger stage. Serotonin-lir (bright yellow to dark red), acetylated α-tubulin-lir (green), and cell nuclei counter staining (blue). b, c Details of a. f Detail of e. All images are in lateral view and apical is always up. Scale bars are 15 μm. a Mid-veliger larva (114 hpf). One remaining flask-shaped cell of the larval apical organ (red asterisk) underlain by the anlage of the cerebral ganglion which contains five roundish non-flask-shaped cells (turquoise x). Paired cerebrovisceral connectives (cvc) project from the anlage of the cerebral ganglion to the posterior larval sensor organ (pso). (an) anus, (mo) mouth opening, (tt) telotroch b Detail of the remaining flask-shaped cell

Fig. 4 in Towards a ground pattern reconstruction of bivalve nervous systems: neurogenesis in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Fig. 4 Components of the serotonin-lir nervous system in the mid-veliger stage of Dreissena polymorpha. Serotonin-lir (bright yellow to dark red), acetylated α-tubulin-lir (green), and cell nuclei counter staining (blue). c, d, e Details of a. All images are in lateral view and apical is always up. Scale bars are 15 μm. a Overview of major neural components including four flask-shaped serotonin-lir cells (red asterisks) that form the apical organ. Neurites (n) project dorsally into the velum (ve). The anlage of the cerebral ganglion (turquoise x) is located underneath the apical organ. Cerebro-visceral connectives (cvc) connect the posterior larval sensory organ (pso) with the apical organ (ao). b Same individual as in a but colorcoded for depth. c Detail of the apical organ (red asterisks) and the anlage

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Zebra finch song and distance call amplitude measurements: A transmission experiment and observational transects in the natural environment

Birdsong is typically seen as a long-range signal functioning in mate attraction and territory defense. Among birds, the zebra finch is the prime model organism in bioacoustics, yet almost exclusively studied in the lab. In the wild, however, zebra finch song differs strikingly from songbirds commonly studied in the wild as zebra finch males sing most after mating and in the absence of territoriality. Using data from the wild, we here provide an ecological context for a wealth of laboratory studies. By integrating calibrated sound recordings, sound transmission experiments and social ecology of zebra finches in the wild with insights from hearing physiology we show that wild zebra finch song is a very short-range signal with an audible range of about nine meters and that even the louder distance calls do not carry much farther (up to about fourteen meters). These integrated findings provide an ecological context for the interpretation of laboratory studies of this species and indicate that the vocal communication distance of the main laboratory species for avian acoustics contrasts strikingly with songbirds that use their song as a long-range advertisement signal.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Zebras of all stripes repel biting flies at close range

The best-supported hypothesis for why zebras have stripes is that stripes repel biting flies. While this effect is well-established, the mechanism behind it remains elusive. Myriad hypotheses have been suggested, but few experiments have helped narrow the field of possible explanations. In addition, the complex visual features of real zebra pelage and the natural range of stripe widths have been largely left out of experimental designs. In paired-choice field experiments in a Kenyan savannah, we found that hungry Stomoxys flies released in an enclosure strongly preferred to land on uniform tan impala pelts over striped zebra pelts but exhibited no preference between the pelts of the zebra species with the widest stripes and the narrowest stripes. Our findings confirm that zebra stripes repel biting flies under naturalistic conditions and do so at close range (suggesting that several of the mechanisms hypothesized to operate at a distance are unnecessary for the fly-repulsion effect) but indicate that interspecific variation in stripe width is associated with selection pressures other than biting flies.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Data for: Zebra finch song ecology: monitoring of breeding, observational transects, focal and year-round acoustic recordings, and a large-scale simultaneous playback experiment

Male songbirds sing to establish territories and to attract mates. However, increasing reports of singing in non-reproductive contexts and by females show that song use is more diverse than previously considered. Therefore, alternative functions of song, such as social cohesion and synchronisation of breeding, by and large were overlooked even in such well-studied species as the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). In these social songbirds only the males sing and pairs breed synchronously in loose colonies following aseasonal rain events in their arid habitat. As males are not territorial, and pairs form long-term monogamous bonds early in life, conventional theory predicts that zebra finches should not sing much at all; yet they do and their song is the focus of hundreds of lab-based studies. We hypothesise that zebra finch song functions to maintain social cohesion and to synchronise breeding. Here we test this idea using data from five years of field studies, including observational transects, focal and year-round audio recordings, and a large-scale playback experiment. We show that zebra finches frequently sing while in groups, that breeding status influences song output at the nest and at aggregations, that they sing year-round, and that they predominantly sing when with their partner, suggesting that song remains important after pair formation. Our playback reveals that song actively features in social aggregations as it attracts conspecifics. Together, these results demonstrate that birdsong has important functions beyond territoriality and mate choice, illustrating its importance in coordination and cohesion of social units within larger societies.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Mitochondrial function is enhanced by thyroid hormones during zebra finch development

An organism's response to its environment is largely underpinned by changes in the energy supplied by the aerobic mitochondrial metabolism via adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP) production. ATP is especially important under energy-demanding conditions, such as during growth. The biological mechanisms through which environmental factors feed-back on mitochondrial function, and thus growth, are poorly understood, but recent studies suggest a role of hormones. In particular, thyroid hormones (THs) are key regulators of growth and metabolism in vertebrates, which react flexibly to environmental influences, such as temperature or nutrient availability. We manipulated TH levels within physiological ranges during the main growth phase in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) nestlings, to test for causal relationships with mitochondrial function and growth. Our TH-treatment accelerated skeletal growth and maximal mitochondrial working capacity, ETS – a mitochondrial trait reflecting ATP production potential. Furthermore, TH marginally elevated cellular metabolic rate and oxidative phosphorylation, the final step of ATP production. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the regulation of mitochondria by TH during development in a naturalistic context and to address the implications for fitness.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Hanging out in the outback: the use of social hotspots by wild zebra finches

The social and spatial organisation of avian societies is often complex and dynamic with individuals socialising with others in a local population. Although social interactions can readily be described in colonial breeders through the location of nests, social interactions regularly take place in other contexts that are often not considered. Social behaviour in the colonially breeding zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata, has been the focus of much work in the laboratory, but very little is known about their social organisation in free-living populations, especially outside the breeding context. Here we characterise semi-permanent gathering locations, or 'social hotspots' in the zebra finch in the wild. We determined the use of such social hotspots and the resulting group dynamics by quantifying movements to and from these locations through direct observation and by quantifying the vocal activity at these locations using acoustic recorders. We show that, throughout the day, zebra finches regularly visit these hotspots, and the hotspots are occupied for a substantial proportion of the day. Individuals typically arrived and left in pairs, or small groups, indicating that these social hotspots do not function just for flock formation. Instead, the high levels of vocal activity at these hotspots indicate that they may potentially function as local hubs for socialisation and information exchange, whilst also perhaps providing safety-in-numbers benefits to individuals during periods of resting. These findings characterise an important component of the natural social life of one of the most widely studied birds in captivity. The characterisation of these social hotspots highlights the use of landmarks by birds to facilitate social contacts, cohesion, and behaviour, in a social bird. Similar hangouts and social hotspots may be a feature of social behaviour in other multi-level aggregative species in which the fission and fusion of groups is an important component of daily life.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

CDSet: Crosswalk DataSet for Zebra Crossing Detection

This dataset is a collection of crosswalk (zebra crossing) images collected on vehicle-mounted cameras, used to study advanced neural network algorithms for crosswalk detection and analysis of car crossing behavior. The dataset contains 3434 images, including real scenes such as daytime, rainy days, occlusion, deformation, truncation, night, damaged, dazzling, etc. The targets includes two categories: crosswalk and guide arrows. The dataset is divided into 3080 training sets and 354 test sets. In addition, this dataset also provides additional 1770 images labeled with or without crosswalk for testing. The correspoding paper is CDNet: a real-time and robust crosstalk detection network on Jetson nano based on YOLOv5, which can be found in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-022-07007-9">doi: 10.1007/s00521-022-07007-9</a> (<a href="https://rdcu.be/cHuc8">Read Paper</a>). The benchmark model is based on the previous SOTA model YOLOv5 and has undergone multiple improvements such as ROI, SE, NST, SSVM, Synthetic Fog, etc. The open source code can be found on <a href="https://github.com/zhangzhengde0225/CDNet">Github-CDNet</a>.