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FIG. 5. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n in A new operculate symmoriiform chondrichthyan from the Late Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Arkansas, United States)

FIG. 5. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n. sp., specimen AMNH FF 20509: A, cross section through the posterior half of the specimen, at the point indicated by the inset 3D reconstruction, showing multilayered opercular structure made of cartilaginous branchial rays, fused to one another. Layer of rays from the first branchial arch (behind the hyoid arch) indicated by the second-from-left arrowhead. The right-most arrowhead marks the second row of pharyngeal rays (first branchial arch); another layer (second branchial arch) can be found just beneath it (second arrowhead from the right). Hyoid operculum appears to fold at the arrowhead furthest to the left; B, longitudinal section of posterior half of AMNH FF 20509 showing hyoid operculum (right-most arrowhead) and additional elongate branchial rays (left two arrowheads). Anterior to left, slice location within the specimen indicated by 3D reconstruction in the upper right corner. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 2. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n in A new operculate symmoriiform chondrichthyan from the Late Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Arkansas, United States)

FIG. 2. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n. sp., three-dimensional renderings of specimen AMNH FF 20509, produced by computed tomographic (CT) scanning: A, ventral view of posterior half of specimen, anterior to top; B, ventral view of anterior part of the specimen, anterior to right, with opercular elements removed; C, dorsal view of anterior half of specimen, anterior to right. Note loss of anterior portion of cranium due to taphonomy. Abbreviations: add, depression potentially for adductor musculature; c, cranium; cb, ceratobranchials; ch, ceratohyals; d, denticles; mc, Meckel's cartilage; op, opercular cartilage; pa f, pharyngeal arch fragments; pq, palatoquadrate fragment; t, teeth. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 1. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n in A new operculate symmoriiform chondrichthyan from the Late Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Arkansas, United States)

FIG. 1. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n. sp., specimen AMNH FF 20509, anterior to right: A, entire specimen, ventral view. Abbreviations: mc, Meckel's cartilage; op, opercular flap; B, detail of opercular flap. Scale bars: A, 5 cm; B, 2 cm. Photographs by Lorraine Meeker.

FIG. 6. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n in A new operculate symmoriiform chondrichthyan from the Late Mississippian Fayetteville Shale (Arkansas, United States)

FIG. 6. — Cosmoselachus mehlingi n. gen., n. sp., partial basicranium of specimen AMNH FF 20509: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. Anterior to top. Abbreviations: da?, possible opening for the dorsal aorta; occ, occiput; ot cap, otic capsule. Scale bar: 3 cm.

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Macfadyenia filicaudata,gen. et sp. n. a, anterior part of the body 1/12, ok. 3, × 450. b, tail obj. 7, ok. 3~ × 270 in Terrestrial nematodes from Jan Mayen

Macfadyenia filicaudata,gen. et sp. n. a, anterior part of the body 1/12, ok. 3, × 450. b, tail obj. 7, ok. 3~ × 270

Figures 154a–c in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 154a–c. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., female paratype no. F46, habitus (154a), carapace (154b) and sternopectinal area (154c). Scale bar = 10 mm (154a).

Figures 150a–c in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 150a–c. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., female paratype no. F42, habitus (150a), carapace (150b) and sternopectinal area (150c). Scale bar = 10 mm (150a).

Figures 136a–c in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 136a–c. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., female paratype no. F28, habitus (136a), carapace (136b) and sternopectinal area (136c). Scale bar = 10 mm (136a).

Figure 155 in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figure 155. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., paratypes, pedipalp movable fingers showing loss of all EADs.

Figures 123a–c in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 123a–c. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., female paratype no. F15, habitus (123a), carapace (123b) and sternopectinal area (123c). Scale bar = 10 mm (123a).

Figures 109a–c in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 109a–c. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., female juvenile paratype no. F1, habitus (109a), carapace (109b) and sternopectinal area (109c). Scale bar = 10 mm (109a).

Figure 90 in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figure 90. Habitus of all the type specimens of Langxie feti gen. et sp. n.; specimens are placed in the same sequence as the subsequent order of each specimen (start from above to below and left to right (same for all rows of specimens)).

Figures 88–89 in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 88–89: Figures 88a–h: Exemplary procedures of granulometric analysis using ImageJ on a full resolution image of a single carapace. The results of automated computer analysis differ from those obtained by human recognition and delimitation of granule shapes, but are sufficient to resolve sexual dimorphism. Figure 88a. Original carapace image acquired under UV fluorescence. Figure 88b. Carapace surface manually cropped from original image, with brightness and contrast adjusted. Figure 88c. Carapacial margins manually erased to exclude marginal granulation. Figure 88d. Image filtered with a low-pixel Gaussian blur (6-pixel radius) acting as a low-pass filter to suppress digital image noise and minute surface textures (e.g., lattice microstructures) (this step is unnecessary for Fig. 91 which already has a lower resolution). Figure 88e. Image filtered again with a higher-pixel Gaussian blur (20-pixel radius), acting as a low pass filter to suppress granules. Figure 88f. Image obtained by subtracting the second filtered image (88e) from the first (88d) to emphasize the granules by removing larger scale background intensity trends; brightness and contrast adjusted. Figure 88g. Result of applying an automatic thresholding algorithm (Yen method). Figure 88h. Particles detected in the thresholded image, under the criteria: area = 7–2,000 pixel2, circularity = 0.50–1.00. Figure 89. Comparison of ROIs retrieved by automatic detection method (left) and manually generated granule profiles estimated by human visual perception and interpretation of the UV fluorescence image (right).

Figures 113a–c in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 113a–c. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., female paratype no. F5, habitus (113a), carapace (113b) and sternopectinal area (113c). Scale bar = 10 mm (113a).

Figures 93a–c in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 93a–c. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., male holotype, habitus (93a), carapace (93b) and sternopectinal area (93c). Scale bar = 10 mm (93a).

Figures 86–87 in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 86–87: Figure 86. Map showing the representative localities of the discussed species. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n. (★, Gula (Golag) Township, type locality in Tibet Autonomous Region, China), Langxie cf. feti gen. et sp. n. (★, Chawalong (Cawarong or Tsawarong) Township, locality in Tibet Autonomous Region, China); Lychas mucronatus (▲, the north-most record in Deqin County of Yunnan Province, China; for other localities, see Tang 2022c); L. brehieri (▲, "Saddan Sin Gu" Cave, type locality in Myanmar); L. gravelyi (▲, Mawlamyine ("Moulmein"), type locality in Myanmar); L. scutilus (▲, Maliwan Village, the only known locality in Myanmar); Afrolychas braueri (■, Praslin Island, type locality in Seychelles); A. burdoi (■, Zanzibar, type locality in Tanzania); Himalayotityobuthus alejandrae (●, north of Saharanpur, type locality in India, approximated from fig. 16 in Lourenço (2003)); H. martensi (●, Tangmarg (left), type locality in India, and locality ("Tribani Ghat", Lourenço, 1997) in Nepal, approximated from fig. 16 in Lourenço (2003); it appears that "Tribani Ghat" should instead be "Triveni Ghat" (○) in India or "Tribeni" in Nepal (●)). Figures 87a–b: Morphometric analyses of potential sexual dimorphisms among all the adult females and males (one injured adult female excluded; paratype, no. F8). Figure 87a. Bivariate scatter plot comparing ratiometrics regarding pectine length/ metasoma I width (abscissa) vs. pectine length/carapace width (ordinate). Only one pectine of each specimen was examined (the most ideal one, i.e., less deformed). The manual measurement upon these tiny structures can easily arouse errors and deformation of specimens may cause anomalies, thus this result is only referential for the general trend. Figure 87b. Bivariate scatter plot comparing ratiometrics regarding longitudinal diameter of median ocelli/carapace length (abscissa) vs. latitudinal diameter of median ocelli/carapace width (ordinate); normalized in pixels (another female paratype, no. F17 with obvious carapace deformation was excluded).

Figures 82a–f in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 82a–f. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., in vivo, live paratypes females (82 a, c, d, e) and males (probably subadult, 82b and 82f).

Figures 85a–f in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 85a–f. Topotypes of Langxie feti gen. et sp. n. observed feeding on different preys in the wild at night.

Figures 138a–c in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 138a–c. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., female paratype no. F30, habitus (138a), carapace (138b) and sternopectinal area (138c). Scale bar = 10 mm (138a).

Figures 73–81 in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 73–81. Lattice microstructure comparison among Heteroctenus garridoi (Armas, 1974) (female, 73), Heteroctenus junceus (Herbst, 1800) (female, 74, and male, 75), Isometrus maculatus (DeGeer, 1778) (female, 76, and male, 77), Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804) (male, 78), Centruroides bicolor Pocock, 1898 (female, 79, and male, 80) and Centruroides nigrimanus Pocock, 1898 (male, 81).