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6,335 results for “direct”
Lexicon of Polarity Shifting Directions
<p>This dataset provides information on the shifting direction of polarity shifters. Shifting directions specify whether a polarity shifter can affect <strong>only positive</strong> polar expressions, <strong>only negative</strong> ones or shift in <strong>both</strong> directions.</p> <p>We cover all shifters found in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3545947">shifter lexicon</a> of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S135132492000039X">Schulder, Wiegand and Ruppenhofer (JNLE 2021)</a>, which contains verbs, noun and adjectives.</p> <p><strong>Data</strong><br> A list of 2521 polarity shifters, labeled for their shifting direction. Contains 863 shifters that affect only positive polar expressions, 288 shifters that affect only negative polar expressions and 1370 shifters that can shift in both directions.</p> <ul> <li>File: <code>shifting_directions.txt</code></li> <li>The lexicon is a comma-separated value (CSV) table</li> <li>Each line follows the format <code>POS,LEMMA,DIRECTION_LABEL,SOURCE</code>. <ul> <li><code>POS</code>: The part of speech of the word (<code>verb</code>, <code>noun</code>, <code>adj</code>)</li> <li><code>LEMMA</code>: The lemma representation of the word in question. Multiword expressions are separated by an underscore (<code>WORD_WORD</code>).</li> <li><code>DIRECTION_LABEL</code>: Whether the shifter affects only positive polarities (<code>AFFECTS_POSITIVE</code>), only negative polarities (<code>AFFECTS_NEGATIVE</code>) or can shift in both directions (<code>AFFECTS_BOTH</code>).</li> <li><code>SOURCE</code>: Whether the word was part of the gold standard (<code>GOLD_STANDARD</code>) or was labeled automatically (<code>AUTOMATIC</code>).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Attribution</strong><br> This dataset was created as part of the following publication:</p> <p><a href="http://marc.schulder.info/">Schulder, Marc</a> and <a href="http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~miwieg/">Wiegand, Michael</a> and <a href="http://ruppenhofer.de/">Ruppenhofer, Josef</a> (2020). <strong>"Enhancing a Lexicon of Polarity Shifters through the Supervised Classification of Shifting Directions"</strong>. <em>Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC)</em>, pages 5010–5016, Marseille, France, May 11-16, 2020.</p> <p>If you use the data in your research or work, please cite the publication.</p>
Database of Spherical Harmonic Representations of Sound Source Directivities
<p>This is a database of complete spherical harmonic representations of the directivities of sound sources. The data are provided as impulse responses that represent the directivity of the given source in a given discrete direction. The Matlab script <code>compute_spherical_harmonics_model.m</code> demonstrates how a spherical harmonic representation can be computed from the data. We do not provide spherical harmonic coefficients directly because of the multitude of definitions of spherical harmonics and also of the Discrete Fourier transform. We rather ask you to select the combination of definitions you would like to use and compute the spherical harmonic coefficients on demand. You may want to add re-sampling or zero padding and the like to make the data compatible with your intended application.</p> <p>As of now, all spherical harmonic representations are based on previously published data. Please do not forget to site this repository as well as the original repositories when using the data. References to the original sources are provided with each dataset. All data are bandlimited to the spherical harmonic order <code>N</code> that is specified in the corresponding file name. The conversion between raw data and spherical harmonic coefficients is therefore essentially lossless.</p>
Trichoderma atroviride P1 Colonization of Tomato Plants Enhances Both Direct and Indirect Defense Barriers Against Insects
<p><strong>FIGURE 1</strong> </p> <p>Survival rate of <em>S. littoralis</em> larvae, from 3rd instar (time 0) to pupation, reared on tomato leaves obtained from plants treated with <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em> P1 or untreated control plants. Asterisk indicates that the two survival curves are significantly different (LogRank test, <em>P</em> = 0.0027).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>FIGURE 3</strong> </p> <p>Survival of <em>Macrosiphum euphorbiae</em> reared on tomato plants treated with <em>T. atroviride</em> P1 or untreated control plants. Asterisk indicates that the two survival curves are significantly different (LogRank test, <em>P</em> = 0.0012).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>FIGURE 4</strong> </p> <p>Flight behavior of <em>Aphidius ervi</em> females (%) toward tomato plants inoculated with <em>T. atroviride</em> P1 and untreated controls. Asterisk indicates a significant difference, assigned by <em>G</em> test for independence (<em>P</em> < 0.001).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>TABLE 1</strong></p> <p>GC-MS detection of VOCs released by tomato plants obtained from seeds untreated (Control) and treated with <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em> strain P1.</p> <p> </p>
Techno-economic model of Methane pyrolysis in liquid metal bubble column reactor for hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore
<p>Reducing emissions from the iron and steel industry is essential to achieve the Paris climate goals.A new system to reduce the carbon footprint of steel production is proposed in this article by coupling hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore (H-DRI) and natural gas pyrolysis on the liquid metal surface inside a bubble column reactor. If grid electricity from the EU is used, the emissions would be 435 kgCO\textsubscript{2}/tls without considering methane leakage from the extraction, storage, and transport of natural gas. Solid carbon, produced as a by-product of natural gas decomposition, finds applications in many industrial sectors, including as a replacement for coal in coke ovens. The specific energy consumption (SEC) of the proposed system is approximately 6.3 MWh per ton of liquid steel(tls).It is higher than other competing technologies,3.48 MWh/tls for water electrolysis based DRI, and 4.3-4.5 MWh/tls for natural gas-based DRI and blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) respectively. The utilization of large quantities of natural gas, where the carbon remains unused, is the major reason for the high SEC. Preliminary analysis of the system revealed that it has the potential to compete with existing technologies to produce CO\textsubscript{2}free steel, if renewable electricity is used. Further studies on the kinetics of the bubble column reactor, H-DRI shaft furnace, design, and sizing of components, along with the building of industrial prototypes are required to improve the understanding of the system performance.</p>
Community-level direct and indirect impacts of an invasive plant favour exotic over native species
<p class="CxSpFirst">1. Indirect interactions mediated by shared enemies or mutualists (i.e., apparent competition) can influence whether invasive plants harm or benefit co-occurring species. However, studies to date have largely examined single pairwise interactions, limiting our understanding of the interplay among different types of interactions and whether indirect impacts systematically favour native or exotic species. Predicting indirect interaction strength has also proven challenging, and it remains unclear whether the strengths of different indirect interactions are correlated.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">2. We conducted a field experiment in a grassland invaded by Scotch broom (<i>Cytisus scoparius</i>) to compare the strength of its indirect impacts, via both soil fungi or herbivores, on 21 native and exotic legume species growing in pots buried in the ground. Direct interactions of plants with soil fungi were controlled using nylon mesh pot windows of differing porosity (1 or 38 µm) to prevent or allow soil fungi hyphal growth. Arthropod herbivores were controlled through spraying pyrethrum pesticide. To assess indirect impacts, interactions were compared between plants adjacent to or 50 m away from an extensive Scotch broom invasion. We measured plant performance (survival, height, and biomass), arthropod and hare herbivory, and rhizobia nodulation.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">3. Despite increasing arthropod herbivory of both native and exotic plant species, Scotch broom had a net positive impact on their survival and growth, through sheltering them from abiotic stress, and indirectly via beneficial soil fungi and release from hare browsing. Soil fungi also increased arthropod herbivory, decreased rhizobia nodulation, and disproportionately promoted the growth of exotic plants. Overall, exotic plants experienced stronger interactions, which favoured them with beneficial soil fungi and rhizobia but not hare browsing. Finally, indirect interaction strength was not correlated among indirect interactions mediated by different interaction partners.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">4. Synthesis: We demonstrate that invaders affect their competitors through multiple interacting indirect pathways that were stronger than direct 'nurse plant' effects, emphasising the importance of a community-level approach to studying biological invasions. Exotic species experienced stronger positive and negative impacts than natives, but were facilitated overall, potentially contributing to exotic dominance in communities.</p>
Data from: Direct and indirect effect of cannibalism and intraguild predation in the two sibling Harmonia ladybird beetles
<p>In this study, we focused on the direct (i.e. predation) and indirect (i.e. potential threat from coexisting with a larger individual) effects of cannibalism and intraguild predation (IGP) during larval stages of two sibling ladybird beetles. These effects play an important role in the coexistence of the generalist–common Harmonia axyridis and specialist–rare H. yedoensis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Direct predation effect of cannibalism and IGP were asymmetric in the two sibling ladybird beetles; the fourth instar larvae of H. axyridis were better intraguild predators than cannibals, while the reverse was true in the larvae of H. yedoensis. Neither cannibalism nor IGP significantly affected female body weight in either species. Larval H. axyridis surviving exposure to cannibalism or IGP had a reduced number of ovarioles as adults, whereas adult H. yedoensis ovarioles were not affected. For the indirect effects, longer developmental times in males and females and a lower total number of ovarioles in females were detected in H. axyridis. In H. yedoensis, shorter developmental time of males, lighter adult weight and fewer total ovarioles in females were observed. Olfactometer choice experiments clarified that the fourth instar larvae of H. axyridis avoided the first instar conspecific larvae, while those of H. yedoensis were attracted to the odours from H. axyridis and conspecifics. Thus, H. axyridis has an avoidance mechanism only for cannibalism but not for IGP, whereas H. yedoensis does not have any avoidance mechanism. These different behaviours in the direct and indirect effects of cannibalism and IGP observed in the laboratory may play important roles in the coexistence of generalist–common H. axyridis and specialist–rare H. yedoensis in natural conditions, compensating for the large handicap of H. yedoensis at reproductive interference from H. axyridis.</p>
Experimental infection of bumble bees with honey bee associated viruses: no direct fitness costs but potential future threats to novel wild bee hosts
<p>Pathogen spill-over represents an important cause of biodiversity decline. For wild bee species such as bumble bees, many of which are in decline, correlational data point toward viral spill-over from naged honey bees as a potential cause. Yet impacts of honey bee viruses on wild bees are rarely evaluated. Here, in a series of highly controlled laboratory infection assays with well characterised viral inocula, we show that three viral types isolated from honey bees (<i>Deformed wing virus</i> genotype A, <i>Deformed wing virus</i> genotype B and <i>Black queen cell virus</i>) readily replicate within hosts of the bumble bee <i>Bombus terrestris</i>. Impacts of these honey bee-derived viruses – either injected or fed – on the mortality of <i>B. terrestris </i>workers were, however, negligible and likely dependent on host condition. Our results highlight the potential threat of viral spill-over from honey bees to novel wild bee species, though they also underscore the importance of additional studies on this and other non- bee species under field-realistic conditions to evaluate whether pathogen spill-over has a negative impact on wild bee individuals and population fitness.</p>
Data from: Habitat deterioration promotes the evolution of direct development in metamorphosing species
<p>Although metamorphosis is widespread in the animal kingdom, several species have evolved life cycle modifications to avoid complete metamorphosis. Some species, e.g., many salamanders and newts, have deleted the adult stage via a process called paedomorphosis. Others, e.g., some frog species and marine invertebrates, no longer have a distinct larval stage and reach maturation via direct development. Here we study which ecological conditions can lead to the loss of metamorphosis via the evolution of direct development. To do so, we use size-structured consumer-resource models in conjunction with the adaptive-dynamics approach. In case the larval habitat deteriorates, individuals will produce larger offspring and in concert accelerate metamorphosis. While this leads to the evolutionary transition from metamorphosis to direct development when the adult habitat is highly favourable, the population will go extinct in case the adult habitat does not provide sufficient food in order to escape metamorphosis. With a phylogenetic approach we furthermore show that among amphibians the transition of metamorphosis to direct development is indeed, in line with model predictions, conditional on and preceded by the evolution of larger egg sizes.</p>
Effects of soil salinity on the expression of direct and indirect defences in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
<p>Previous studies have reported effects of abiotic factors on herbivore-induced plant defences based on effects on single plant traits. However, plants commonly express multiple defences simultaneously and these traits are often correlated. Thus, a fuller understanding of abiotic-context dependency in plant defence requires measuring multiple traits and addressing their patterns of correlated expression.</p> <p>We evaluated the effects of soil salinity on the induction of direct (phenolic compounds, gossypol gland density) and indirect (volatile organic compounds, extrafloral nectar) defensive traits in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We asked whether soil salinity affects the induction of these traits, and whether it shapes trait correlations potentially underlying salinity effects on trait induction. We conducted a factorial experiment with 16 cotton genotypes where we manipulated soil salinity and defence induction by applying artificial leaf damage (25% mechanical damage and caterpillar oral secretions) and measured defence levels at different time points post-damage.</p> <p>Leaf damage induced most traits except gossypol gland density, whereas salinity did not have a mean effect (across constitutive and induced levels) on any of the measured traits. Nonetheless, salinity prevented the induction of phenolic compounds (condensed and hydrolysable tannins), and also affected trait correlations. Specifically, phenolic compounds were negatively associated with nectar production only under salinized conditions, an apparent trade-off that presumably affects the induced levels of phenolic compounds. In addition, positive correlations between phenolic compounds and gland density and root biomass observed under control conditions were lost under salinized conditions.</p> <p>By investigating the effects of soil salinity on the expression of multiple direct and indirect defensive traits and their underlying correlations, these findings build toward a better understanding of how abiotic context-dependency shapes plant allocation to and expression of multiple defensive traits.</p>
Data from: Goal-directed and stimulus-driven selection of internal representations
<p>Raw behavioral and eye-tracking datasets of experiments 1 and 2 reported in the manuscript "Goal-directed and stimulus-driven selection of internal representations", by Freek van Ede, Alexander G. Board, Anna C. Nobre<br> </p>
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Action-Outcome Monitoring in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
<p>Data set of the publication: Straube, B., van Kemenade, B.M., Kircher, T. & Schülke, R. (2020). Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Action-Outcome Monitoring in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder. <em>Brain Communications.</em> doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa151</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><strong>Background:</strong> Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) often demonstrate impairments in action-outcome monitoring. Passivity phenomena and hallucinations, in particular, have been related to impairments of efference copy-based predictions which are relevant for the monitoring of outcomes produced by voluntary action. Frontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to improve action-outcome monitoring in healthy subjects. However, whether tDCS can improve action monitoring in patients with SSD remains unknown.</p> <p><strong>Objective:</strong> We investigated whether tDCS can improve the detection of temporal action-outcome discrepancies in patients with SSD.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> On 4 separate days, we applied sham or left cathodal/right anodal tDCS in a randomised order to frontal (F3/F4), parietal (CP3/CP4) and frontoparietal (F3/CP4) areas of 19 patients with SSD and 26 healthy control (HC) subjects. Action-outcome monitoring was assessed subsequent to 10 min of sham/tDCS (1.5 mA). After a self-generated (active) or externally generated (passive) key press, subjects were presented with a visual outcome (a dot on the screen), which was presented after various delays (0–417 ms). Participants had to detect delays between the key press and the visual consequence. Symptom subgroups were explored based on the presence or absence of symptoms related to a paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome (SSD phs+/phs-).</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> In general, delay-detection performance was impaired in the SSD compared to the HC group. Interaction analyses showed group-specific (SSD vs HC) and symptom-specific (SSD phs+ vs SSD phs-) tDCS effects. Post-hoc tests revealed that frontal tDCS improved the detection of long delays in active conditions and reduced the proportion of false alarms in undelayed trials of the passive condition in patients. The SSD phs- group benefited especially from frontal tDCS in active conditions, while improvement in the SSD phs+ group was predominantly reflected in reduced false alarm rates in passive conditions.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> These data provide some first evidence for the potential utility of tDCS in improving efference copy mechanisms and action-outcome monitoring in SSD. Current data indicate that improving efference copy-related processes can be especially effective in patients with no or few positive symptoms, while intersensory matching (i.e. task-relevant in passive conditions) could be more susceptible to improvement in patients with paranoid-hallucinatory symptoms.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> transcranial direct current stimulation; action-perception; action feedback; delay detection; schizophrenia.</p> <p> </p>
Predation and parasitism on herbivorous insects change in opposite directions in a latitudinal gradient crossing a boreal forest zone
<ol> <li>The Latitudinal Biotic Interaction Hypothesis (LBIH) predicts that the strength of various biotic interactions decreases from low to high latitudes. Inconsistency between studies testing this hypothesis may result from variations among different types of interactions and among study systems. Therefore, exploration of multiple interactions within one system would help to disentangle latitudinal patterns across individual interactions and to evaluate latitudinal changes in the overall impact of enemies on prey.</li> <li>We tested the prediction based on the LBIH that the pressure of natural enemies on herbivorous insects decreases with an increase in latitude across the boreal forest zone. We also asked whether the impacts of major groups of these enemies exhibit similar latitudinal patterns and whether these patterns are consistent across study years. </li> <li>In 10 forest sites located from 60°N to 69°N in Northern Europe, each summer, from 2016–2019, we measured (i) mortality of three groups of leafmining insects caused by birds, ants, parasitoids, and unknown factors, (ii) bird attacks on caterpillar-shaped plasticine models, and (iii) birch foliar damage caused by defoliators and leafminers.</li> <li>Latitudinal patterns in both insect herbivory on birch and top-down pressure on herbivorous insects varied considerably and inconsistently among the four study years, so that only some of the year-specific correlations with latitude were statistically significant. Nevertheless, meta-analysis combining correlations across years, preys and enemies revealed general decreases in predation by birds (on both natural and model prey) and ants, but an increase in parasitism rates, from low to high latitudes.</li> <li>We found that the direction of latitudinal changes in the strength of biotic interactions was interaction-specific: predation and herbivory supported LBIH, whereas parasitism exhibited an opposite trend. Consequently, the overall impact of natural enemies on herbivorous insects did not change with latitude and was therefore an unlikely reason for the poleward decrease in herbivory observed in our gradient. Considerable among-year variation in the strength of the latitudinal patterns in all the studied interactions suggests that this variation is a widespread phenomenon. </li> </ol>
Adaptation to hand-tapping affects sensory processing of numerosity directly: evidence from reaction times and confidence
<p>Each file contains a matrix called “MatriceRisultati”. Each row of the matrix “MatriceRisultati” is a trial. </p> <p>The columns contain the following information:</p> <ul> <li>1<sup>st</sup>: Number of trial</li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup>: Test numerosity</li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup>: Subject response on numerosity </li> <li>4<sup>th</sup>: Subject response on their confidence level</li> <li>5<sup>th</sup>: Response time</li> <li>6<sup>th</sup>: 0 if the test numerosity< 16; 1 if the test numerosity> 16</li> </ul>
Data from: Separating differential allocation by females from direct effects of male condition in a beetle
<p>Differential allocation is the adjustment of reproductive allocation, typically by a female, in response to the quality of her male partner. A recent theoretical model suggests that differential allocation may influence trade-offs between reproductive traits within a breeding attempt. Furthermore, it is often difficult to distinguish differential allocation from direct effects of male condition. We address these gaps using a novel cross-fostering design to exclude direct effects of male condition and to test whether differential allocation affects trade-offs between and within breeding attempts. This design detects differential allocation as effects of a female's mating partner and direct effects of male condition as effects of the larvae's sire. We used the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, a species which adjusts reproductive allocation by culling some larvae after hatching. We used food-deprivation to manipulate the nutritional condition of both the female's mating partner and the larvae's sire. We find clear evidence for differential allocation as females mating with food-deprived males had fewer larvae than females mating with control males. There was a trade-off between number and size of larvae when females mated with control males, but a positive relationship when females mated with food-deprived males. Thus, differential allocation influenced relationships between reproductive traits within a breeding attempt, but not necessarily through trade-offs. Instead, we suggest that there may be cryptic heterogeneity in quality among females or their mating partners that was only exposed when females mated with a male in poor condition.</p>
Ecology directs host-parasite coevolutionary trajectories across Daphnia-microparasite populations
<p>Host-parasite interactions often fuel coevolutionary change. However, parasitism is one of a myriad of possible ecological interactions in nature. Biotic (<i>e.g., </i>predation) and abiotic (<i>e.g., </i>temperature) variation can amplify or dilute parasitism as a selective force on hosts and parasites, driving population variation in (co)evolutionary trajectories. We dissected the relationships between wider ecology and coevolutionary trajectory using 16 ecologically complex <i>Daphnia magna-Pasteuria ramosa</i> ponds seeded with an identical starting host (<i>Daphnia</i>) and parasite (<i>Pasteuria</i>) population. We show, using a time-shift experiment and outdoor population data, how multivariate biotic and abiotic ecological differences between ponds caused coevolutionary divergence. Wider ecology drove variation in host evolution of resistance, but not parasite infectivity; parasites subsequently coevolved in response to the changing complement of host genotypes, such that parasites adapted to historically resistant host genotypes. Parasitism was a stronger interaction for the parasite than for its host, likely because the host is the principal environment and selective force, whereas for hosts, parasite-mediated selection is one of many sources of selection. Our findings reveal the mechanisms through which wider ecology creates coevolutionary hotspots and coldspots in biologically realistic arenas of host-parasite interaction, and sheds light on how the ecological theatre can affect the (co)evolutionary play.</p>
Leaf margins in a deciduous lineage from the Greater Cape Floristic Region track climate in unexpected directions
<p>Premise of the study: The functional significance of leaf margins has long been debated. In this study we explore influences of climate, leaf lobing, woodiness, and shared evolutionary history on two leaf margin traits within the genus Pelargonium.</p> <p>Methods: Leaves from 454 populations of Pelargonium (161 species) were collected in the Greater Cape Floristic Region and scored for tooth presence/absence and degree of lobing. Tooth density (number of teeth per interior perimeter distance) was measured for a subset of these. We compared five hypotheses to explain tooth presence and density using mixed effect models.</p> <p>Key results: Tooth presence/absence was best predicted by the interaction of leaf lobing and mean annual temperature (MAT), but often in patterns opposite to the previous literature: species were more likely to be toothed with warmer temperatures. This was particularly the case for unlobed and highly lobed leaves. In contrast, tooth density was best predicted by the interaction of MAT and the season of most rain; density declines with temperature as consistent with expectations, but only in winter- rain dominated areas. Woody and non-woody species within Pelargonium both have similar associations between tooth presence/absence and MAT, contrary to the expectation that patterns within non-woody species would be insignificant.</p> <p>Conclusions: We conclude Pelargonium leaf margins show predictable responses to climate, but these responses are complex and can contradict those found for global patterns across plant communities.</p>
Data for the article "Direct imaging of current-induced antiferromagnetic switching revealing a pure thermomagnetoelastic switching mechanism"
<p>Data for the article "Direct imaging of current-induced antiferromagnetic switching revealing a pure thermomagnetoelastic switching mechanism" (<a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03367">Direct Imaging of Current-Induced Antiferromagnetic Switching Revealing a Pure Thermomagnetoelastic Switching Mechanism in NiO | Nano Letters (acs.org)</a> and <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.05219">[2008.05219] Direct imaging of current-induced antiferromagnetic switching revealing a pure thermomagnetoelastic switching mechanism (arxiv.org)</a>)</p>
Weekly travel times by direction and sample count for each link in Development of AIS Model of Texas Gulf Intracoastal Waterway Travel Times
<p>Excel spreadsheet containing all of the travel times and sample counts for each link (by direction).</p>
The super-rich and cropland expansion via direct investments in agriculture
<p>Cropland expansion represents an important cause of tropical deforestation, contributing to the loss of ecosystems' functions. Flex-crops (e.g., oil palm, soy, sugar cane) account for an increasing share of cropland and contribute significantly to carbon emissions and biodiversity loss. Various forms of inequality have been shown to impact on agricultural expansion, yet the effect of wealth concentration among the super-rich is understudied. Here I show how, over the period 1991-2014, the large amount of wealth in the hands of high net worth individuals (HNWI) stimulated foreign direct investments in agriculture in Latin America and South-East Asia. This, in turn, drove the expansion of flex-crops areas. The combination of these two effects implies that, a 1% increase in the wealth of HNWI generated an expansion of the flex-crops area share of up to 2.4-10%. The results point to the urgency of addressing wealth inequality to protect the remaining forests.</p>
Data for "Direct evidence reveals transmitter signal propagation in the magnetosphere"
<p>The data and codes for figures in "Direct evidence reveals transmitter signal propagation in the magnetosphere"</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.