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Figure 1 in Early juvenile development of Mediterranean Liocarcinus depurator (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae)

Figure 1. Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758). Carapace, dorsal view: (A–E), first to fifth crabs (C1–C5), respectively. Scale bar 10 mm.

Figure 5 in Early juvenile development of Mediterranean Liocarcinus depurator (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae)

Figure 5. Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758). Third maxilliped: (A) first crab; (B) second crab, merus and carpus; (C) third crab, merus and carpus; (D) fifth crab, merus and carpus. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

Figure 3 in Early juvenile development of Mediterranean Liocarcinus depurator (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae)

Figure 3. Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758). First crab: (A) mandibular palp; (B) maxillule; (C) maxilla. Scale bars: A = 0.1 mm; B,C = 0.2 mm.

Figure 8 in Early juvenile development of Mediterranean Liocarcinus depurator (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae)

Figure 8. Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758). (A) CL/CW ratio in juveniles 1–5 and adults (21–30 mm CL); (B) FL/CW ratio in juveniles 1–5 and adults (21–30 mm CL).

Figure 7 in Early juvenile development of Mediterranean Liocarcinus depurator (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae)

Figure 7. Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleon: (A) first crab; (B) second crab, male; (C) second crab, female. Pleopods 1–4: (D–G) second crab, female. Pleopods 1 and 2: (H–K) second to fifth crab; (L) fifth crab, magnification of the tip of first pleopod. Scale bars 0.5 mm. Pl, pleopod.

Figure 2 in Early juvenile development of Mediterranean Liocarcinus depurator (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae)

Figure 2. Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758). Carapace, ventral view of orbital ventral margin: (A–E), first to fifth crabs (C1–C5), respectively. Antennule: (F) first crab; (G) second crab. Antenna: (H) first crab. Scale bars: A–E = 10 mm; F,G = 0.3 mm; H = 0.2 mm.

Figure 3 in Development rates, larval survivorship and wing length of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) at constant temperatures

Figure 3. Mean (± SEM) wing length of males (filled squares) and females (open squares) of Culex pipiens reared under constant temperature conditions. Asterisks indicate significant differences between sexes (Student's t-test, P <0.05). For each sex, means with different letters are significantly different (analysis of variance, Tukey's test, P <0.05).

Figure 9 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 9. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA)-stained late rudiment stage larva of Pantinonemertes californiensis in the act of shedding cells of the larval epidermis. (A) Bright-field view; (B) a confocal projection of 21 1-µm sections of the same larva, showing the brightly- uorescent FDA-labelled cells of the transitory epidermis. Anterior is to the right. The larva was trapped on a slide, fixed by owing formaldehyde in seawater under the coverslip, and the image was collected immediately. Arrows highlight the same shedding cells in both images, which are brightly labelled with FDA.

Figure 8 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 8. Roll-out epidermal map of phalloidin-labelled early invagination embryo (23.5-hour-old at 15–16◦C) of Pantinonemertes californiensis, showing cell outlines (a total of 80 large cells).

Figure 7 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 7. Confocal projections of phalloidin-labelled larvae of Pantinonemertes californiensis showing surface cell outlines in the early invagination stage (A), early rudiment stage (B), late rudiment stage, which is contemporary with shedding of the larval epidermis (C), and the vermicular stage (D, E). At 15–16◦C these stages correspond to 23.5 hours (A), 2 days (B), 3 days (C) and 4 days (D, E) of development; ventral view, apical up. (E) An 11.5-µm sub-stack from the same stack as (D) shows the cell outlines without the interference of body wall muscles. (A) Mounted in Vectashield and scanned using 60 × Oil lens (NA 1.4); (B–E) mounted in phosphate-buffered saline and scanned using 60 × water lens (NA 1.2). Apical plate (ap), proboscis (pb), stomodeum (st), anterior invaginations (ai), remnants of posterior invaginations (pi∗), muscles (ms). Asterisks mark several provisional larval epidermis cells.

Figure 5 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 5. Confocal micrographs of the late rudiment stage larvae of Pantinonemertes californiensis (3-day-old at 15–16◦C) labelled with phalloidin. This is the stage at which the larvae shed larval epidermal cells; apical is up. (A) A 10-µm sub-stack of frontal sections showing well-developed body wall muscles, the bipartite proboscis (pb) equipped with a muscle retractor (prm) and the dorsal commissure of the brain (dc); (B) a 5-µm sub-stack of frontal sections of a different larva showing the ventral commissure of the brain (vc), the lateral nerve cords (lnc) with the associated nerve cord muscles (nm), and proboscis insertion muscles (pim); (C) a 6.5-µm sub-stack of frontal sections of yet another larva showing the fused foregut (fgt) and midgut (mgt), and the proboscis pore (pp).

Figure 6 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 6. Confocal micrographs of phalloidin-labelled vermicular stage larvae of Pantinonemertes californiensis; anterior is to the left. (A–C) Five-day-old larvae (12–13◦C). (A) An 8-µm sub-stack of frontal sections, showing cerebral ganglia (cg), lateral nerve cords (lnc) and nerve cord muscles (nm); (B) a 1-µm sagittal section, showing the proboscis (pb), foregut (fgt) and stomodeal opening (st). The position of the original proboscis pore (which is no longer apparent) is marked with an asterisk; (C) a 10-µm sub-stack of sagittal sections, illustrating the relative position of the dorsal commissure (dc) and lateral nerve cords with respect to proboscis; (D) confocal Z-projection (ventral view) of a 13-day-old larva, showing the well-developed circular, longitudinal and diagonal muscles of the body wall as well as the small cells that surround the stomodeum.

Figure 4 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 4. Confocal micrographs of phalloidin-labelled early rudiment stage Pantinonemertes californiensis larvae. (A, C, D) Three-day-old larvae (12–13◦C); (B) 2-day-old larva (15–16◦C); apical pole up, ventral to the left in (A, C, D). (A) Lateral view, showing apical plate (ap) and the two shallow dimples at the anterior end – remnants of one of the anterior invaginations (ai1 and ai2); (B) a 15-µm frontal sub-stack showing the two forks of anterior invaginations (ai1 and ai2), the remnants of posterior invaginations (pi∗), posterior cirrus (pc) and midgut lumen (arrowhead); (C) a single sagittal 1-µm section showing the cerebral ganglia (cg) and lateral nerve cord (lnc); (D) same embryo as in (C), different 1-µm section showing the proboscis (pb), dorsal commissure (dc), and ventral commissure (vc) of the brain.

Figure 3 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 3. Confocal micrographs of phalloidin-labelled early (A, B) and late (C, D) invagination stage larvae of Pantinonemertes californiensis. (A, B) A 28.5-hour-old prehatched embryo (12–13◦C); (C, D) a 46-hour-old (12–13◦C) larva; apical pole marked by the apical plate (ap) is up or upper right. (A) Confocal Z-projection (ventral view) showing stomodeum (st), proboscis rudiment (pb), paired anterior (ai) and posterior (pi) invaginations; (B) a 30-µm thick sub-stack of frontal sections showing the posterior cirrus (pc), paired anterior and posterior invaginations, proboscis and midgut lumen (arrowhead); (C) confocal Z-projection (ventral view), showing bifurcated anterior and posterior invaginations and the stomodeum (st); (D) a 29-µm thick sub-stack of frontal sections showing the five invaginations and midgut lumen (arrowhead).

Figure 1 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 1. Cleavage in Pantinonemertes californiensis. (A) Fertilized egg in egg envelopes; (B) first polar body formation; (C) second polar body formation; (D) two-cell stage; (E) four-cell stage; (F) eight-cell stage; (G) 16-cell stage; (H) 32-cell stage. Scale bar 100 µm.

Figure 2 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 2. Planuliform larva of Pantinonemertes californiensis. (A) Newly-hatched invagination stage larva of P. californiensis is uniformly ciliated, has an apical tuft (ap) and posterior cirrus (pc); (B) late rudiment stage larva (3 days old at 15–16◦C) has a distinct proboscis rudiment (pb) and two ocelli; (C) late rudiment stage larva in the process of shedding ciliated cells of its larval epidermis from around the mouth (m); (D) a chain of ciliated larval epidermal cells shed and left behind by a larva of P. californiensis. Scale bars 50 µm.

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Figure 3 in Development and demography of Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann and Sazima, 1978) (Anura, Hylidae) tadpoles in an Atlantic Forest site, southeastern Brazil

Figure 3. Number of Phasmahyla jandaia individuals in developmental Class I (line) and in the Sub-class I.1 (dotted line; see Material and methods) in the pool formed by the dam of the Estação Ecológica de Fechos, Nova Lima (Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil), from June 2002 to May 2003 and from August 2004 to November 2005. Arrows indicate detected tadpole recruitments into the population. Each mark on the x-axis corresponds to one sampling, and samplings were separated by 15 days. The corresponding month is provided every two samplings.

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Figure 4 in Development and demography of Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann and Sazima, 1978) (Anura, Hylidae) tadpoles in an Atlantic Forest site, southeastern Brazil

Figure 4. Number of Phasmahyla jandaia tadpoles by developmental classes: (A) Class I; (B) Class II; (C) Class III; (D) Class IV; (E) Class V; (F) Class VI; (G) Class VII; (H) Class VIII; (I) Class IX; (J) Class X, recorded every 15 days, in the pool formed by the dam of the Estação Ecológica de Fechos, Nova Lima (Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil), between June 2002 and May 2003 and August 2004 and November 2005. Brackets indicate a large cohort that was used to estimate developmental period.

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Figure 2 in Development and demography of Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann and Sazima, 1978) (Anura, Hylidae) tadpoles in an Atlantic Forest site, southeastern Brazil

Figure 2. Total number of individuals of Phasmahyla jandaia in the pool formed by the dam of Estação Ecológica de Fechos, Nova Lima (Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil), from June 2002 to May 2003 (Jun to Apr on x-axis) and from August 2004 to November 2005 (Aug to Oct on x-axis). Each mark on the x-axis corresponds to one sampling, and samplings were separated by 15 days. The corresponding month is provided every two samplings.