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Figure 10 in Discrete aggregate analysis of ovoid egg shapes in various bird species

Figure 10. Schemes of taking measurements to calculate wurfs for eggs of different types: a - true ovoids; b, c - symmetric and asymmetric pseudoovoids.

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Figure 1 in Discrete aggregate analysis of ovoid egg shapes in various bird species

Figure 1. Geometric constructor figures for constructing ovoids: (a) Vesica piscis with circles inside, (b) A fragment of the matrix to obtain ovoids.

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Figure 2. Oiketicus kirby.a. Basket-shaped bag. b in Living inside baskets: a new fruit tree host for Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding, 1927 (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in Brazil

Figure 2. Oiketicus kirby.a. Basket-shaped bag. b. Dorsal view of larva. c. General view of Jabuticabeira tree. d. Immature Jabuticabeira fruit being eaten by O. kirbyi larva. / Figura 2. Oiketicus kirby. a. Capullo. b. Vista dorsal de la larva de Oiketicus kirbyi. c. Vista general del árbol de Jabuticabeira. d. Fruto inmaduro de Jabuticabeira siendo comido por la larva de O. kirbyi.

Fig. 11 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 11. Left humerus of giant Mosbach mammoth (MNHM PW1947/23) from Middle Pleistocene, Mosbach, Germany; in lateral view.

Fig. 10 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 10. Different growth curves for Loxodonta africana from average-sized to world record specimens based on isometric growth (red), Laws' (1975) equations for wild population in good conditions up to average size (brown), Homo sapiens (in optimal conditions) allometric growth (grey), and the proposed allometric growth curve for proboscideans in this study (black).

Fig. 6 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 6. Femur length vs. skeletal shoulder height ratio of selected proboscideans based on the data collected in this study (Appendix 1, SOM: table 2; AL unpublished data).

Fig. 3 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 3. Humerus lengths vs. skeletal shoulder height ratio of selected proboscideans based on the data collected in this study (Appendix 1, SOM: table 2; AL unpublished data). The ratios shaded in grey correspond to the maximal length of the humerus and the white ones to the articular length of the humerus.

Fig. 9 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 9. Plot of height vs. weight for 561 male Homo sapiens in optimal conditions from 170 cm (low average) to 225 cm tall. Average growth curve (red line).

Fig. 2 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 2. Scapula lengths vs. skeletal shoulder height ratio of selected proboscideans based on the data collected in this study (Appendix 1, SOM: table 2; AL unpublished data). The ratios shaded in grey correspond to the maximal length of the scapula and the white ones to the articular length of the scapula.

Fig. 5 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 5. Radius length vs. skeletal shoulder height ratio of selected proboscideans based on the data collected in this study (Appendix 1, SOM: table 2; AL unpublished data).

Fig. 1 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 1. Reconstruction of the forelimb of the Zhalainuoer III mammoth in anatomical position. The actual shoulder height (black): total height in anatomical position 3690 mm. The height obtained by adding the articular (green): manus (500 mm) + ulna (960 mm) + humerus (1233 mm) + scapula (1075 mm) = 3768 mm. Maximal lengths of different bone elements (red): manus (500 mm) + radius (985 mm) + humerus (1274 mm) + scapula (1115 mm) = 3874 mm. The actual shoulder height can be calculated by multiplying the result by 0.98 in the case of the sum of articular lengths and by 0.95 in the case of maximal lengths.

Fig. 4 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 4. Ulna lengths vs. skeletal shoulder height ratio of selected proboscideans based on the data collected in this study (Appendix 1, SOM: table 2; AL unpublished data). The ratios shaded in grey correspond to the maximal length of the humerus, and the white ones to the articular length of the humerus.

Fig. 8 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 8. Fibula length vs. skeletal shoulder height ratio of selected proboscideans based on the data collected in this study (Appendix 1, SOM: table 2; AL unpublished data).

Fig. 7 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 7. Tibia length vs. skeletal shoulder height ratio of selected proboscideans based on the data collected in this study (Appendix 1, SOM: table 2; AL unpublished data).

Fig. 7 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 7. Sediment-filled conellae on phosphorite internal moulds of Late Oxfordian Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) (RUB-Pal 7-11293, body chambers) from Rybaki locality in Moscow region, Russia. Group of conellae, note the small gap between conellae and internal mould (A1), conella with irregular outline showing a microboring, conella partially covered by nacre tablets suggesting that the conellae formed within the shell, was temporarily hollow and subsequently filled with sediment (A3,A5), framboid pyrite within the sediment fill of conellae (A4), matrix rich in radiolaria (so far unidentified) (A6).

Fig. 6 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 6. Various inclusions in sediment-filled conellae. A, C. Sand grains in the conellae on the body chamber of Middle Callovian macroconch Rondiceras sp. from Nikitino locality, Ryazan region, Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/16, large sand grain on the top of conella. C. GIN MPC 4/17, small sand grain in the sediment which infilled the conella. B. Sand grain in the conella on phosphorite phragmocone of Late Volgian Virgatites virgatus (Buch, 1830) (GIN MPC 4/18) from Borsheva locality, Moscow region, Russia. D. Various algal microfossils in the internal mould of a body chamber and a conella, Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) [M] (GIN MPC 4/19) from Late Oxfordian, Rybaki locality in Moscow region, Russia.

Fig. 9. A in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 9. A. Aragonitic conellae in an injured area close to the aperture of Recent Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758 (RUB-Pal 11292) from Philippines; the conellae are comparable in size with fossil examples (A1, A2). Note ultrathin organic membrane is preserved and a growth from the shell surface towards the center of the fluid filled blister is proposed. B. Aragonitic and calcitic conellae-like structures in an injured area (pathological band-slit: forma aegra verticata) of the Late Callovian ammonite Quenstedtoceras sp. (GIN MPC 4/20) from Dubki, Saratov region, Russia; overview (B1), SEM image showing the shell microstructure (B2).

Fig. 5. A in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 5. A very large single sediment-filled conella on the phosphatized fragment of body chamber of Late Volgian macroconch of Craspedites sp. (GIN MPC 4/15) from Kuntsevo locality in the Moscow region, Russia. SEM image of conella showing the minute surface structure (A1), general view of the specimen (A2).

Fig. 1 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 1. Calcite conellae on internal moulds of siphuncle of Middle Ordovician endocerids from Leningrad region of Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/1, conellae in remnants of nautiloid siphuncle endocones; in top (A1) and lateral (A2) views, and close up, lateral view (A3). B. GIN MPC 4/2, single conella on the surface of pointed end of the endocerid siphuncle (spiculum). C. GIN MPC 4/3, single conella on the surface of spiculum, both with longitudinal and horizontal lines; in lateral (C1) and anterior (adapertural) (C2) views. D. GIN MPC 4/4, group of conellae on the spiculum internal mould.

Fig. 4 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 4. Sediment-filled conellae on phosphorite internal moulds of Late Oxfordian Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) (body chambers) from Rybaki locality in the Moscow region, Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/9, typical conella of tepee-like shape. B. GIN MPC 4/10, conella of more complex shape, note irregular outline. C. GIN MPC 4/11, groups of sediment-filled conellae with different heights. D. GIN MPC 4/12, shape of the neighbouring conellae differ significantly. E. GIN MPC 4/13, lateral view of a single conella. F. GIN MPC 4/14, conellae on the ventral keel (body chamber), with seemingly two growth phases and a lower conella in front.