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Figure 7 in Cephalic salt gland evolution in Mesozoic pelagic crocodylomorphs

Figure 7. Transverse CT slices of the nasal cavity olfactory region of Cricosaurus schroederi (A), Cricosaurus araucanensis (B) and Thalattosuchus superciliosus (C). In comparison to other metriorhynchids, Cricosaurus schroederi exhibits a dorsoventrally narrow olfactory region, exceptionally large antorbital cavities and dorsoventrally taller nasopharyngeal ducts.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2023View details →

Figure 5 in Cephalic salt gland evolution in Mesozoic pelagic crocodylomorphs

Figure 5. Internal rostral anatomy of metriorhynchids Cricosaurus araucanensis [MLP 72-IV-7-1 (A, B, G, H)], Thalattosuchus superciliosus [NHMUK PV R 11999 (C, D, I, J)] and TorƲoneustes coryphaeus [MJML K1863 (E, F, K, L)]. A, B, Cricosaurus araucanensis in dorsal (A) and left lateral view (B). C, D, Thalattosuchus in dorsal (C) and left lateral view (D). E, F, TorƲoneustes in dorsal (E) and left lateral view (F). G-L, transverse CT slices of nasal cavity olfactory region of Cricosaurus araucanensis (G, H), Thalattosuchus (I, J) and TorƲoneustes (K, L) showing the pre-orbital fenestra external opening (G, I, K) and dorsolateral expansions of olfactory region where salt glands are inferred (H, J, L). All skulls are rendered transparent. Internal reconstruction colours: nasal cavity, yellow; nasopharyngeal ducts, pale yellow; antorbital cavity/sinus, green; preobrital fenestra, light green. Scale bars equal 50 mm (A-F). and 10 mm (G-L).

Fig. 3.—Dendrogram obtained after a in Chemical profile of the cutaneous gland secretions from male pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)

Fig. 3.—Dendrogram obtained after a hierarchical cluster analysis on the 143 compounds found. Data were obtained from gas chromatographic–mass spectrometry analyses of samples from the preorbital, tarsal, and digital glands, and back hairs of 6 adult and 5 yearling male pampas deer that were collected during the breeding season (March in the Southern Hemisphere). Animals are consecutively numerated as yearling (Y) from 1 to 5 (Y1–Y5) and adults (A) from 6 to 11 (A6– A11). Agglomerative coefficient equals 0.15.

Fig. 2 in Chemical profile of the cutaneous gland secretions from male pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)

Fig. 2.—Typical gas chromatography–mass spectrometry traces of gland secretions from a yearling pampas deer. Samples were collected during the breeding season (March in the Southern Hemisphere). The traces show the absence of lateral differences between secretions from digital, tarsal, and preorbital glands: upper traces are left secretions and lower are right.

Fig. 1 in Chemical profile of the cutaneous gland secretions from male pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)

Fig. 1.—Detailed gas chromatography–mass spectrometry traces of the 4 kinds of samples analyzed. Samples were collected during the breeding season (March in the Southern Hemisphere). Total ion chromatograms obtained from samples (preorbital, tarsal, and digital glands, and back hairs) from the same adult individual are shown. Magnified regions show the time range where a) short-chained compounds, b) esters, and c) fatty alcohols and sterols concentrate. Peak numbers show the most abundant or ubiquitous compounds and are as in Table 1 (XIII is a sulphurcontaining compound, LXI–LXII and CVI are fatty alcohols, C is an hydrocarbon, CII is squalene, CIX is a sterol, and CXX is cholesterol).

Fig. 4 in Chemical profile of the cutaneous gland secretions from male pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)

Fig. 4.—Compound classes that exhibited significant differences related to sample origin. Different letters on columns indicate significant differences (P <0.05, MANOVA). Data were obtained from samples from the preorbital, tarsal, and digital glands, and back hairs of 6 adult and 5 yearling male pampas deer that were collected during the breeding season (March in the Southern Hemisphere).

Figure 6 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 6. Taxonomic distribution and optimization of six selected characters in the phylogenetic hypothesis of Cophomantini modified from Faivovich et al. (2013) for Hypsiboas. For symbols and comments, see Fig. 5.

Figure 3 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 3. Light micrographs of cross sections of the mental skin region of some species of Cophomantini: A, Hypsiboas pulchellus (). B, Hypsiboas pulchellus (). C, Hypsiboas benitezi (). D, Hypsiboas benitezi (). E, Aplastodiscus leucopygius (). F, Aplastodiscus leucopygius (). G, H, Hyloscirtus palmeri (). I, Hyloscirtus palmeri (). J, Hypsiboas faber (). K, Hypsiboas faber (). L, Aplastodiscus eugenioi (). M, Hyloscirtus caucanus (). N, Hypsiboas heilprini (). O, Bokermannohyla saxicola (). A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, comparative sections between males and females. A, B, There are no distinguishable differences between males and females; only ordinary mucous glands (OMGs) and ordinary serous gland (OSGs) can be recognized in both sexes. C, E, L, sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs) are closely packed with their secretory portion in a single layer, and specialized mucous glands (SMGs) are of the alveolar type. Specialized serous glands (SSGs) are present in (E) and (L) but are absent in (C). Note in (L) the lack of differences in the thickness of stratum spongiosum (ss) in the mental gland region in comparison with surrounding region. Also, some SMGs are scattered out of the region of higher glandular density. G, H, the mental gland has a notorious thickening of the ss and a reduction of stratum compactum. SMGs of tubuloalveolar morphology are closely packed with their secretory portion in a single layer. Note the absence of SSGs and OSGs. J, N, mental glands are characterized by the disposition of the secretory portion of different glands in two layers, SMGs of the tubuloalveolar morphology, and the occurrence of SSGs. Note the differences in thickness of the ss in (N). M, O, both glands are characterized by the presence of scattered SDSG but, although they are of the mucous type in (M), they are of the serous type in (O). Histological staining: A, B, K, Masson–Goldner's trichrome; G, I, J, N, Masson's thricrome; C, D, H, L, M, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff; E, F, semithin sections after toluidine blue-basic fuchsin stain; (O) Sudan black B. sc, stratum compactum; ss, stratum xspongiosum. Note limits of sc and ss within arrows. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Figure 1 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 1. The mental region in preserved male specimens of some species of Cophomantini. A, Hypsiboas pulchellus. B, Hypsiboas albomarginatus. C, Hypsiboas faber. D, Hyloscirtus caucanus. E, Aplastodiscus periviridis. F, Hypsiboas pombali. G, Hyloscirtus palmeri. H, Hyloscirtus colymba. A, B, mental region in species lacking sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs). C, D, mental region in species in which SDSGs are discernible only after histological analysis. Note that, in A–D, variation in the colour and structure of the skin is independent of the occurrence of SDSGs. E, F, the mental gland is distinguished by a yellowish or brownish colour, with individual glands observed under magnification. G, H, the gland protrudes from surrounding skin, which becomes evident by a ridge around it. Arrowheads indicate the limits of the glandular area, which is approximate in (C) and (D). Scale bars = 5 mm. (Colour version of figure available online.)

Figure 4 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 4. Light micrographs of cross-section of lateral skin regions of males of some species of Cophomantini: A, Hypsiboas pulchellus. B, Hypsiboas albomarginatus. C, Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis. D, Hypsiboas semilineatus. E, Hypsiboas heilprini. F, Aplastodiscus perviridis. G, Hypsiboas faber. H, Hypsiboas albopunctatus. I, J, K, L, Hypsiboas pombali. A, B, lateral glands are absent. Note the occurrence of only ordinary glands within the stratum spongiosum. C, D, lateral glands are characterized by the occurrence of both dimorphic skin glands, specialized mucous glands (SMGs) and specialized serous glands (SSGs), scattered in the integument. Notice differences in the size and staining properties of ordinary mucous glands (OMGs). E, F, glands are highly packed and their secretory portion disposed in a single layer. E, SMGs of the tubuloalveolar morphology. F, SMGs of the alveolar type and also SSGs. G, H, the secretory portions of glands are disposed in two layers. Notice the difference in size of the SMGs. I–L, differences in structural and histochemical properties of SMGs, ordinary serous gland (OSGs) and SSGs. Histological staining: A, B, H, Masson's trichrome; I, Masson–Goldner's trichrome; C, D, E, F, J, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff; G, L, Coomassie Blue R250; K, Sudan black B. sc, stratum compactum; SMG; ss, stratum spongiosum; SSG, specialized serous gland. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Figure 2 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 2. The lateral region in fixed specimens of some species of Cophomantini: A, Hypsiboas pulchellus (). B, Hypsiboas raniceps (). C, Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis (). D, Hypsiboas albopunctatus (). E, Aplastodiscus perviridis (). F, Aplastodiscus perviridis (). G, Hypsiboas heilprini (). H, Hypsiboas punctatus (; Brunetti et al., 2012). A, B, lateral regions in species lacking sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs). C, D, lateral regions in species in which SDSGs are discernible only after histological analysis. Note that, in A–D, variation in the colour and structure of the skin is independent of the occurrence of SDSGs. E, F, the lateral gland in most cases is discernible only upon careful comparison between males (E) and females (F). E, G, H, in those cases in which it is macroscopically evident, the gland presents two different morphologies: slightly distinct skin yellowish or cream-coloured, with individual glands visible under high magnification (E, G), or pale yellow individual glands clearly distinguished without magnification (H). Note that the gland limits are often difficult to define macroscopically; broken lines indicate the putative limits of the glandular area. Scale bars = 5 mm. (Colour version of figure available online.)

FIG. 4 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus

FIG. 4. Relationships of snout–vent length (SVL) and body condition index (BCI) category with the neck butt (NB) frequency of Rhabdophis subminiatus. Each point represents individual data of snakes in poor condition (triangle, BCI <-0.145), average condition (circle, -0.145 <BCI <0.145, and good condition (cross, BCI Ž 0.145). Solid, short-dashed, and long-dashed lines represent regression lines for poor-condition, averagecondition, and good-condition snakes, respectively. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals of the regression coefficients and darker shading shows areas of overlap between the BCI categories. There was a significant correlation of SVL (P <0.001) and BCI category (P <0.01) with NB frequency.

FIG. 1 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus

FIG. 1. Box plots of the frequency of antipredator behaviors exhibited by Rhabdophis subminiatus in response to 20 predatory stimuli. Medians are shown by horizontal lines. Top and bottom of boxes are the 75th and 25th quartiles, respectively. Ends of vertical line are the farthest points not exceeding 1.5 times the distance between the quartiles, and dots are more extreme values. BF: body flatten; NF: neck flatten; JK: jerk; NB: neck butt; FL: flee; IM: immobile; ST: strike; NA: neck arch.

FIG. 2 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus

FIG. 2. Relationships between snout–vent length (SVL), sex, and frequency of neck butt (NB), neck flatten (NF), neck arch (NA), body flatten (BF), jerk (JK), and flee (FL) of Rhabdophis subminiatus. Solid and dashed lines represent regression lines for males and females, respectively. Each point shows individual data for males (circles) and females (crosses). Significant correlations (P <0.05) with SVL were observed in NB, NF, NA, and JK, which have shaded areas representing 95% confidence intervals of regression coefficients. Darker shading shows areas of overlap between the sexes. Only FL showed a significant effect of sex, and regression lines are shown only for significant correlations.

FIG. 3 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus

FIG. 3. Relationship between body condition index (BCI) and the frequency of neck butt (NB), neck flatten (NF), neck arch (NA), body flatten (BF), jerk (JK), and flee (FL) of Rhabdophis subminiatus. A significant correlation (P <0.05) was observed only for the relationship between BCI and NB frequency, for which regression lines are shown. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals of the regression coefficients.

opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

FIG. 3 in No Evidence for Across-Population Scent Discrimination of Cloacal Gland Secretions in Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)

FIG. 3. Probability that the tested Tuatara that had yet to approach the (A) 60-cm circle and (B) 30-cm circle across time. Probability of 1 denotes no Tuatara entered the circles, and probability of 0 denotes all experimental Tuatara have entered the circles. 1,400 min was appended to the end of experimental trial.

opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

FIG. 2 in No Evidence for Across-Population Scent Discrimination of Cloacal Gland Secretions in Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)

FIG. 2. (A) Bird's-eye view of relative locations of all 12 Tuatara burrows and an expanded view of the test arena for each burrow. (B) Detail of mesh cage staked to the ground with odor sample in a sterile petri dish.