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Figure 1 in Aspects of comparative cranial mechanics in the theropod dinosaurs Coelophysis, Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus
Figure 1. Finite element (FE) models created in this study with respect to taxonomic position with the Theropoda. From left to right: A, Coelophysis bauri, skull and D, FEA model; B, Allosaurus fragilis, skull and E, FEA model; C, Tyrannosaurus rex, skull and F, FEA model. Grey patches on mesh indicate constrained region of model (in direction indicated by arrows). Scale bar = 10 cm. Phylogeny adapted from Holtz (2000) and Rauhut (2003); open circles indicate node-based taxa; black lines indicate stem-based taxa. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ltf, lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; n, nasal; or, orbit; par, parietal; po, postorbital; pm, premaxilla; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal.
Figure 11 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 11. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Cymatosaurus sp. A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Figure 4 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 4. Analysis of the jaw mechanics in Placodus on the basis of the model derived by Druzinsky & Greaves (1979). For further discussion see text. Abbreviations: A, B, location of the mandibular joints; E, location of the apex of the coronoid process; bp, bite point in the centre of the posterior dentary tooth plate; F1, f1, resultant vertical muscle force (F1, acting perpendicular to the plane of the drawing) and fulcrum (f1); F2, f2, adductive component of the resultant muscle force generated by posterodorsally inclined muscles (F2, acting perpendicular to the plane of the drawing), and fulcrum (f2)
Figure 3 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 3. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Placodus gigas. A–D, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus.
Figure 12 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 12. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Pistosaurus longaevus. A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Figure 2 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 2. Schematic representation of the trigeminal jaw adductor musculature in extant reptiles (Iguana). A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. D, Schematic representation of a horizontal section through the left jaw adductor musculature compelx at the level of the exit of the trigeminal nerve from the braincase. Abbreviations: ame, m. adductor mandibulae externus; amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames, m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; ami, m. adductor mandibulae internus; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; cid, constrictor internus dorsralis group; lbw, lateral braincase wall; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; qap, quadrate aponeurosis; uta, upper temporal arch; V1, profundus branch of trigeminal nerve; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Figure 9 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 9. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Nothosaurus mirabilis. A–D, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Figure 10 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Corosauruus alcovensis (skull reconstruction after Storrs, 1991 fig. 8). Superficial view of jaw addductor musculature. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis.
Figure 1 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 1. The phylogenetic relationships of Triassic stem-group Sauropterygia (see text, and Rieppel, 2000a for further discussion).
Figure 8 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 8. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Simosaurus gaillardoti. A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Figure 7 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas
Figure 7. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Neusticosaurus edwardsii. A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Mechanical dataset for nanometric flow and earthquake instability
<p>Mechanical data of rock deformation experiments in:</p> <p>Nanometric flow and earthquake instability</p> <p>MATLAB codes are also provided to reproduce related figures in the paper.</p> <p>---------------------------------------------------------------------------<br> By Hongyu Sun and Matej Pec</p> <p>Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences<br> Massachusetts Institute of Technology</p> <p>* Corresponding Authors: hongyus@mit.edu, mpec@mit.edu</p>
Kinetics and mechanisms of acid-pH weathering of pyroxenes
<p>Weathering of primary silicate minerals under acidic conditions occurs in contexts as varied as acid mine drainage, volcanic environments, soils, stone monuments subjected to acid rain or Geological Carbon Storage (GCS). Considering the abundance of pyroxenes on the Earth crust, knowledge of their weathering kinetics and mechanisms may help to optimize carbonate yield in GCS. Here we report experimental results from the reaction of the clinopyroxenes augite and diopside in acidic solutions. Dissolution at far-from-equilibrium conditions results in the formation of etch pits where crack initiate and propagate by stress corrosion and pressure exerted by swelling of an amorphous, gel-like Si-rich phase, which precipitates despite the undersaturation of the bulk solution and whose formation is highly controlled by the heterogeneity of the mineral surface and the local transport mechanism. These precipitates are commonly localized within deep etch pits and cracks, characterized by a low fluid renewal where high Si-concentrations can be reached locally, so that supersaturation with respect to amorphous silica can occur. Cracks and silica precipitates are most abundant in the case of augite weathered in flow-through experiments. This is related to its faster reaction rate compared to diopside, most likely due to its higher iron content. Finally, in the case of diopside an amorphous magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) precursor forms, which represents an indirect evidence of the high pH conditions prevailing at the diopside-solution interface during dissolution.</p>
Mechanical properties of Nevado del Ruiz - St. Isabel volcanoes
<p><strong>Description and structure of the data </strong><br> Data of static and dynamic mechanical material properties organized in 6 columns. The first three columns contain the position in UTM coordinates (UTM zone 18N): easting, northing, and depth (positive numbers refer to points above the mean sea level and negative numbers to points below the sea level). The last three columns contain Poisson’s dynamic ratio, Young’s static modulus, and density. The first row of the file is dedicated to the following header: UTM_x (m), UTM_y (m), Z (m), Poisson_dy, Young_st (GPa), density (kg/m^3)</p> <p><strong>Static and dynamic mechanical elastic properties</strong></p> <p>The dynamic elastic properties are calculated from P-wave (Vp) and S-wave (Vs) tomographic velocities, derived from the seismicity recorded by the Colombian Geological Survey - Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Manizales (OVSM) between January 1st, 2016 and February 19, 2019.</p> <p>Empirical relationships are used for the conversion into static values <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?BltUnS">(Hautmann et al., 2013; Wang, 2000)</a>. The relationship between dynamic Young’s modulus (<span class="math-tex">\(E_{dy}\)</span>) and shear wave velocity, Vs, inferred from the tomography <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?TLLWSb">(Telford et al., 1976)</a> is<strong> <strong><span class="math-tex">\(E_{dy} = 2\rho\left( 1+\nu_{dy} \right)V_{s}^2\)</span></strong></strong></p> <p>where ρ is density <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?HcYYHH">(Jaeger, 2007)</a>, defined through the Nafe-Drake empirical curve <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?hTnbN9">(Brocher, 2005)</a> that describes the density (g/cm3) as function of Vp between 1.5 km/sec and 8.5 km/sec:</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(\varrho=1.6612V_{p}-0.4721{V}_{p}^{2}+0.0671{V}_{p}^{3}-0.0043{V}_{p}^{4}+0.000106{V}_{p}^{5}\)</span></p> <p>and the dynamic Poisson’s modulus, <span class="math-tex">\(\nu_{dy}\)</span>, is calculated from the relationship of Vp and Vs, as in the case of an isotropic medium for lack of better information (i.e. borehole tests), with the following formula <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?VD2VWu">(Guéguen and Palciauskas, 1994; Heap et al., 2014)</a>:</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\({\nu}_{dy}=\frac{V_{p}^2-2V_{s}^2}{2(V_{p}^2-V_{s}^2)}\)</span></p> <p>The values of the dynamic Young’s modulus derived, <span class="math-tex">\(E_{dy}\)</span>, increase from 12 GPa to 135 GPa, while the range of dynamic Poisson’s ratio values is between 0.17 and 0.30.</p> <p>In order to convert the dynamic values of the Young modulus into static values, we apply a standard empirical relationship <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?Zir7pl">(Wang, 2000)</a>: </p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(E_{st} = 0.415\times E_{dy} (GPa) - 1.056\)</span></p> <p><br> The resulting values for <span class="math-tex">\(E_{st}\)</span> of the upper crust is from 5 GPa to 56 GPa.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p><strong>Brocher</strong>, T.M., 2005. Empirical relations between elastic wavespeeds and density in the Earth’s crust. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95, 2081–2092. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050077<br> <strong>Guéguen</strong>, Y., Palciauskas, V., 1994. Introduction to the Physics of Rocks, Princeton University Press. ed. Princeton, New Jersey.<br> <strong>Hautmann</strong>, S., Hidayat, D., Fournier, N., Linde, A.T., Sacks, I.S., Williams, C.P., 2013. Pressure changes in the magmatic system during the December 2008/January 2009 extrusion event at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (W.I.), derived from strain data analysis. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 250, 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.10.006<br> <strong>Heap</strong>, M.J., Baud, P., Meredith, P.G., Vinciguerra, S., Reuschlé, T., 2014. The permeability and elastic moduli of tuff from Campi Flegrei, Italy: implications for ground deformation modelling. Solid Earth 5, 25–44. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-25-2014<br> <strong>Telford</strong>, W.M., Geldart, L.P., Sheriff, R.E., Keys, D.A., 1976. Applied Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.<br> <strong>Wang</strong>, Z., 2000. Dynamic versus static elastic properties of reservoir rocks, in: Seismic and Acoustic Velocities in Reservoir Rocks. Soc. of Explor. Geophys., Tusla, Oklahoma, pp. 531–539.</p> <p> </p> <p>This dataset is one of the results of PICVOLC project. PICVOLC has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 793811.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Exploring the mechanisms of coordinated chick provisioning in the Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus)
<p>Many species that provide care for their offspring in tandem with a partner coordinate their activities to maximise the efficiency of their investment. However, it is not well known exactly how this coordination is achieved. Manx shearwaters <i>Puffinus puffinus </i>are Procellariiform seabirds that exhibit a dual foraging strategy during chick provisioning in which long foraging trips to maintain condition are alternated with short, frequent trips to feed the offspring. This strategy is employed in a coordinated manner between the parents, with one making short trips while the other takes a single long trip. Previous work revealed that a complementary switch in foraging trip type is initiated by the parents following a synchronous visit to the nest. We used a combination of observational data and an experimental manipulation to examine the mechanisms that may underlie this behaviour. Specifically, we investigated the evidence that physical reunion is necessary to induce a switch in trip type, whether parents change their behaviour to maximise the probability of partner encounter, and whether indirect cues gained from the chick could inform a switch in behaviour. In our experimental approach, we manipulated the information adults had available to them by supplementarily feeding chicks to alter their begging behaviour. We found no support for the role of physical reunion or indirect cues in the coordination of care in this species. We discuss the possibility that the patterns of alternated provisioning observed during chick rearing in Manx shearwaters may emerge through entrainment during the well-coordinated incubation period preceding chick provisioning.</p>
Raw data for Ultimate speed of the supercurrent and its pairing mechanism
<p>All raw data for the paper entitled "Ultimate speed of the supercurrent and its pairing mechanism" are deposited here. Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). Addition of the author as a responsible author and/or an inventor in any publication, including electronic publications, is prohibited.</p>
Assessing-the-role-of-non-linear-contact-mechanics-for-flow-in-fractures---experimental_data
<p>Data to reproduce pressure response spectra from a number of harmonic measurements shown in "Assessing the role of non-linear contact mechanics for<br> flow in fractures"</p> <p><strong>Note:</strong> Data of AFR, BHR and TER has been extracted from papers published by authors others than the ones mentioned in the author list. The publications are referenced in the .txt files and the paper mentioned above.</p>
Data from: Quantifying and linking mechanism scenarios to invasive species impact
<p>Plant species invasion represents one of the major drivers of biodiversity change globally, yet there is confusion about the nature of non-indigenous species (NIS) impact. This stems from differing notions of what constitutes invasive species impact and the scales at which it should be assessed. At local scales, the mechanisms of impact on local competitors can be classified into four scenarios: 1) minimal impact from NIS inhabiting unique niches; 2) neutral impact spread across the community and proportional to NIS abundance; 3) targeted impact on a small number of competitors with overlapping niches; and 4) pervasive impact that is disproportionate to NIS abundance and caused by modifications that filter out other species. I developed a statistical test to distinguish these four mechanism scenarios based on plant community rank-abundance curves and then created a scale-independent standardized impact score. Using an example long-term dataset, that has high native plant diversity and an abundance gradient of the invasive vine, <em>Vincetoxicum rossicum</em>, I show that impact resulted in either targeted or pervasive extirpations. Regardless of whether NIS impact is neutral, targeted, or pervasive, the net outcome will be the homogenization of ecosystems and reduced biodiversity at larger scales, perhaps reducing ecosystem resilience. The framework and statistical evaluation of impact presented in this paper provide researchers and managers with an objective approach to quantifying NIS impact and prioritizing species for further management actions.</p>
Wintertime new particle formation in the rural area of North China Plain: influencing factors and possible formation mechanism
<p><strong>data for <em>Wintertime new particle formation in the rural area of North China Plain: influencing factors and possible formation mechanism</em></strong></p>
Two simple movement mechanisms for spatial division of labour in social insects
<p>Many animal species divide space into a patchwork of home ranges, yet there is little consensus on the mechanisms individuals use to maintain fidelity to particular locations. Theory suggests that animal movement could be based upon simple behavioural rules that use local information such as olfactory deposits, or global strategies, such as long-range biases toward landmarks. However, empirical studies have rarely attempted to distinguish between these mechanisms. Here, we perform individual tracking experiments on four species of social insects, and find that colonies consist of different groups of workers that inhabit separate but partially-overlapping spatial zones. Our trajectory analysis and simulations suggest that worker movement is consistent with two local mechanisms: one in which workers increase movement diffusivity outside their primary zone, and another in which workers modulate turning behaviour when approaching zone boundaries. Parallels with other organisms suggest that local mechanisms might represent a universal method for spatial partitioning in animal populations.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.