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Figure 3 in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 3. Flow chart for extant behavioural interpolation, which enables inference of muscle-modulated behaviours in extinct animals. The certainty of behavioural inference in an extinct taxon is inversely related to the behaviour's specificity. Behaviour can be inferred by phylogenetic bracketing if similarity of muscle function is established in extant clades by kinematic and physiological considerations, and if these functions correlate with similar behaviours in the extant groups.
Figure 19. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 19. A, origins of m. transversospinalis capitis (C2–C9), m. complexus (C2–C5) and m. splenius capitis from C2 and possibly C3, of Tyrannosaurus rex (BHI 3033). B, rugose scarring of m. transversospinalis capitis insertion on parietals of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5029). C, insertion of m. transversospinalis capitis onto parietals of Daspletosaurus torosus (CMN 8506; the specimen is incomplete and the image partly mirrored), with moment arms for lateral and dorsiflexion. D, insertions and moment arms for m. complexus (two dorsal) and m. iliocostalis capitis (ventral) on occiput of Daspletosaurus torosus (CMN 8506; the specimen is incomplete and the image partly mirrored for clarity).
Figure 2. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 2. A, inference of muscle function for turning the head in extant animals. Axes represent levels of corroboration of muscle topological and kinematic morphology, physiology and observed behaviour. The volume subtended by these levels of certainty is the behavioural inference space for the muscle. The muscles m. transversospinalis capitis lateralis and m. complexus, homologous and present in crocodilians and birds, respectively, are depicted as examples with different levels of corroboration along the axes and more or less certain inference of function. Physiological activity is shown as confirmed by electromyography in birds, but only hypothesized in crocodilians. B, inferring the function of m. complexus for turning the head in tyrannosaurids. Axes represent levels of inference (Witmer, 1995) for morphology and physiology, and level of inference for kinematic action of the muscle based on its reconstructed morphology (see text for explanation). Because physiological muscle function during movements is corroborated in only one pole of the extant bracket, and the physiology does not leave osteological correlates, a Level II′ inference is the best possible for the extinct taxon.
Figure 1 in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Figure 1. Divisions of amniote neck and craniocervical musculature, superimposed on the cervical vertebrae of Caiman crocodylus. Different shades represent transversospinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis and longus/medial iliocostalis divisions.
Figure 5 in A new genus and species of Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the north-eastern states of India
Figure 5. Meghalaya annandalei sp. nov., spermatopositor paratype. A, photograph, dorsal view. B, photograph, ventral view. C, line drawing, dorsal view. D, line drawing, ventral view. Scale bars = 300 Mm.
Figure 4 in A new genus and species of Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the north-eastern states of India
Figure 4. Meghalaya annandalei sp. nov., holotype. A, enlarged tibia III (t). B, metatarsus and tarsus IV bearing the thorn-like adenostyle, retrolateral view. C, metatarsus and tarsus IV bearing the thorn-like adenostyle, prolateral view. D, metatarsus and tarsus IV, ventral view. Scale bars = 100 Mm.
Figure 3 in A new genus and species of Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the north-eastern states of India
Figure 3. Meghalaya annandalei sp. nov., holotype. A, detailed view of the prosomal ventral complex. B, detail of the left ozophore (o) and eye lens (l). C, detailed view of the opisthosomal sternal region. D, detailed view of the anal region. Scale bars = 500 Mm.
Figure 1 in A new genus and species of Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the north-eastern states of India
Figure 1. Map of India with the known localities for members of Meghalaya gen. nov. The solid star shows Meghalaya annandalei sp. nov. from Arunāchal Pradesh; the empty stars show the localities for two undescribed species from Meghālaya.
Figure 2 in A new genus and species of Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the north-eastern states of India
Figure 2. Meghalaya annandalei sp. nov., holotype. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. Arrows indicate the ventro-prolateral modification of the tarsus IV of males. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 10 in A taxonomic revision of the Tragulus mouse-deer (Artiodactyla)
Figure 10. Discriminant analysis of adult T. javanicus-like specimens, with corresponding correlation matrix.
Figure 18 in A taxonomic revision of the Tragulus mouse-deer (Artiodactyla)
Figure 18. Sundashelf islands in the South China Sea. Thick solid line indicates the coastline during the last glacial maximum. Dotted lines indicate the main Sundashelf river systems during the last glacial maximum (after Voris, 2000).
Figure 16. The relationship between log10 in A taxonomic revision of the Tragulus mouse-deer (Artiodactyla)
Figure 16. The relationship between log10 island area and body size in T. javanicus (lower regression line) and T. napu (upper regression line).
Figures 25–31. Pindamoraria boraceiae, female allotype. Fig. 25 in Pindamoraria boraceiae, a new genus and species of freshwater Canthocamptidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from Brazil
Figures 25–31. Pindamoraria boraceiae, female allotype. Fig. 25. Genital double-somite, ventral view. Fig. 26. Caudal ramus, ventral view. Fig. 27. Antennule. Fig. 28. Antennal exopodite. Fig. 29. Maxilla. Fig. 30. Maxilliped. Fig. 31. Leg 5. Scales as indicated in figure.
Figures 1–3 in Pindamoraria boraceiae, a new genus and species of freshwater Canthocamptidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from Brazil
Figures 1–3. Pindamoraria boraceiae gen. & sp. nov., male holotype. Fig. 1. Habitus, lateral view. Fig. 2. Habitus, dorsal view. Fig. 3. Urosome, ventral view. Scale as indicated in figure.
Figure 13 in Taxonomy of Oncaeidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) from the Red Sea. V. Three species of Spinoncaea gen. nov. (ivlevi-group), with notes on zoogeographical distribution
Figure 13. Spinoncaea tenuis sp. nov., female (Red Sea). (A) Antenna; (B) labrum, anterior; (C) same, posterior; (D) mandible, showing individual elements; (E) maxillule; (F) maxilla; (G) maxilliped, anterior; (H) paragnaths, ventral.
Figure 6 in Taxonomy of Oncaeidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) from the Red Sea. V. Three species of Spinoncaea gen. nov. (ivlevi-group), with notes on zoogeographical distribution
Figure 6. Spinoncaea ivlevi (Shmeleva, 1966) comb. nov., female, elongate form (Red Sea). (A) Habitus, dorsal; (B) urosome, dorsal, seta V on CR omitted [b: P5-bearing somite, ventral, showing midventral spinous processes, exopodal setae omitted]; (C) P4, endopod, anterior, showing reduced inner setae on second segment. Spinoncaea ivlevi (Shmeleva, 1966) comb. nov., female (Adriatic Sea). (D) Habitus, dorsal, pore pattern on prosome not fully discerned; (E) urosome, dorsal; (F) caudal ramus, dorsal, seta VII shown separately; (G) P4, endopod, posterior.
Figure 9 in Taxonomy of Oncaeidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) from the Red Sea. V. Three species of Spinoncaea gen. nov. (ivlevi-group), with notes on zoogeographical distribution
Figure 9. Spinoncaea humesi sp. nov., female (Red Sea). (A) Antenna; (B) labrum, anterior; (C) same, posterior; (D) mandible, showing individual elements; (E) maxillule; (F) maxilla; (G) maxilliped, anterior.
Figure 4 in Taxonomy of Oncaeidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) from the Red Sea. V. Three species of Spinoncaea gen. nov. (ivlevi-group), with notes on zoogeographical distribution
Figure 4. Spinoncaea ivlevi (Shmeleva, 1966) comb. nov., female, robust form (Red Sea). (A) P1, anterior [a: second endopod segment, arrow indicating ornamentation on inner margin]; (B) P2, anterior, intercoxal sclerite not shown; (C) P3, posterior; (D) P4, anterior, intercoxal sclerite not shown.
Figures 32–35. Pindamoraria boraceiae, female allotype. Fig. 32. Right leg 2 endopodite, frontal view. Fig. 33. Left leg 3 endopodite, frontal view. Fig. 34. Left leg 4 endopodite, frontal view. Fig. 35. Right leg 4 in Pindamoraria boraceiae, a new genus and species of freshwater Canthocamptidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from Brazil
Figures 32–35. Pindamoraria boraceiae, female allotype. Fig. 32. Right leg 2 endopodite, frontal view. Fig. 33. Left leg 3 endopodite, frontal view. Fig. 34. Left leg 4 endopodite, frontal view. Fig. 35. Right leg 4 endopodite, caudal view. Scales as indicated in figure.
Figure 3 in Taxonomy of Oncaeidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) from the Red Sea. V. Three species of Spinoncaea gen. nov. (ivlevi-group), with notes on zoogeographical distribution
Figure 3. Spinoncaea ivlevi (Shmeleva, 1966) comb. nov., female, robust form (Red Sea). (A) Antenna, lateral elements are numbered using Roman numerals, distal elements are identified by capital letters; (B) labrum, anterior; (C) same, posterior; (D) mandible, showing individual elements, which are identified by capital letters; (E) maxillule; (F) maxilla; (G) maxilliped, anterior.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.