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FIGURE 4 in Genetic and morphological variation analyses of Glandirana rugosa with description of a new species (Anura, Ranidae)
FIGURE 4. Plot of first against second canonical 28 morphological variates from CANDISC for male (left) and female (right) samples of Glandirana. Squares: East group of G. rugosa; Open diamonds: G. susurra; Closed diamonds: G. emeljanovi; Circles: Central, North, West, and se-Kyushu groups of G. rugosa.
FIGURE 5 in Genetic and morphological variation analyses of Glandirana rugosa with description of a new species (Anura, Ranidae)
FIGURE 5. Frequencies of four categories of the degree of development of larval ventral glands. Black: state A, dark gray: state B, light gray: state C, and white: state D.
FIGURE 3 in Genetic and morphological variation analyses of Glandirana rugosa with description of a new species (Anura, Ranidae)
FIGURE 3. Results of MIG-seq (Multiplexed ISSR genotyping by sequencing), showing unique position of East group. (A) A RAxML tree based on variable sites picked up from SNPs data. Numbers above branches represent bootstrap supports for ML inference. Number of each sample corresponds with those shown in the supplementary Table 1 deposited in Figshare (DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20290599). Boxed numbers indicate the locality where we found both of West and se-Kyushu group of G. rugosa. (B, C) Plot of first against second (B) and third (C) principal scores of 397 alleles derived from SNPs data. Squares: East group of G. rugosa; Open diamonds: G. susurra; Closed diamonds: G. emeljanovi; Circles: Central, North, West, and seKyushu groups of G. rugosa. (D) Genetic structure in each individual of mitochondrial groups of Glandirana. Two primary genetic demes (K = 2) identified by the STRUCTURE analysis.
FIGURE 1 in Genetic and morphological variation analyses of Glandirana rugosa with description of a new species (Anura, Ranidae)
FIGURE 1. Variation in degree of development of larval ventral glands. (A) State A, (B) State B, (C) State C, and (D) State D.
FIGURE 2 in Genetic and morphological variation analyses of Glandirana rugosa with description of a new species (Anura, Ranidae)
FIGURE 2. RAxML trees based on sequence of mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA genes (left) and on sequence of cyt b genes (right) for samples of Glandirana. Numbers above or below branches represent bootstrap supports for ML inference and Bayesian posterior probability (ML-BS/BPP). Accession numbers are shown for the data obtained from GenBank. Number of each sample corresponds with those shown in the supplementary Table 1 deposited in Figshare (DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20290599). Boxed numbers indicate the locality where we found both of West and se-Kyushu group of G. rugosa.
Gudgeon fish with and without genetically determined countershading coexist in heterogeneous littoral environments of an ancient lake
<p>Countershading, characterized by a darker dorsal surface and lighter ventral surface, is common among many animals. This dorsoventral pigment polarity is often thought to be adaptive coloration for camouflage. By contrast, non-countershaded (melanistic) morphs often occur within a species due to genetic color polymorphism in terrestrial animals. However, the polymorphism with either countershaded or melanistic morphs is poorly known in wild aquatic animals. This study explored the genetic nature of diverged color morphs of a lineage of gudgeon fish (genus <i>Sarcocheilichthys</i>) in the ancient Lake Biwa, and propose this system as a novel model for testing hypotheses of functional aspects of countershading and its loss in aquatic environments. This system harbors two color morphs that have been treated taxonomically as separate species; <i>S. variegatus microoculus</i> which occurs throughout the littoral zone, and <i>S. biwaensis</i> which occurs in and around rocky areas. First, we confirmed that the divergence of dorsoventral color patterns between the two morphs is under strict genetic control at the levels of chromatophore distribution and melanin-related gene expression under common garden rearing. The former morph displayed sharp countershading coloration, whereas the latter morph exhibited a strong tendency towards its loss. The crossing results indicated that this divergence was likely controlled by a single locus in a two-allele Mendelian-inheritance pattern. Furthermore, our population genomic and genome-wide association study analyses detected no genome-wide divergence between the two morphs, except for one region near a locus that may be associated with the color divergence. Thus, these morphs are either in a state of intraspecific color polymorphism or two incipient species. Evolutionary forces underlying this polymorphism appears to be associated with heterogeneous littoral environments in this lake. Future ecological genomic research will provide insight into adaptive functions of this widespread coloration, including the eco-evolutionary drivers of its loss, in the aquatic world.</p>
Figure 27. Dorsal habitus, females. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 27. Dorsal habitus, females. A, vertex Pseudoanthidium kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); B, vertex P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan); C, mesonotum P. kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); D, mesonotum P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan); E, metasoma P. kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); F, metasoma P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 25. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 25. A, Pseudoanthidium canariense, female (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); B, P. tropicum, female (Bandar Abbas, Iran); C, P. canariense, male (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); D, P. tropicum, male (Bandar Abbas, Iran); E, T7, P. canariense (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); F, T7, P. tropicum (Bandar Abbas, Iran).
Figure 23. Gonostyli. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 23. Gonostyli. A, Pseudoanthidium palestinicum (Nahal Keziv, Israel); B, P. cribratum (Karatau, Kazakhstan); C, P. canariense (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); D, P. tropicum (Bandar Abbas, Iran); E, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); F, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 22 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 22. Distribution of A, Pseudoanthidium palestinicum; B, P. cribratum; C, P. canariense; D, P. tropicum.
Figure 24 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 24. Third coxal tooth (circled by white ring), Pseudoanthidium cribratum, male. A, ventral view (Damascus, Syria); B, lateral view (Yasuj, Iran).
Figure 21. Dorsal habitus, females.A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 21. Dorsal habitus, females.A, vertex Pseudoanthidium tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); B, vertex P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel); C, mesonotum P. tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); D, mesonotum P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel); E, metasoma P. tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); F, metasoma P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel).
Figure 20. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium eversmanni. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 20. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium eversmanni. A, dorsal view; B, ventral metasoma; C, labels; D, S5 showing sternal combs; E, S7.
Figure 19. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium tenellum. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 19. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium tenellum. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, T1–T3; D, labels.
Figure 16. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium karakalense. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 16. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium karakalense. A, labels; B, dorsal view; C, latero-ventral view S2; D, gonostyli; E, S8; F, S3; G, S4; H, S5 (showing sternal combs), S6.
Figure 13. S2, males. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 13. S2, males. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Dordogne, France); B, P. scapulare (Argèles-sur-Mer, France); C, P. stigmaticorne (Cabanes de Fleury, France); D, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea); E, P. palestinicum (Jerusalem, Israel); F, P. cribratum (Ayelet Hashar, Israel); G, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); H, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 10. Gonostyli. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 10. Gonostyli. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Thüringen, Germany); B, P. scapulare (Villeneuve-lès- Maguelone, France); C, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea).
Figure 12. S3, males. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 12. S3, males. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Dordogne, France); B, P. scapulare (Argèles-sur-Mer, France); C, P. stigmaticorne (Cabanes de Fleury, France); D, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea); E, P. palestinicum (Jerusalem, Israel); F, P. cribratum (Ayelet Hashar, Israel); G, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); H, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 11. Sternal combs. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 11. Sternal combs. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Dordogne, France); B, P. scapulare (Argèles-sur-Mer, France); C, P. stigmaticorne (Cabanes de Fleury, France); D, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea); E, P. palestinicum (Jerusalem, Israel); F, P. cribratum (Ayelet Hashar, Israel); G, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); H, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 18. Gonostyli, Pseudoanthidium stigmaticorne. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 18. Gonostyli, Pseudoanthidium stigmaticorne. A, Cape Lukull, Crimea; B, Bet She'an, Israel; C, Agadir, Morocco; D, Restinclières, France; E, Cacela Velha, Portugal; F, Seui, Sardinia.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.