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Figure 3 from: Xu R-F, Karunarathna SC, Phukhamsakda C, Dai D-Q, Elgorban AM, Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Wang X-Y, Tibpromma S (2024) Four new species of Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota) from Pará Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Yunnan Province, China. MycoKeys 103: 71-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.103.117580

Figure 3 Phylogram generated from Maximum Likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, ITS, SSU, tef1-α and rpb2 sequence data of 119 taxa, which comprised 4399 base pairs (LSU = 908 bp, ITS = 512 bp, SSU = 1000 bp, tef1-α = 925 bp, rpb2 = 1054 bp). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -38918.764563 is presented. The matrix had 2023 distinct alignment patterns, with 39.00% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.245191, C = 0.247520, G = 0.268228, T = 0.239061; substitution rates: AC = 1.533778, AG = 3.877174, AT = 1.672983, CG = 1.254032, CT = 8.838860, GT = 1.000000; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.208600. Bootstrap support values for ML equal to or greater than 60% and Bayesian Inference analysis values equal to or greater than 0.90 PP are labelled at each node. The tree is rooted with Seriascoma didymospora (MFLUCC 11–0179) and S. didymospora (MFLUCC 11–0194). Related sequences were obtained from De Silva et al. (2022), Lu et al. (2022) and Li et al. (2023). The new isolates are indicated in red and the ex-type strains are in bold.

Figure 2 from: Xu R-F, Karunarathna SC, Phukhamsakda C, Dai D-Q, Elgorban AM, Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Wang X-Y, Tibpromma S (2024) Four new species of Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota) from Pará Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Yunnan Province, China. MycoKeys 103: 71-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.103.117580

Figure 2 Melomastia puerensis (ZHKU 23–0106, holotype) a–c appearance of ascomata on host surface d vertical section of an ascoma e vertical section of ostiole f section of peridium g hamathecium h–l asci m–q ascospores r asci stained in Lugol's iodine s germinated ascospore t, u colonies on PDA (t-front and u-reverse views). Scale bars: 100 µm (d–f); 50 µm (g–l); 10 µm (m–q); 30 µm (s).

Figure 1 from: Xu R-F, Karunarathna SC, Phukhamsakda C, Dai D-Q, Elgorban AM, Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Wang X-Y, Tibpromma S (2024) Four new species of Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota) from Pará Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Yunnan Province, China. MycoKeys 103: 71-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.103.117580

Figure 1 Phylogram generated from Maximum Likelihood analysis, based on combined LSU, SSU and tef1-α sequence data of 41 taxa, which comprised 2836 base pairs (LSU = 902 bp, SSU = 1031 bp, tef1-α = 903 bp). The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -14798.632437 is presented. The matrix had 1013 distinct alignment patterns, with 24.90% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.241740, C = 0.258134, G = 0.292403, T = 0.207722; substitution rates: AC = 0.834723, AG = 2.021967, AT = 1.126143, CG = 1.032150, CT = 7.231944, GT = 1.000000; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.320795. Bootstrap support values for ML equal to or greater than 60% and Bayesian Inference analysis values equal to or greater than 0.90 PP are labelled at each node. The tree is rooted with Anisomeridium phaeospermum (MPN539) and A. ubianum (MPN94). Related sequences were collected following Li et al. (2022), Kularathnage et al. (2023) and Dong et al. (2023). The new isolates are indicated in red and the ex-type strains are in bold. Group A indicates the taxa used to compare the morphology with our new species (Melomastia puerensis).

Figure 1 from: Hristov M, Sabit Z, Kirilov T, Bakalov D, Tzoneva R, Apostolova S, Georgieva I, Andreeva-Gateva P (2024) Effects of riboflavin on hyperalgesia and serum glutamine-to-glutamate ratio in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy. Pharmacia 71: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e120921

Figure 1 Effects of riboflavin on changes in pain threshold were investigated using the paw pressure test. Streptozotocin administration significantly induced mechanical hyperalgesia by reducing the mechanical threshold and enhancing paw withdrawal responses, while supplementation with Vitamin B2 effectively mitigated mechanical hyperalgesia. Significant differences compared to the control group (Normal) are denoted as *P < 0.05, while significant differences compared to the diabetic group (Diabetic) are denoted as ##P < 0.01. n=8 animals per group.

Figure 3 from: Hristov M, Sabit Z, Kirilov T, Bakalov D, Tzoneva R, Apostolova S, Georgieva I, Andreeva-Gateva P (2024) Effects of riboflavin on hyperalgesia and serum glutamine-to-glutamate ratio in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy. Pharmacia 71: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e120921

Figure 3 Effects of riboflavin on changes in pain threshold were investigated using the formalin test. The ends of the boxes depict the 25th and 75th percentiles, with a line at the median, while error bars extend to the 10th and 90th percentiles. During phase 1 of the formalin test, neither the vehicle-treated diabetic group nor the introduction of riboflavin showed significant changes in nociceptive behavior compared to the control group. In phase 2, the vehicle-treated diabetic group exhibited increased nociceptive behavior, while the addition of 25 mg or 50 mg of vitamin B2 significantly alleviated formalin-induced hyperalgesia. Significant differences compared to the control group (Normal) are indicated as *P < 0.05. Significant differences compared to the diabetic group (Diabetic) are indicated as #P < 0.05. n=8 animals per group.

Figure 2 from: Hristov M, Sabit Z, Kirilov T, Bakalov D, Tzoneva R, Apostolova S, Georgieva I, Andreeva-Gateva P (2024) Effects of riboflavin on hyperalgesia and serum glutamine-to-glutamate ratio in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy. Pharmacia 71: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e120921

Figure 2 Effects of riboflavin on changes in pain threshold were investigated using the cold plate. Streptozotocin administration induced significant cold-induced hyperalgesia, alleviated notably by riboflavin in drinking water. Significant differences compared to the control group (Normal) are indicated as ***P < 0.001. Significant differences compared to the diabetic group (Diabetic) are indicated as #P < 0.05 and ###P < 0.001. n=8 animals per group.

Figure 4 from: Hristov M, Sabit Z, Kirilov T, Bakalov D, Tzoneva R, Apostolova S, Georgieva I, Andreeva-Gateva P (2024) Effects of riboflavin on hyperalgesia and serum glutamine-to-glutamate ratio in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy. Pharmacia 71: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e120921

Figure 4 Box plot illustrating the effect of riboflavin supplementation on the serum glutamine-to-glutamate ratio in diabetic rats. The ends of the boxes depict the 25th and 75th percentiles, with a line at the median, while error bars extend to the 10th and 90th percentiles. Riboflavin supplementation in the drinking water significantly altered the serum glutamine-to-glutamate ratio in diabetic rats with neuropathic pain, with a significant difference found only between the "Diabetic" and "Diabetic + Rf 50 mg" groups. Significant differences compared to the diabetic group (Diabetic) are indicated as *p < 0.05. n=8 animals per group.

Figure 1 from: Kadiyska T, Cherneva R, Cherneva Z, Marchev S, Madzharova D, Tourtourikov I, Mitev V (2024) Laboratory and genetic predictors for severe COVID-19 infection. Pharmacia 71: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e120638

Figure 1 The OAS–RNase L pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. DsRNAs and IFN signaling activate the OAS gene. OAS1 induces the synthesis of the second messenger 2–5A from ATP. 2–5A then binds and transform the RNase L monomer to its active dimer formation. The active RNase L degrades viral RNA, thus inhibiting virus replication. Cleaved RNA, through DHX33 (DEAH-box helicase 33), which binds to cytosolic RNAs and interacts with MAVS (Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling protein), can activate NLRP3 inflammasome. In most cases, this stimulates the normal anti-viral response, but theoretically, further stimulation of the already hyperactivated NLRP3 inflammasome would intensify the CS.

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Supplementary material 1 from: Gutermann W, Jang T-S, Kästner A, Prehsler D, Reich D, Berger A, Flatscher R, Gilli C, Hofbauer M, Lachmayer M, Sander R, Sonnleitner M, Mucina L (2024) Thliphthisa sapphus (Rubiaceae, Rubieae), a new species from Lefkada (Ionian Islands, Greece) and its ecological position. PhytoKeys 241: 65-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.241.119144

Specimens of Greek representatives of genus Thliphthisa examined

Figure 1 from: Gutermann W, Jang T-S, Kästner A, Prehsler D, Reich D, Berger A, Flatscher R, Gilli C, Hofbauer M, Lachmayer M, Sander R, Sonnleitner M, Mucina L (2024) Thliphthisa sapphus (Rubiaceae, Rubieae), a new species from Lefkada (Ionian Islands, Greece) and its ecological position. PhytoKeys 241: 65-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.241.119144

Figure 1 Illustration of Thliphthisa sapphus, based on the type material A whole plant B whole plant with vegetative and flowering shoots C vegetative shoot D detail of stem of vegetative shoot E flowering shoot F detail of stem of flowering shoot G flower H dissected flower (drawings by A. Kästner).

Figure 2 from: Gutermann W, Jang T-S, Kästner A, Prehsler D, Reich D, Berger A, Flatscher R, Gilli C, Hofbauer M, Lachmayer M, Sander R, Sonnleitner M, Mucina L (2024) Thliphthisa sapphus (Rubiaceae, Rubieae), a new species from Lefkada (Ionian Islands, Greece) and its ecological position. PhytoKeys 241: 65-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.241.119144

Figure 2 Habit and flowers of Thliphthisa sapphusA old individual of Th. sapphus with a thick lignified rootstock B flowers of Th. sapphus exhibiting the characteristic indumentum on the corolla (photographs by M. Sonnleitner).

Figure 4 from: Gutermann W, Jang T-S, Kästner A, Prehsler D, Reich D, Berger A, Flatscher R, Gilli C, Hofbauer M, Lachmayer M, Sander R, Sonnleitner M, Mucina L (2024) Thliphthisa sapphus (Rubiaceae, Rubieae), a new species from Lefkada (Ionian Islands, Greece) and its ecological position. PhytoKeys 241: 65-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.241.119144

Figure 4 Habitat and habit of Thliphthisa sapphusA coastal cliffs of the Lefkátas Peninsula, the locality of Th. sapphus (photograph by M. Hofbauer) B cushion of Th. sapphus in limestone rock fissure (photograph by M. Sonnleitner) C loose cushion of Th. sapphus within regolith cover on limestone rocks, together with Lomelosia crenata subsp. dallaportae (photograph by M. Sonnleitner).

Figure 4 from: Isocrono D, Ravera S (2024) Typification of the name Arthopyrenia parolinii Beltr. (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Arthopyreniaceae). In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.109420

Figure 4 Arthopyrenia parolinii Beltr locus classicus (i.e. "Passeggio pubblico di Belvedere o Fosse") depicted in a 1917 postcard (from: Bordignon 2016). The image shows the original lime trees that are mentioned in the protologue of A. parolinii before their removal.

Figure 3 from: Isocrono D, Ravera S (2024) Typification of the name Arthopyrenia parolinii Beltr. (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Arthopyreniaceae). In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.109420

Figure 3 Arthopyrenia paroliniiA vertical section through a perithecium, arrows showing hamathecium and K- excipulum B bitunicate asci and pluriseptate ascospores in 10% KOH. Scale bars: 15 µm.

Figure 3 from: Qi Z-X, Qian K-Q, Yue L, Wang L-B, Guo D-Z, Wu D-M, Gao N, Zhang B, Li Y (2024) New species, new records and common species of Pluteus sect. Celluloderma from northern China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 91-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117841

Figure 3 A Macroscopic characteristics of Pluteus brunneodiscusB basidiospores C pleurocystidia D basidia E pileipellis terminal cells F cheilocystidia. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 10 µm (B–F).

Figure 2 from: Han L-S, Wijayawardene NN, Liu C, Han L-H, Promputtha I, Li Q, Elgorban AM, Al-Rejaie S, Tanaka K, Dai D-Q (2024) Paramphibambusa bambusicola gen. et. sp. nov., Arecophila xishuangbannaensis and A. zhaotongensis spp. nov. in Cainiaceae from Yunnan, China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 113-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117872

Figure 2 Paramphibambusa bambusicola (GMB-W1350, holotype) a bamboo specimen b black ostioles at the host surface c transverse section of ascomata d, e vertical section of ascomata with long necks and black clypeus f cells of peridium g paraphyses h–k asci l asci with J+, elliptical to trapezoidal, subapical ring (stained in Melzer's reagent) m–s ascospores (s ascospore stained in Indian ink showing mucilaginous sheath) t a germinating ascospore u, v cultures on PDA after 20 days (u upper, v reverse). Scale bars: 300 µm (d, e); 15 µm (f, l–t); 30 µm (g); 50 µm (h–k).

Figure 4 from: Han L-S, Wijayawardene NN, Liu C, Han L-H, Promputtha I, Li Q, Elgorban AM, Al-Rejaie S, Tanaka K, Dai D-Q (2024) Paramphibambusa bambusicola gen. et. sp. nov., Arecophila xishuangbannaensis and A. zhaotongensis spp. nov. in Cainiaceae from Yunnan, China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 113-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117872

Figure 4 Arecophila zhaotongensis (GMB-W1353, holotype) a bamboo specimen b, c appearance of ostioles at the host surface d, e vertical sections of ascomata with ostioles and black clypei f peridium g paraphyses h–m asci n, o asci with a J+ trapezoidal ring (stained in Melzer's reagent) p–t ascospores surrounded by mucilaginous sheath (t ascospore with longitudinal striations) u a germinating ascospore v, w cultures on PDA after 15 days (v upper, w reverse). Scale bars: 300 µm (d, e); 30 µm (f, g); 50 µm (h–m); 15 µm (n–u).

Figure 6 from: Qi Z-X, Qian K-Q, Yue L, Wang L-B, Guo D-Z, Wu D-M, Gao N, Zhang B, Li Y (2024) New species, new records and common species of Pluteus sect. Celluloderma from northern China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 91-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117841

Figure 6 A macroscopic characteristics of Pluteus romelliiB basidiospores C pleurocystidia D basidia E cheilocystidia F pileipellis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 10 µm (B–E); 20 µm (F).

Figure 1 from: Han L-S, Wijayawardene NN, Liu C, Han L-H, Promputtha I, Li Q, Elgorban AM, Al-Rejaie S, Tanaka K, Dai D-Q (2024) Paramphibambusa bambusicola gen. et. sp. nov., Arecophila xishuangbannaensis and A. zhaotongensis spp. nov. in Cainiaceae from Yunnan, China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 113-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117872

Figure 1 The RAxML tree was generated based on the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tub sequence data. Bootstrap support values for ML equal to or greater than 60%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) equal to or higher than 0.90 are indicated above the nodes as ML/PP. Type materials are indicated by superscript "T", while the newly generated sequences are shown in red.

Figure 2 from: Qi Z-X, Qian K-Q, Yue L, Wang L-B, Guo D-Z, Wu D-M, Gao N, Zhang B, Li Y (2024) New species, new records and common species of Pluteus sect. Celluloderma from northern China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 91-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117841

Figure 2 Basidiomata features A–BPluteus brunneodiscusC–DP. cystidiosusE–FP. chrysophlebiusG–IP. romellii. Photos by Zheng-xiang Qi (A–B, G–I). Photos by Di-zhe Guo (C–F). Scale bars: 1 cm.