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opennotspecifiedNov 2011View details →

FIGURE 3 in Advertisement and release calls in Neotropical toads of the Rhinella granulosa group and evidence of natural hybridization between R. bergi and R. major (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIGURE 3. Advertisement calls of Rhinella dorbignyi (A and B), and R. fernandezae (C). Oscillogram (top) and sonogram (center) of a single call, and oscillogram with some few notes (bottom of A and C), and short trills (bottom of B).

opennotspecifiedNov 2011View details →

FIGURE 2 in Advertisement and release calls in Neotropical toads of the Rhinella granulosa group and evidence of natural hybridization between R. bergi and R. major (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIGURE 2. Adult specimens of (A) Rhinella azarai, (B) R. bergi, (C) R. dorbignyi, (D) R. fernandezae, and (E) R. major.

opennotspecifiedMar 2010View details →

FIGURE 2 in A new species of toad (Bufonidae: Incilius) from central Panama

FIGURE 2. Hand and foot of the holotype of Incilius karenlipsae (UTA A-59522; adult male; SVL = 89.3 mm). Note that fingers on the hand are unnaturally flexed ventrally in the preserved specimen, making evaluation of their condition difficult unless the specimen is at hand.

opennotspecifiedMar 2010View details →

FIGURE 3. A in A new species of toad (Bufonidae: Incilius) from central Panama

FIGURE 3. A cladogram derived from this study and Mendelson et al. (submitted) showing the phylogenetic position of Incilius karenlipsae as the sister taxon to I. coniferus determined in this study (parsimony bootstrap = 100%; Bayesian posterior-probabilities = 1.0). The phylogenetic placements of I. peripatetes, I. holdridgei, C. epiotica, and C. guanacaste are inferred based on morphology (DNA samples are not available). The evolution of several salient characteristics of the group are reconstructed; see text for discussion.

opennotspecifiedDec 2018View details →

Fig. 1 in Adults of the Endangered Chafer Osmoderma opicum Lewis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are Potential Prey of Toads in Japan

Fig. 1. Adult Japanese common toad Bufo japonicus. Body weight and snout-vent length = 225 g and 130 mm, respectively.

opennotspecifiedDec 2018View details →

Fig. 2 in Adults of the Endangered Chafer Osmoderma opicum Lewis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are Potential Prey of Toads in Japan

Fig. 2. Body parts of a female Osmoderma opicum found in the feces of an adult Bufo japonicus. Right elytral length = 19.9 mm.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

A pore-forming protein drives macropinocytosis to facilitate toad water maintaining

Maintaining water balance is a real challenge for amphibians in terrestrial environments. Our previous studies with toad Bombina maxima discovered a pore-forming protein and trefoil factor complex βγ-CAT, which is assembled under tight regulation depending on environmental cues. Here we report an unexpected role for βγ-CAT in toad water maintaining. Deletion of toad skin secretions, in which βγ-CAT is a major component, increased animal mortality under hypertonic stress. βγ-CAT was constitutively expressed in toad osmoregulatory organs, which was inducible under the variation of osmotic conditions. The protein induced and participated in macropinocytosis in vivo and in vitro. During extracellular hyperosmosis, βγ-CAT stimulated macropinocytosis to facilitate water import and enhanced exosomes release, which simultaneously regulated aquaporins distribution. Collectively, these findings uncovered that besides membrane-integrated aquaporin, a secretory pore-forming protein can facilitate toad water maintaining via macropinocytosis induction and exocytosis modulation, especially in responses to osmotic stress.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Data from: Colour pattern variation forms local background matching camouflage in a leaf-mimicking toad

Optimal camouflage can, in principle, be relatively easily achieved in simple, homogeneous, environments where backgrounds always have the same color, brightness, and patterning. Natural environments are, however, rarely homogenous and species often find themselves viewed against varied backgrounds where the task of concealment is more challenging. One result of variable backgrounds is the evolution of intraspecific phenotypic variation which may either be generalized, with multiple similarly cryptic patterns, or specialized, with each discrete color form maximizing concealment against a single component of the background. We investigated the role of phenotypic variation in a highly variable population of the Neotropical toad Rhinella margaritifera using visual modeling and a computer-based detection task. We found that phenotypic variation was not divided into discrete color morphs and all toads were well camouflaged against the forest floor. However, although the whole population may appear to consist of random samples from the background, the toads were a particularly close match to the leaf litter, suggesting that they masquerade as dead leaves, which are themselves variable. Furthermore, rather than each color form being equally effective against a single background, each toad was specialized towards its own particular local surroundings, as suggested by a specialist strategy. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of background matching to a nominally masquerading species, as well as how habitat heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales may affect the evolution of camouflage and phenotypic variation.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

The effects of novel leaf litter deposition on competitive, predator–prey and host–parasite interactions of American toad larvae

Wetland plant communities are changing rapidly due to a wide range of human activities. The deposition of leaf litter from novel plant communities can alter both the chemical and physical habitat of aquatic ecosystems. Lesser understood are the ecological consequences of novel leaf litter inputs in aquatic communities. Towards this goal, we used two plant invasion scenarios (comparing native black huckleberry to exotic autumn olive and native swamp loosestrife to exotic purple loosestrife) to simulate a shift in wetland plant communities. In this study, we investigated the effects of novel leaf litter leachates on three aquatic ecological interactions: intraspecific competition, predation, and parasitism. We examined how leaf litter leachates influence the interactions of American toad larvae (Anaxyrus americanus) with their conspecifics, a dragonfly predator (Anax spp.) and a trematode parasite (Echinostomatidae). We found that leaf litter type influenced competitive interactions only for the huckleberry versus autumn olive comparison. We did not detect any effects of leaf litter type on predator-prey interactions. Finally, litter type strongly influenced host-parasite interactions for both leaf litter comparisons, altering host susceptibility, parasite survival and net infection rates. These results highlight the breadth of potential ecological repercussions of shifting wetland plant communities for native ecosystems.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Abundance of lungworm parasites in invasive cane toads from burned and unburned sites

The frequency and severity of wildfires are increasing due to anthropogenic modifications to habitats and to climate. Post-fire landscapes may advantage invasive species via multiple mechanisms, including changes to host-parasite interactions. We surveyed the incidence of endoparasitic lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) in invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in near-coastal sites of eastern Australia, a year after extensive fires in this region. Both the prevalence of infection, and number of worms in infected toads, increased with toad body size in unburned areas. In contrast, parasite load decreased rather than increased with toad body size in burned areas. By killing moisture-dependent free-living lungworm larvae, the intense fires may have liberated adult cane toads from a parasite that can substantially reduce the viability of its host. Smaller toads, which are restricted to moist environments, did not receive this benefit from fires.

FIG. 7 in Revealing Two New Species of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura, Bufonidae): An Enigmatic Taxonomic Group of Neotropical Toads

FIG. 7.—Holotype of Rhinella gildae sp. nov. (MNRJ 23838). Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of head (scale bar = 10 mm) and palmar (C) and plantar views (D; scale bar = 5 mm).

FIG. 6 in Revealing Two New Species of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura, Bufonidae): An Enigmatic Taxonomic Group of Neotropical Toads

FIG. 6.—Dorsal and ventral views of holotype of Rhinella gildae sp. nov. (MNRJ 23838; snout–vent length = 69.6 mm).

FIG. 5 in Revealing Two New Species of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura, Bufonidae): An Enigmatic Taxonomic Group of Neotropical Toads

FIG. 5.—Geographic distribution of Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. (circles), showing Goiânia Municipality (type locality; star), and Rhinella gildae sp. nov., São Pedro da Água Branca (type locality; square). GO = State of Goiás; DF = Federal District; TO = State of Tocantins; MS = State of Mato Grosso do Sul; MT = State of Mato Grosso; BA = State of Bahia; MA = State of Maranhão; PI = State of Piauí; MG = State of Minas Gerais; SP = State of São Paulo; PR = State of Paraná.

FIG. 2 in Revealing Two New Species of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura, Bufonidae): An Enigmatic Taxonomic Group of Neotropical Toads

FIG. 2.—Holotype of Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. (MNRJ 53073). Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of head (scale bar = 10 mm) and palmar (C) and plantar views (D). Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIG. 4 in Revealing Two New Species of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura, Bufonidae): An Enigmatic Taxonomic Group of Neotropical Toads

FIG. 4.—Variation in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) color pattern of Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. (type series).

FIG. 4 in A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera

FIG. 4.—Map of Sumatra with topographical relief showing localities where members of the new genus of toad (Sigalegalephrŋnus) were found.

FIG. 7 in A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera

FIG. 7.—(A) Lateral, (B) dorsal, and (C) ventral view of the holotype of Sigalegalephrŋnus minangkabauensis from Gunung Kunyit, Sumatera Utara

FIG. 3 in A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera

FIG. 3.—(A) Lateral, (B) dorsal, and (C) ventral view of the adult male holotype of Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis from Gunung Sorikmarapi, Sumatera Utara Province, Sumatra (MZB 25736). A color version of this figure is available online.

FIG. 2 in A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera

FIG. 2.—Palmar (upper) and plantar (lower) surfaces of Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis (A; MZB 25736) and S. minangkabauensis (B; MZB 25738).

FIG. 1 in A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera

FIG. 1.—Phylogeny of Sundaland toads, based on 1537 base pairs of a combined mitochondrial and nuclear data set, depicted as a maximum-likelihood consensus tree with Anaxŋrus americanus as a proximate outgroup (the nonbufonid outgroup Drŋophŋtes [Hŋla] arenicolor has been trimmed out).