FIGURE 3. A in A new species of toad (Bufonidae: Incilius) from central Panama

FIGURE 3. A cladogram derived from this study and Mendelson et al. (submitted) showing the phylogenetic position of Incilius karenlipsae as the sister taxon to I. coniferus determined in this study (parsimony bootstrap = 100%; Bayesian posterior-probabilities = 1.0). The phylogenetic placements of I. peripatetes, I. holdridgei, C. epiotica, and C. guanacaste are inferred based on morphology (DNA samples are not available). The evolution of several salient characteristics of the group are reconstructed; see text for discussion.