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19 results for “Incilius”
Fig. 2 in Description of the tadpole and natural history notes of Incilius spiculatus (Mendelson, 1997), an Endangered toad endemic to the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, Mexico
Fig. 2. Breeding behavior of Incilius spiculatus. (A–B) Amplexus (axillary type) and oviposition, (C) egg string staggered in unilayered tube, (D–E) dorsal and ventral views of the tadpole head at Gosner stage 24 showing the "elongated mouth," (F) Rio Coyul, San Pedro Yolox; (G) lateral view of tadpole at Gosner stage 39, and (H) lateral view of metamorphic individual.
Fig. 1 in Description of the tadpole and natural history notes of Incilius spiculatus (Mendelson, 1997), an Endangered toad endemic to the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, Mexico
Fig. 1. Tadpole of Incilius spiculatus. (A) Oral disc at Gosner stage 37, (B) lateral view at Gosner stage 35, and (C) dorsal view at Gosner stage 35.
Data from: A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of Mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
We combine mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data with non-molecular (morphological and natural history) data to conduct phylogenetic analyses and generate an evolutionary hypothesis for the relationships among nearly every species of Mesoamerican bufonid in the genus Incilius. We collected a total of 5,898 aligned base-pairs (bp) of sequence data from mitochondrial (mtDNA: 12S–16S, cyt b, ND2–CO1, including tRNAsTRP–TYR and the origin of light strand replication; total 4,317 bp) and nuclear (CXCR4 and RAG1; total 1,581 bp) loci from 52 individuals representing 37 species. For the non-molecular data, we collected 44 characters from 29 species. We also include Crepidophryne, a genus that has not previously been included in molecular analyses. We present results of parsimony and Bayesian analyses for these data separately and combined. Relationships based on the non-molecular data were poorly supported and did not resolve a monophyletic Incilius (Rhinella marina was nested within). Our molecular data provide significant support to most of the relationships. Our combined analyses demonstrate that inclusion of a considerably smaller dataset (44 vs. 5,898 characters) of non-molecular characters can provide significant support where the molecular relationships were lacking support. Our combined results indicate that Crepidophryne is nested within Incilius; therefore, we place the former in the synonymy of the latter taxon. Our study provides the most comprehensive evolutionary framework for Mesoamerican bufonids (Incilius), which we use as a starting point to invoke discussion on the evolution of their unique natural history traits.
FIGURE 1. A in A review of the biology and literature of the Gulf Coast Toad (Incilius nebulifer), native to Mexico and the United States
FIGURE 1. A reprint of an engraving of Incilius nebulifer (original labelled as Bufo nebulifer) From Baird, S. F., 1859. Reptiles of the boundary. With notes by the naturalists of the Survey. Imprint: [Washington: s.n., 1859]. plate XL (40) called Bufo nebulifer, Grd. Figs. 1–4.
FIGURE 2 in A review of the biology and literature of the Gulf Coast Toad (Incilius nebulifer), native to Mexico and the United States
FIGURE 2. Incilius nebulifer, in life. An adult male photographed in the wild in Harris County, Texas, USA, by Matthijs Hollanders.
FIGURE 5 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 5. Bayesian analyses of the non-molecular (44 characters) and molecular data (5,898 bp) combined. Analyses were run for 50 x 106 generations, sampling every 1000, with the first 10,000 trees discarded as burn-in, posterior probabilities are shown for branches supported by> 0.50. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).
FIGURE 4 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 4. Parsimony analyses of the combined non-molecular (44 characters) and molecular data (5,898 bp). A strict consensus of two trees is shown, with bootstrap values> 50 based on 1000 replicates, with 100 random additions per replicate. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).
FIGURE 3 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 3. Bayesian consensus of the combined mtDNA and nuclear data (5,898 bp). Analyses were based on 50 x 106 generations, sampling every 1000, with the first 10,000 trees discarded as burn-in, posterior probabilities are shown for branches supported by> 0.50. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).
FIGURE 6 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 6. Summary hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships among all known species of Incilius. Taxa indicated by an asterisk (*) and dashed lines were not included in our analyses because of lack of material available; their positions shown here are tentative, based on other lines of evidence (see Discussion). We hope that samples of these missing taxa may become available in the future, so that this hypothesis may be tested. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).
FIGURE 2 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 2. Parsimony analyses of the combined mtDNA and nuclear data (5,898 bp). A strict consensus of two trees is shown, with bootstrap values> 50 based on 1000 replicates, each with 100 random additions per replicate. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).
FIGURE 1 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 1. Parsimony analysis of the non-molecular data (44 transformation series; Appendix III). Shown here is the strict consensus tree of the 149 equally most parsimonious trees (170 steps; CI = 0.353; RI = 0.637). Bootstrap values are shown above nodes, decay indices are shown below. We note the lack of basal resolution within the clade containing the "Forest toads" (e.g., Incilius campbelli, I. macrocristatus, etc.), and especially the position of Rhinella marina that renders Incilius paraphyletic.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of toad (Bufonidae: Incilius) from central Panama
FIGURE 2. Hand and foot of the holotype of Incilius karenlipsae (UTA A-59522; adult male; SVL = 89.3 mm). Note that fingers on the hand are unnaturally flexed ventrally in the preserved specimen, making evaluation of their condition difficult unless the specimen is at hand.
FIGURE 3. A in A new species of toad (Bufonidae: Incilius) from central Panama
FIGURE 3. A cladogram derived from this study and Mendelson et al. (submitted) showing the phylogenetic position of Incilius karenlipsae as the sister taxon to I. coniferus determined in this study (parsimony bootstrap = 100%; Bayesian posterior-probabilities = 1.0). The phylogenetic placements of I. peripatetes, I. holdridgei, C. epiotica, and C. guanacaste are inferred based on morphology (DNA samples are not available). The evolution of several salient characteristics of the group are reconstructed; see text for discussion.
Data from: A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of Mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
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FIGURE 3 in A review of the biology and literature of the Gulf Coast Toad (Incilius nebulifer), native to Mexico and the United States
FIGURE 3. Incilius nebulifer, in life. A larval tadpole; image reproduced from Altig et al. (1998).
Data and code for Resolving the Taxonomic Status of the Marbled Toad (Bufonidae: Incilius marmoreus): 2RAD-based Phylogeography Including an Isolated Population in Veracruz, Mexico
<p>Data and code for a study of the phylogeography of the Marbled Toad (<em>Incilius marmoreus</em>).</p>
FIGURE 7 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 7. Generalized distributional patterns of the species of Incilius, organized by clade. This figure highlights the varying geographic scales over which evolution in each clade has proceeded.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of toad (Bufonidae: Incilius) from central Panama
FIGURE 1. Dorsal and ventral views of the holotype and only known specimen of Incilius karenlipsae (UTA A-59522; adult male; SVL = 89.3 mm). Note that superficial epidermal layers have come loose in some areas on the specimen. A dorsal color pattern is evident in the specimen, but in life the toad was nearly uniform gray-black dorsal coloration, regardless of temperature or other environmental variables.
Incilius spiculatus - Data movement
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