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907 results for “Pine”
Fig. 1. Orthotomicus erosus. A in Bark Beetles in Pine Tree Plantations in Uruguay: First Record of Orthotomicus erosus Wollaston (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Fig. 1. Orthotomicus erosus. A) Male (3.4 mm), dorsal view, B) Male, lateral view, C) Female (3.3 mm), lateral view.
Fig. 1 in First Nebraska State Collection Record of the Mountain Pine Beetle,Dendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Fig. 1. Map of trap collection and field observation locations of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, in western Nebraska, summer 2009.
Data from: Multi-decadal vegetation transformations of a New Mexico ponderosa pine landscape after severe fires and aerial seeding
<p>Wildfires and climate change are having transformative effects on vegetation composition and structure, and post-fire management may have long-lasting impacts on ecosystem reorganization. Post-fire aerial seeding treatments are commonly used to reduce runoff and soil erosion, but little is known about how seeding treatments affect native vegetation recovery over long periods of time, particularly in type-converted forests which have been dramatically transformed by the effects of repeated, high-severity fire. In this study, we analyze and report on a rare long-term (23-year) dataset that documents vegetation dynamics following a 1996 post-fire aerial seed treatment and subsequent 2011 high-severity reburn in a dry conifer forest of northern New Mexico in the southwestern United States. Repeated surveys between 1997 – 2019 of 49 permanent transects were used to test for differences in vegetation cover, richness, and diversity between seeded and unseeded areas, and to characterize the development of seeded and unseeded vegetation communities through time and across gradients of burn severity, elevation, and soil-available water capacity. Post-fire seeding led to a clear and sustained divergence in herbaceous community composition. Seeded plots had much higher cover of non-native graminoids, primarily Bromus inermis, a likely contaminant in the seed mix. High-severity reburning in all plots in 2011 reduced native graminoid cover by half at seeded plots compared to both pre-fire levels and to plots that were unseeded following the initial 1996 fire. In addition, increased fire severity was associated with increased non-native graminoid cover and reduced native graminoid cover, native species richness, and species diversity. This study documents a fire-driven ecosystem transformation from a former conifer forest into a shrub-grass system, reinforced by aerial seeding of grasses and high-severity reburning. This unique long-term dataset illustrates that post-fire seeding carries significant risk of unwanted non-native species invasions that persist through subsequent fires – indicating that alternative post-fire management actions merit consideration to better support native ecosystem resilience in the face of emergent climate change and increasing disturbance. Lastly, this study highlights the importance of long-term monitoring of post-fire vegetation dynamics, as short-term assessments will miss key elements of the full complexity of ecosystem responses to fire and post-fire management actions.</p>
Evaluating immaturity risk in young stands of the serotinous knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata)
<p>As wildfire becomes increasingly frequent, many plant populations risk local extirpation if fire recurs too soon, a problem dubbed "immaturity risk". We studied the regeneration of a serotinous conifer species, knobcone pine (<em>Pinus attenuata</em>), as a function of the time between high-severity fires (6-79 years). We evaluated age, cone production, and regeneration at two burned sites in northern California, the Ranch Fire (2018) in Mendocino National Forest, and the Carr Fire (2018) in Whiskeytown National Recreation Area. We found an average of 30.5 filled seeds in closed, brown cones (42% viability of filled seeds). The bulk of the older (gray) cones were partially or fully open, and thus available seed in them at the time of fire was approximately halved. Adjusting for survivorship, the estimated minimum age for knobcone pine to produce one recruit per tree (self-replacement) was 8.2 years. Characterizing the probability of burning as a negative exponential model and using an 81-year return time, we found the likelihood of reburn before 8.2 years was 0.09. Our study demonstrated the importance of understanding the size and time to reproductive maturity in serotinous tree species to adequately quantify immaturity risk. Based on our results and current estimates of return time, we suggested that immaturity risk is very low for knobcone pine. Our approach could be broadly applied to better quantify immaturity risk in other conifer species.</p>
Optical modeling of nonspherical pine and mugwort pollen aerosols using the invariant imbedding T-matrix and improved geometric optics methods
<p><strong>Data for </strong></p> <p><strong><em>Optical modeling of nonspherical pine and mugwort pollen aerosols using the invariant imbedding T-matrix and improved geometric optics methods</em>.</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Mail:</p> <p><a href="mailto:bilei@zju.edu.cn">bilei@zju.edu.cn</a></p>
Coastal Satellite Image Segmentation (Water and Land) Labels: Delmarva (USA), Virginia Beach (USA), New Jersey (USA), Long Island (USA), Duck, NC (USA), Northern Tuscany Littoral Cell (Italy), Torrey Pines, CA, (USA), Narrrabeen Beach (Australia), Truc Vert (France)
<p>Contained here are jpegs containing coastal RGB satellite images along with a water vs. land mask. Each image is 256 pixels by 256 pixels. </p> <p>Geographic scope: Delmarva (USA), Virginia Beach (USA), New Jersey (USA), Long Island (USA), Duck, NC (USA), Northern Tuscany Littoral Cell (Italy), Torrey Pines, CA, (USA), Narrrabeen Beach (Australia), Truc Vert (France)</p> <p>Temporal range: 1984 to 2022</p> <p>Satellites: Landsat 5, 7, 8 and Sentinel-2</p> <p>All images were downloaded from Google Earth Engine using CoastSat download tools.</p> <p>The datasets are arranged into 'train', 'val', and 'test' folders. Within each of those folders are two folders 'a' and 'b'. 'a' contains the images (RGB), whereas 'b' contains the labels (land vs. water mask).</p> <p>All images were augmented with the four following augmentations: horizontal flip, vertical flip, 90 degree clockwise rotation, 90 degree counterclockwise rotation, and a horizontal+vertical flip. </p> <p>For training a new segmentation model, it is advised to not do any of these rotational or flip augmentations since they have already been performed. Instead, possibly experiment with other augmentations like introducing noise into the imagery.</p> <p>These images were used to train an image-to-image translation generative adversarial network. The code and model weights (generator and discriminator) are available at <a href="https://github.com/mlundine/Shoreline_Extraction_GAN">https://github.com/mlundine/Shoreline_Extraction_GAN</a>.</p> <p>To get to the files locally, you can download the .zip from Zenodo and then unzip the .zip file.</p>
Data from: Novel associations among insect herbivores and trees: drivers of occurrence and damage on pines and eucalypts
<p><span>List of novel associations beteween insects and pine and eucalypt trees recorded in these study (each row represents a single novel association). We detail characteristics of the insect species involved in each novel association, indicating their order, family, subfamily species, native biogeographic region (Afr: Afrotropic, AP: Austro-Pacific, IM: Indo-Malaya, Nea: Nearctic, Neo: Neotropic, Pal: Palearctic), non-native biogeographic region where it has established, feeding guild (W&PF: wood and phloem feeder, FF: foliage feeder, F&SF: fruit and seed feeders , SF: sap feeder, ShF: shoot feeder), specificity in host use (VP: very polyphagous, P: polyphagous, O: oligophagous, M: monophagous), impact (N: negligible, L-M: low-medium, H: high, LD: lack of data), and the tree condition (L: living, DD: dying or dead, D: exclusively dead). Information not available is indicated as N/A). We also detail the biogeographic region where the novel association was reported, the novel association type (NIET: native insect on exotic trees, EINT: exotic insect on native trees, EIET: exotic insect on exotic trees), the pine and eucalypt novel host involved in the association, and the phylogenetic relatedness between ancient and novel hostts both for pines and eucalypts (SG: same genus, SF: different genera of the same family, DF: different family). Colors were assigned for the<span> </span>insect species involved in: two new association (orange), three new association (yellow), four new association (pink), five new association (green).</span></p>
A fingerprint of climate change across pine forests of Sweden
<p class="AbstractSummary">Needle traits of coniferous forests reflect environmental conditions and influence tree physiology and growth. Given the sensitivity of needle traits and tree growth to climate, temperature warming of ≈1°C in the past century may have influenced structure and function of high latitude forests across the globe. Here we show that throughout a ≈1,000 km transect in cold, high latitude Scots pine (<i>Pinus</i> <i>sylvestris </i>L.) forests in Sweden, which has warmed by ≈1°C in a century, needles today (2012-2017) are 9-19% longer and have 30-31% shorter life-times than in 1914-15. These century-scale shifts in needle traits were detected by sampling 74 sites from 2012-2017 along the same transect first assessed at 57 sites in 1914-1915. Geographic variation in temperature strongly explained spatial patterns of needle length and longevity in both the early 20<sup>th</sup> and 21<sup>st</sup> centuries, with Scots pine from warmer sites further to the south having longer needles and shorter needle life-times than at colder, more northern sites. Moreover, the warming of climate along the transect in the past century has likely driven the temporal shift towards longer needles with shorter life-spans. The spatial and temporal variation in needle traits is both cause and consequence of variation in Scots pine tree growth rates, which tend to be higher in warmer times and places. These century-scale changes in Scandinavian Scots pine needles represent a fingerprint of climate change on a fundamental biological element, the leaf, which are likely to be mirrored by similar changes for evergreen conifers across the boreal biome.</p>
Genetic basis of growth, spring phenology and susceptibility to biotic stressors in maritime pine
<p>Forest ecosystems are increasingly challenged by extreme events, e.g. drought, storms, pest and pathogenic fungi outbreaks, causing severe ecological and economical losses. Understanding the genetic basis of adaptive traits in tree species is of key importance to preserve forest ecosystems, as genetic variation in a trait (i.e. heritability) determines its potential for human-mediated or evolutionary change. Maritime pine (<i>Pinus pinaster</i> Aiton), a conifer widely distributed in southwestern Europe and northwestern Africa, grows under contrasted environmental conditions promoting local adaptation. Genetic variation at adaptive phenotypes, including height, growth phenology and susceptibility to two fungal pathogens (<i>Diplodia sapinea</i> and <i>Armillaria ostoyae</i>) and an insect pest (<i>Thaumetopoea pityocampa</i>), were assessed in a range-wide clonal common garden of maritime pine. Broad-sense heritability was significant for height (0.219), growth phenology (0.165-0.310) and pathogen susceptibility (necrosis length caused by <i>D. sapinea</i>, 0.152; and by <i>A. ostoyae</i>, 0.021) measured after inoculation under controlled conditions, but not for pine processionary moth incidence in the common garden. The correlations of trait variation among populations revealed contrasting trends for pathogen susceptibility to <i>D. sapinea</i> and <i>A. ostoyae</i> with respect to height. Taller trees showed longer necrosis length caused by <i>D. sapinea </i>while shorter trees were more affected by <i>A. ostoyae</i>. Moreover, maritime pine populations from areas with high summer temperatures and frequent droughts were less susceptible to <i>D. sapinea </i>but more susceptible to <i>A. ostoyae</i>. Finally, an association study using 4,227 genome-wide SNPs revealed several loci significantly associated to each trait (range of 3-26), including a possibly disease-induced translation initiation factor, eIF-5. This study provides important insights to develop genetic conservation and breeding strategies integrating species responses to biotic stressors.</p>
Distribution of 8 species of large-seeded pines and their primary animal seed-dispersers in China: match or mismatch?
<p class="1"><span><b>Aim: </b>The geographic distribution of plants influenced by seed dispersal, but this influence on plants that use animals as seed dispersers is often overlooked. Here, we took large-seeded pines and primary seed dispersers as examples to explore the effects of existing or potential seed dispersal on the distribution of plants based on the geographical distribution of the two trophic species, it required understanding of (a) the distribution range and distribution characteristics of each species, and (b) the overlapping of distribution areas of animals and plants to explore whether they match.</span></p> <p class="1"><span><b>Location: </b>China</span></p> <p class="1"><span><b>Methods:</b> To find the target species, we identified eight large-seeded pine species in China in terms of seed size and wing traits as well as four primary seed disperser species in terms of body size, seed-diet, food hoarding behavior and frequencies in existing studies. Then, we obtained species distribution information from books and literature and used ArcGIS for mapping. Finally, we analyzed the distribution relationship by overlapping the distribution areas and patterns comprehensively. </span></p> <p class="1"><span><b>Results: </b>We identified eight species of large-seeded pines (<i>Pinus fenzeliana</i>,<i> P. gerardiana</i>,<i> P. dabeshanensis</i>,<i> P. koraiensis</i>,<i> P. pumila, P. bungeana, P. armandii</i>, and<i> P. sibirica</i>) and four species of primary seed dispersers (<i>Nucifraga caryocatactes</i>,<i> Sciurus vulgaris</i>,<i> Tamias sibiricus</i>, and<i> Sciurotamias davidianus</i>). These eight species of large-seeded pines interlaced from the Northeast to the Southwest of China along the mountains with an average altitude of 1000-2000 m, while each species of primary seed disperser had a wide distribution range that overlapped completely or partially with that of four or more species of the large-seeded pines. Not only that, our findings provided potential seed dispersers for pines that lack sufficient research on seed dispersal.</span></p> <p class="1"><span><b>Main conclusions:</b> The distribution pattern of large-seeded pines and the primary seed dispersers was matched, we believed that reciprocal relationship promotes this distribution pattern. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating the ecological consequences of geographical distribution into reciprocal interactions between species and biodiversity conservation.</span></p>
Phylogenomics in the hard pines (Pinus subsection Ponderosae; Pinaceae) confirms paraphyly in Pinus ponderosa, and places Pinus jeffreyi with the California big cone pines
<p>We sampled 130 individuals (2 to 25 per taxon) of subsections Ponderosae and Sabinianae. Nucleotide sequences were obtained by targeting 703 low copy nuclear genes. From the unenriched portion of the short reads, we assembled nearly complete plastome nucleotide sequences. We used 600 nuclear genes and the plastome sequences to create phylogenies and species trees that we compared to evaluate cytonuclear concordance and reticulation. We found that Pinus jeffreyi belongs with subsect. Sabinianae based on morphological synapomorphies as well as strong molecular phylogenetic support. Pinus ponderosa sensu lato is paraphyletic, and we suggest treatment as threes species: P. ponderosa sensu stricto (with var. ponderosa, var. benthamiana, and var. washoensis), P. scopulorum, and P. brachyptera. The persistence of lineages with the footprints of ancient nuclear introgression (labeled bpw in clade N4) and chloroplast capture (labeled bpw in clade P1) should caution species identification in the Ponderosae based on limited molecular data. The hybrid frequency was low based on cytonuclear discordance, and the persistence of an ancient P1 plastid clade is a better explanation than hybridization between P. ponderosa and P. jeffreyi for unexpected plastid associations in the western Sierra Nevada, USA. We identified a new potential zone of ancient admixture between P. ponderosa and P. scopulorum in Idaho, USA. Some populations of P. arizonica, P. brachyptera, P. engelmannii, and P. scopulorum in the USA are more closely related to taxa with distributions limited to Mexico than they are to each other. To integrate phylogeny and taxonomy, future work should sample widely in Mexico and the USA, score morphological characters (including seedling characters from the known seed parent), on the same individual as used for molecular data, and use methods that are based on individuals rather than population frequencies.</p>
FIGURE. Serpentine pine forests (Pinus pinaster) accompanied by Erica scoparia and Quercus coccifera, climax vegetation in the Bermejense sector. (Photo authors). in Vascular flora of the Sierra de las Nieves National Park and its surroundings (Andalusia, Spain)
FIGURE. Serpentine pine forests (Pinus pinaster) accompanied by Erica scoparia and Quercus coccifera, climax vegetation in the Bermejense sector. (Photo authors).
Data from: RNA-Seq reveals adaptive genetic potential of the rare Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana) in the face of Ips bark beetle outbreaks
<p>The ability of tree species to adapt to water stress and increased frequency of bark beetle outbreaks with climate change may increase with population size and standing genetic variation, calling into question the resilience of small, rare plant populations. The Torrey pine (<i>Pinus torreyana</i>) is a rare, genetically depauperate conifer that occurs naturally in a mainland and island population in southern California. Due to recent declines in the mainland population coinciding with drought and <i>Ips paraconfusus</i> bark beetle outbreaks, the species would benefit from an assessment of adaptive genetic diversity. Here, we use RNA-Seq to survey gene-coding diversity across 40 individuals to 1) characterize patterns of genetic diversity in the species and 2) test for genetic differentiation between trees that succumbed to beetle attack or survived following an outbreak. Consistent with previous studies, we found few genetic variants, with most SNPs occurring as fixed differences between populations. However, we found structure within the mainland and polymorphisms segregating in both populations. Interestingly, we found differentiation in genotypes between attacked and surviving trees and 11 SNPs associated with survival status, several of which had defense-related functions. While low diversity suggests limited adaptive capacity, genetic associations with survival in functionally relevant genes suggest adaptive potential for bark beetle defense. This initial study prompts future research to explore the genetic basis of putative resistance and suggests conservation efforts should protect surviving genotypes and the full spectrum of genetic diversity across populations to preserve the evolutionary potential of the species.</p>
On following pages: 9. American Marten (Martes americana); 10. Yellow-throated Marten (Martes flavigula); 11. Stone 14. Japanese Marten (Martes melampus); 15. Fisher (Martes pennant); 16. Sable (Martes zibellina). Marten (Martes foina); 12. Nilgiri Marten (Martes gwatkinsii); 13. European Pine Marten (Martes martes); in Mustelidae
On following pages: 9. American Marten (Martes americana); 10. Yellow-throated Marten (Martes flavigula); 11. Stone 14. Japanese Marten (Martes melampus); 15. Fisher (Martes pennant); 16. Sable (Martes zibellina). Marten (Martes foina); 12. Nilgiri Marten (Martes gwatkinsii); 13. European Pine Marten (Martes martes);
Volatilome of Aleppo Pine litter over decomposition process
<p>Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) are largely accepted to contribute to both, atmospheric chemistry and ecosystem functioning. While the forest canopy is recognized as a major source of BVOC, emissions from plant litter have scarcely been explored with just a couple of studies being focused on emission patterns over litter decomposition process. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively characterize BVOC emissions (C1-C15) from Pinus halepensis litter, one of the major Mediterranean conifer species, over a 15 month litter decomposition experiment. Senescent needles of P. halepensis were collected and placed in 42 litterbags where they underwent in situ decomposition. Litterbags were collected every 3 months and litter BVOC emissions were studied in vitro using both on-line (PTR-ToF-MS) and off-line analyses (GC-MS). Results showed a large diversity of BVOC (58 compounds detected), with a strong variation over time. Maximum total BVOC emissions were observed after 3 months of decomposition with 9.18 µg.gDM-1.h-1 mainly composed by terpene emissions (e.g. α-pinene, terpinolene, β-caryophyllene). At this stage, methanol, acetone and acetic acid were the most important non-terpenic volatiles representing respectively up to 26%, 10% and 26% of total emissions. This study gives an overview of the evolution of BVOC emissions from litter along with decomposition process and will thus contribute to better understand the dynamics and sources of BVOC emission in Mediterranean pine forests.</p>
MITgcm model setup and output for "What determines the shape of the Pine-Island-like ice shelf?"
<p><strong>(Contents)</strong><br> Here it contains<br> <br> jim_run3 = CTRL (Similar to Jordan et al., 2018 but with smaller ocean)</p> <p>melt/run/ = IOCTRL, M(all)V(dyn)U(dyn)</p> <p>melt2/ = M( changing, see below ) V( dyn ) U( 0 )<br> melt2/run/ = M(all)V(dyn)U(0)<br> melt2/run2/ = M(20)V(dyn)U(0)<br> melt2/run3/ = M(GL10)V(dyn)U(0)<br> melt2/run4/ = M(GL20)V(dyn)U(0)</p> <p><br> melt3/ = M ( changing, see below ) V( changing ) U( 0 )<br> melt3/run5/ = M(all)V(2000)U(0)<br> melt3/run10/ = M(20)V(2000)U(0)</p> <p>%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br> Input melt data for running ice only experiments<br> #data.streamice#<br> meltCTRL.bin = M(all) ... melt rate data of CTRL for every time steps <br> meltCTRL2.bin = M(GL10)<br> meltCTRL3.bin = M(20 m/a)<br> meltCTRL4.bin = M(GL20)</p> <p>Input velocity data for running ice only experiments <br> melt3/<br> uvel_ext4.bin = U(0 m/a)<br> vvel_ext5.bin = V(2000 m/a)</p> <p><strong>(How to compile and run)</strong><br> mkdir build<br> cd build/<br> module load intel/2021.2.0<br> module load impi/2021.2.0<br> export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br> export LC_ALL=en_US.utf8<br> ../../../tools/genmake2 -of ../../../tools/build_options/linux_amd64_ifort+mpi_ice_nas_tokyo3 -mpi -mods ../code/<br> make depend<br> export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br> export LC_ALL=en_US.utf8<br> make -j 16</p> <p> mkdir ../run<br> cd ../run/<br> cp ../build/mitgcmuv .<br> cp ../input/* .<br> pjsub job*.pbs<br> <br> <strong>Other important links</strong><br> https://github.com/hgu784/MITgcm_67s<br> <br> For more info please send an email to Yoshihiro.Nakayama@lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp</p>
History and environment shape spatial genetic variation and predict climate maladaptation in a narrowly distributed serotinous pine, Pinus muricata
<p><span></span></p> <p>Understanding the distribution of genetic diversity and differentiation in species with disjunct and isolated populations is critical for assessing how environment shapes genetic variation and the potential response to climate change. In contrast to the large distributions and population sizes of most pine species, <em>Pinus muricata</em> (Bishop pine) occurs in a small number of isolated and disjunct populations occupying a narrow band of environmental conditions along the coast of western North America. We used genotyping by sequencing to generate population genomic data for trees sampled from nearly all existing populations of <em>P. muricata</em> (12 populations, 213 individuals, 7,828 loci) to describe the spatial arrangement of genetic differentiation and diversity. We used genetic-environment association (GEA) analyses to quantify the contribution of environmental variables to local adaptation and spatial genetic structure. Based on these results, we quantified relative levels of potential maladaptation given future climate projections at 2041 – 2060 and 2081 – 2100. Our analyses reveal pronounced spatial genetic structure across the distribution, with most populations forming genetically identifiable groups across a latitudinal gradient, and remarkable evidence for differentiation among three proximally distributed stands on Santa Cruz Island. Despite occurring in small, isolated populations, <em>P. muricata</em> do not exhibit strongly reduced diversity. GEA analyses suggested that specific soil and climate variables have contributed to local adaptation. Genomic offset analyses suggest geographic variation in potential maladaptation, with northern populations experiencing higher levels under projected climate change. Overall, our results suggest that isolation and local adaptation have shaped genetic variation among disjunct populations, and illustrate the consequences of this variation for <em>P. muricata</em> under projected climate change.</p>
Let it snow? Spring snowpack and microsite characterize the regeneration niche of high-elevation pines
<p><b>Aim: </b>The persistence potential of forests under rapid climate change will depend on species-specific tolerances to increasing growing season soil moisture stress as snowpack declines. High-elevation tree species may be particularly vulnerable to increasing water stress and associated changes to disturbance regimes because they occur at the environmental margins of tree distributions and are considered snowpack dependent. Here, we evaluate the interacting effects of climate, disturbance, and microsite conditions on tree regeneration in high-elevation, migration-limited pines that have experienced recent disturbance-induced tree mortality.</p> <p><b>Location</b>: Great Basin (California & Nevada), USA</p> <p><b>Taxon: </b>Gymnosperms; Pinaceae</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We used field observations from 70 sites that varied in climate, disturbance, and local site conditions across semi-arid, high-elevation forests of the Great Basin. We employed structural equation models to evaluate how climate and disturbance interact with microsite conditions to influence regeneration.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>We found a broad range of establishment conditions of high-elevation conifers - whitebark, limber, and bristlecone pines – across climatic and disturbance gradients in the Great Basin, but our research detected clear differences in the regeneration niche for each species that may lead to differential survival as climate and disturbance conditions continue to change. Regeneration of whitebark and bristlecone pines diverged in their responses to spring snowpack conditions, with whitebark pine increasing and bristlecone pine decreasing with greater spring snowpack. Limber pine regenerated across a range of climatic and landscape conditions, and this generalist strategy may be advantageous if future climate and disturbance conditions exceed tolerances of more specialized species.</p> <p><b>Main Conclusions: </b>Our findings highlight the critical role that spring snowpack, and consequently growing season soil moisture, plays in determining the persistence potential of high-elevation conifers. However, this role varies among species and thus may drive compositional changes as earlier snowmelt drives soil moisture declines across mountainous landscapes of the western United States.</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. M.m.megacephalusMerriam,1891—WUSA(GreatBasinDesertofCandNENevada). M.m.albiventerHall&Durrant,1937—WUSA(restrictedtoDesertValley,GreatBasinDesertofSENevada). M.m.ambiguusHall,1941—WUSA(SmokeCreekandBlackRockdeserts,lowerHum-boldtRiverValley,GreatBasinDesertofNWNevadaandadjacentNECalifornia). M.m.atrivelictusJ.C.Hafner,1985—WUSA(knownonlyfromGreatBasinDesertofextremeSWIdaho). M.m.californicusMerriam,1901—WUSA(GreatBasinDesertofWCNevadaandadjacentNECalifornia). M.m.leucotisHall&Durrant,1941—WUSA(restrictedtoBonnevilleBasin,GreatBasinDesertofNWUtah). M.m.mediusHall,1941—WUSA(GreatBasinDesertofNWNevada). M.m.nexusHall,1941—WUSA(GreatBasinDesertofNCNevada),butmaybeextinct. M.m.oregonusMerriam,1901—WUSA(ColumbiaPlateauofCOregontoGreatBasinDesertofNWNevadaandNECalifornia). M.m.paululusHall&Durrant,1941—WUSA(Pine,White,andSnakevalleys,GreatBasinDesertofWCUtah). M.m.polionotusGrinnell,1914—WUSA(MonoLakeBasinandheadofOwensValley,GreatBasinDesertofECalifornia). M. m. sabulonis Hall, 1941 — W USA (Great Basin Desert of SC Nevada). in Heteromyidae
Subspecies and Distribution. M.m.megacephalusMerriam,1891—WUSA(GreatBasinDesertofCandNENevada). M.m.albiventerHall&Durrant,1937—WUSA(restrictedtoDesertValley,GreatBasinDesertofSENevada). M.m.ambiguusHall,1941—WUSA(SmokeCreekandBlackRockdeserts,lowerHum-boldtRiverValley,GreatBasinDesertofNWNevadaandadjacentNECalifornia). M.m.atrivelictusJ.C.Hafner,1985—WUSA(knownonlyfromGreatBasinDesertofextremeSWIdaho). M.m.californicusMerriam,1901—WUSA(GreatBasinDesertofWCNevadaandadjacentNECalifornia). M.m.leucotisHall&Durrant,1941—WUSA(restrictedtoBonnevilleBasin,GreatBasinDesertofNWUtah). M.m.mediusHall,1941—WUSA(GreatBasinDesertofNWNevada). M.m.nexusHall,1941—WUSA(GreatBasinDesertofNCNevada),butmaybeextinct. M.m.oregonusMerriam,1901—WUSA(ColumbiaPlateauofCOregontoGreatBasinDesertofNWNevadaandNECalifornia). M.m.paululusHall&Durrant,1941—WUSA(Pine,White,andSnakevalleys,GreatBasinDesertofWCUtah). M.m.polionotusGrinnell,1914—WUSA(MonoLakeBasinandheadofOwensValley,GreatBasinDesertofECalifornia). M. m. sabulonis Hall, 1941 — W USA (Great Basin Desert of SC Nevada).
Response of northern populations of black spruce and jack pine to southward seed transfers: Implications for climate change
<p>A variety of responses to climate change have been reported for northern tree populations, primarily from tree-ring and satellite-based studies. Here we employ provenance data to examine growth and survival responses of northern populations (defined here as those occurring north of 52oN) of black spruce (<em>Picea mariana</em>) and Jack pine (<em>Pinus banksiana</em>) to southward seed transfers – a space for time substitution that affords insights into potential climate change responses by these important northern tree species. Based on previous work, we anticipated relatively flat response curves that peak at much warmer temperatures than those found at seed source origin. These expectations were generally met for growth-related responses, with peak growth associated with seed transfers to environments 2.2<sup>o</sup>C and 3.6<sup>o</sup>C warmer than seed source origin for black spruce and jack pine, respectively. These findings imply that northern tree populations harbor a significant amount of resilience to climate warming. However, survival responses told a different story, with both species exhibiting reduced survival rates when moved to warmer and drier environments. Together with the growth-based results, these findings suggest that the warmer and drier conditions expected across much of northern Canada under climate change may reduce survival, but surviving trees may grow at a faster rate up until a certain magnitude of climate warming has been reached. We note that all relationships had high levels of unexplained variation, underlining the many factors that may influence provenance study outcomes and the challenges in predicting tree responses to climate change. Despite certain limitations, we feel that the provenance data employed here provide valuable insights into potential climate change outcomes for northern tree populations.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.