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3,682 results for “ROOTS”
Data from: Glutaredoxin regulation of primary root growth confers early drought stress tolerance in pearl millet
<p><span>Seedling root traits impact plant establishment under challenging environments. Pearl millet is one of the most heat- and drought-tolerant cereal crops that provides a vital food source across the sub-Saharan Sahel region. Pearl millet's early root system features a single fast-growing primary root which we hypothesize is an adaptation to the Sahelian climate. Using crop modelling, we demonstrate that early drought stress is an important constraint in agrosystems in the Sahel where pearl millet was domesticated. Furthermore, we show that increased pearl millet primary root growth is correlated with increased early water stress tolerance in field conditions. Genetics including GWAS and QTL approaches identify genomic regions controlling this key root trait. Combining gene expression data, re-sequencing and re-annotation of one of these genomic regions identified a glutaredoxin-encoding gene <em>PgGRXC9</em> as the candidate stress resilience root growth regulator. Functional characterization of its closest <em>Arabidopsis</em> homolog <em>AtROXY19</em> revealed a novel role for this glutaredoxin (GRX) gene clade in regulating cell elongation. In summary, our study suggests a conserved function for GRX genes in conferring root cell elongation and enhancing resilience of pearl millet to its Sahelian environment. </span></p>
Root functional traits determine the magnitude of the rhizosphere priming effect among eight tree species
<p><span>Rhizosphere priming effect </span>can accelerate or decelerate the decomposition of soil organic matter. Using a natural abundance <sup>13</sup>C tracer method allowing partitioning of native soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and plant rhizosphere respiration, we studied the effects of eight tree species on the strength of the rhizosphere priming. All tree species enhanced the rate of SOC decomposition, by 82% on average. <span>M</span><span>ean diameter of first-order roots and root exudate-derived respiration</span><span> were positively correlated with the RPE</span><span>, together explaining a large part of the observed variation in the RPE (<em>R<sup>2</sup></em> = 0.72), whereas root branching density was negatively associated with the RPE. Path analyses further suggested that mean diameter of first-order roots was the main driver of the RPE owing to its positive direct effect on the RPE and its indirect effects via root exudate-derived respiration and root branching density. </span>These results demonstrate that the magnitude of the RPE is regulated by complementary aspects of root morphology, architecture and physiology, implying that comprehensive approaches are needed to reveal the multiple mechanisms driving plant effects on the RPE.</p>
Embracing fine-root system complexity in terrestrial ecosystem modelling
<p>Model outputs for manuscript " <strong>Embracing fine-root system complexity in terrestrial ecosystem modelling</strong>".</p>
Parameter estimation and species tree rooting using ALE and GeneRax
<p>Some output files associated with the analyses in an article (currently) entitled "Parameter estimation and species tree rooting using ALE and GeneRax"</p> <p>The outputs were obtained by running ALEml_undated either with default (maximum likelihood) estimation of the delta, tau, and lambda parameters, or with delta:tau fixed to a pre-defined ratio. The option to fix delta:tau (or other parameter combinations) was recently added to ALE (https://github.com/ssolo/ALE).</p> <p>The .ale files used as input for these analyses (for the bacterial dataset) are available from the data repository for the original 2021 paper here: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12651074.v12</p> <p> </p>
Plant growth strategy determines the magnitude and direction of drought-induced changes in root exudates in subtropical forests
<p><span>Root exudates are an important pathway for plant-microbial interactions and are highly sensitive to climate change.</span> <span>However, how extreme drought affects root exudates and the main components, as well as species-specific differences in response magnitude and direction, are poorly understood. In this study, root exudation rates of total carbon (C) and its components (e.g., sugar, organic acid, and amino acid) were measured under the control and extreme drought treatments (i.e., 70% throughfall reduction) by <em>in situ</em> collection of four tree species with different growth rates in a subtropical forest. We also quantified soil properties, root morphological traits, and mycorrhizal infection rates to examine the driving factors underlying variations in root exudation. Our results showed that extreme drought significantly decreased root exudation rates of total C, sugar, and amino acid by 17.8%, 30.8%, and 35.0%, respectively, but increased root exudation rate of organic acid by 38.6%, which were largely associated with drought-induced changes in tree growth rates, root morphological traits, and mycorrhizal infection rates. Specifically, trees with relatively high growth rates were more responsive to drought for root exudation rates compared to those with relatively low growth rates, which were closely related to root morphological traits and mycorrhizal infection rates. These findings highlight the importance of plant growth strategy in mediating drought-induced changes in root exudation rates. The co-ordinations among root exudation rates, root morphological traits, and mycorrhizal symbioses in response to drought could be incorporated into land surface models to improve the prediction of climate change impacts on rhizosphere C dynamics in forest ecosystems. </span></p>
Dataset : Global mangrove root production and its controls
<p>This Dataset include root production reported in individual mangrove root production studies published until the 23 March 2022.</p> <p>Alongside of this data, it reports associated environmental data and metadata.</p> <p>For full methodology report to the methodology section of the article: "Global mangrove root production, its controls and roles in the blue carbon budget of mangroves" by Arnaud et al. 2023 (Global Change Biology).</p>
Effects of long-term mowing on leaf- and root-associated bacterial community structures are linked to functional traits in 11 plant species from a temperate steppe
<ol> <li><span>Long-term mowing can cause morphological stuntedness of plants, thus reducing grassland productivity and exacerbating grassland degradation. Although plant microbiomes can enhance plant resistance against disturbance, considerable uncertainty exists regarding how mowing and mowing-induced plant trait plasticity affect plant microbiomes in natural grasslands. </span></li> <li><span>Here we examined the responses of leaf-/root-associated bacterial (LAB/RAB) communities of 11 dominant herbaceous perennials (6 replicates per species) to a 17-year mowing treatment in a temperate grassland. We also measured leaf/root physiological and morphological traits and analyzed the relationships among mowing practice, bacterial community structures, and leaf/root trait parameters. </span></li> <li><span>We found that both leaf and root functional traits showed interspecific variations (variations across different plant species), while only the leaf traits exhibited intraspecific variation (treatment-induced variations within plant species) between the treatments. Similarly, the LAB community structure was more sensitive to mowing but less influenced by host species identity, compared to the RAB community. The RAB community structure was primarily shaped by host species identity, while mowing was a secondary influencing factor. </span></li> <li> <span>The different patterns of LAB and RAB communities in response to mowing could be specifically explained by the inter-/intraspecific variations of the related leaf and root traits. The LAB community was strongly correlated with the leaf traits which exhibited mowing-induced plasticity (intraspecific variation), with the correlations with nitrogen resorption efficiency and aboveground dry weight being the greatest. The root traits were important indicators of bacterial community structure in the root compartment across the hosts, rather than between the treatments. Root tissue density</span> <span>showed the strongest interspecific variation, and was identified as an overwhelming driver of the RAB community. The shifts in LAB/RAB communities under mowing were largely attributed to the increased proportions of Actinobacteria. The high mowing sensitivity of the LAB community was associated with the enrichment of soil-derived Actinobacteria in leaves under mowing. Actinobacteria were also the main keystone taxa in the bacterial community networks under mowing.</span> </li> <li><span>Our results demonstrate that the magnitude of plant-associated microbial community response to long-term mowing is plant compartment- and trait-variation-dependent, and advance our understanding of the leaf/root microbiome-trait relationships in complex plant communities.</span></li> </ol>
Synthetic flat ntuples in the ROOT data format
<p>These two datasets contain flat ntuples in the ROOT data format, synthetically produced using a ROOT macro. ROOT is the typical data format for storing High Energy Physics (HEP) data. In the ROOT context, a flat ntuple stores data not in the form of C++ object but each branch contains simple numbers (e.g. floating point numbers, integers) or vectors whose dimension might vary on an event-by-event basis.</p> <p>The two datasets have similar content and we distinguish them by adding the suffix <em>bkg</em> and <em>sgn</em> which stands for background and signal. There is no specific physics meaning behind these data. The two datasets contain both 5M of events and 50 branches, of which 10 contain integers, 10 floating point numbers, 10 vectors of integers, and 20 vectors of floating point numbers. The distributions used to fill the datasets are: gaussian, uniform, and exponential. The two datasets differ only on the content of two branches filled with vectors of floating point numbers, where a different mean and standard deviation have been set.</p> <p>These datasets have been produced to test the performance of the MLaaS4HEP framework. More info on the MLaaS4HEP framework in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41781-021-00061-3">https://doi.org/10.1007/s41781-021-00061-3</a></p>
Data from: Rhizodeposition through root senescence and root exudation of atmospheric C and N by legumes is controlled by traits indicative of resource acquisition and root development
<p><span>Legume crop production has many benefits for agricultural systems. Through the rhizodeposition process, they release a significant amount of C and N into the soil, increasing soil organic C and reducing the use of N fertilizer. Rhizodeposition is known as a dynamic process influenced by many factors. </span></p> <p><span>The aim of this study was to study the contribution of root exudation and root senescence to the rhizodeposition of atmospheric C and N during vegetative and reproductive growth in annual and perennial legumes and to understand how this is linked to the fixation capacities of C and N and root functional traits.</span></p> <p><span>An original approach that combined <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> labeling and the <sup>15</sup>N dilution method was developed to measure the rhizodeposition of atmospheric C and N throughout plant growth by two annual grain legumes (pea and faba bean) and two perennial forage legumes (white and crimson clovers).</span></p> <p><span>C rhizodeposition was found to increase proportionally with N rhizodeposition during reproductive development and the differences observed between species were related to the C and N fixation abilities. The use of root traits such as specific root length, root tissue density, and root dry matter content suggests a strong contribution of root exudation to C rhizodeposition at vegetative growth and a strong contribution of root senescence to both C and N rhizodeposition during reproductive growth.</span></p> <p><span><em><strong>Synthesis:</strong></em> Both C and N rhizodeposition appeared to be controlled by traits indicative of resource acquisition and root development. </span></p>
Root litter quality incubation experiment
<p>The dataset contains data of a 2-year incubation experiment of C4 roots litter added to a C3 soil. The soil was sampled after 6, 12 and 24 months and fractionated into particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral associated organic carbon (MAOC) and each fraction (plus the bulk soil) was measured for total carbon content as well as the abundance of the stable isotope 13C, to distinguish between old (native) and new (added) carbon. There are two files: One contains the raw data with measured C contents, delta 13C values, fraction weights and the subsequently calculated amounts of new and old carbon in all fractions. The second file is related to the first, but contains the final dataset which was used to produce the graphs and tables in the paper.</p>
Comparison of Root End Sealing Ability of three Retrograde Filling Materials in Teeth with Root Apices Resected at 900 using dye penetration method under fluorescent microscope.
<p>Checking the depth of dye penetration and thereby evaluating the sealing ability of retrograde materials</p>
Species phylogeny, ecology and root traits as predictors of root exudate composition
<p>In this study, a total of 65 neophytes (alien species introduced after 1500 A.D.), belonging to 51 genera and 25 families, occurring in the Czech Republic, were used. The species set represented plant families only from eudicots with Asteraceae, Brassicaceae Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae and Fabaceae as the major families having 4 or more species. We measured different root morphological and biochemical traits (including exudate profiles) of these plant species grown in a controlled system. </p>
Root trait values of 11 trees and shrubs grown on mine tailings
<ol> <li>Root traits play significant roles in plant resource-use strategies, and are good predictors of plant growth and survival. However, their predicting role in phytoremediation remains poorly understood and we know much less about the functional covariation of root traits with soil heavy metal (HM) contamination.</li> <li>The objective of this study was to assess the importance of root traits to predict phytoremediation services and to quantify biomass cost (BC) for HM accumulation in eleven woody species grown on a Pb-Zn mine tailing of Southeastern China. Sixteen traits associated with root morphological and chemical features, as well as HM accumulation characteristics, were measured to examine whether there is a RES under HM stressors and whether the covariation among root traits was related to individual or multiple heavy metal translocation and bioconcentration.</li> <li>Our findings provide evidence for a multidimensional RES including one main trend of 'slow-fast' strategy, and a trend representing a trade-off between root system size and root tissue density, indicating root proliferation strategy in a metal-contaminated soil. Another trade-off between root cadmium concentration and root dry matter content implied the existence of a presumable biomass cost for HM accumulation, which was proved to be constrained by RES.</li> <li>Root traits were good predictors of individual or multiple HM translocation and bioconcentration, and linked with phytoremediation services: roots with more acquisitive traits promote HM translocation, whilst conservative roots fostered bioconcentration.</li> <li>This study demonstrates that woody species grown on HM-contaminated soils exhibit different capacities for accumulating or translocating HMs depending on their root system shapes, and their position on the RES. Our results highlighted the importance of root size-related traits in the framework of RES when plants face unfavorable soil conditions and narrow the gap in trait-based ecology. We, for the first time, define and quantify the biomass cost for HM accumulation, providing a better understanding of the resource-allocation theory.</li> </ol>
Data from: Effects of light quality on colonization of tomato roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and implications for growth and defense
<p>Beneficial soil microbes can enhance plant growth and defense, but the extent to which this occurs depends on the availability of resources, such as water and nutrients. However, relatively little is known about the role of light quality, which is altered during shading, resulting in a low red: far-red ratio (R:FR) of light. We examined how low R:FR light influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)-mediated changes in plant growth and defense using <em>Solanum lycopersicum </em>(tomato) and the insect herbivore <em>Chrysodeixis chalcites</em>. We also examined effects on third trophic level interactions with the parasitoid <em>Cotesia marginiventris</em>. Under low R:FR light, non-mycorrhizal plants activated the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), resulting in enhanced biomass production. However, mycorrhizal inoculation decreased stem elongation in shaded plants, thus counteracting the plant's SAS response to shading. Unexpectedly, activation of SAS under low R:FR light did not increase plant susceptibility to the herbivore in either non-mycorrhizal or mycorrhizal plants. AMF did not significantly affect survival or growth of caterpillars and parasitoids but suppressed herbivore-induced expression of jasmonic acid-signaled defenses genes under low R:FR light. These results highlight the context-dependency of AMF effects on plant growth and defense and the potentially adverse effects of AMF under shading.</p>
Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of stumps and coarse roots of Eucalyptus plantations in southern China
<p>This study aimed to (1) quantify the stocks of biomass and nutrients from <em>Eucalyptus</em> stumps and coarse roots along a chrono-sequence of 0–6-year-old clear-cutting stands and (2) estimate the loss rate of biomass and nutrients, as well as the nutrient dynamics of stumps and coarse roots, to elucidate (1) if the biomass of coarse roots is higher than that of stumps and (2) if there is faster decomposition and nutrient loss rate from stumps from than coarse roots. <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> Stumps and coarse roots serve as significant nutrients stocks that decay at varying rates. The loss of nutrients must be considered while analyzing the decomposition dynamics following clear-cutting in <em>Eucalyptus</em> plantations.</p> <p>This dataset is related to a research paper submitted to Annals of Forest Science.</p>
Putting down roots: afforestation and bank cohesion of Icelandic rivers
<p>Riparian vegetation is widely recognized as a critical component of functioning fluvial systems. Human pressures on woody vegetation including riparian areas, especially at high latitude, have had lasting effects. In Iceland, prior to human settlement, native downy birch woodlands covered approximately 15–40% of the land area compared to 1–2% today. Afforestation efforts include planting seedlings, protecting native forest remnants, and acquiring land areas as national forests. The planted and protected nature of vegetation along rivers within some forests provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the various taxa within riparian zones and the channel stabilizing characteristics of the vegetation used in afforestation. We investigated bank properties, sediment textures, and root characteristics within riparian zones along four rivers in forests in Iceland. Bank sediment textures are dominantly sandy loam overlying coarser textures. Undercut banks are common because of erosion of the less cohesive subsurface layer. Quantitative root data indicate that the woody taxa have greater root densities, rooting depths, and more complex root structures than forbs or graminoids. The native downy birch has the highest root densities, with <1 mm roots most abundant. Modeling of added bank cohesion indicates that willow provides up to 6 times and birch up to 4 times more added cohesion to the coarse sediment textures comprising stream banks compared to no vegetation. We conclude that planting and protecting the native birch and willow helps to reduce bank erosion, especially where long-term grazing exclusion can be maintained.</p>
Extraradical hyphae exhibit more plastic nutrient-acquisition strategies than roots under nitrogen enrichment in ectomycorrhiza-dominated forests
<p>Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) functional traits related to nutrient acquisition are impacted by nitrogen (N) deposition. However, less is known about whether these nutrient-acquisition traits associated with roots and hyphae differentially respond to increased N deposition in ECM-dominated forests with different initial N status. We conducted a chronic N addition experiment (25 kg N ha-1 yr-1) in two ECM-dominated forests with contrasting initial N status, i.e. a <em>Pinus armandii</em> forest (with relatively low N availability) and a <em>Picea asperata</em> forest (with relatively high N availability), to assess nutrient-mining and -foraging strategies associated with roots and hyphae under N addition. We show that nutrient-acquisition strategies of roots and hyphae differently respond to increased N addition. Root nutrient-acquisition strategies showed a consistent response to N addition, regardless of initial forest nutrient status, shifting from organic N mining toward inorganic N foraging. In contrast, the hyphal nutrient-acquisition strategy showed diverse responses to N addition depending on initial forest N status. In the <em>Pinus armandii </em>forest, trees increased belowground carbon (C) allocation to ECM fungi thus enhancing hyphal N-mining capacity under increased N availability. By comparison, in the <em>Picea asperata</em> forest, ECM fungi enhanced both capacities of P foraging and P mining in response to N-induced P limitation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that ECM fungal hyphae exhibit greater plasticity in nutrient-mining and -foraging strategies than roots do in response to changes in nutrient status induced by N deposition. This study highlights the importance of ECM associations in tree acclimation and forest function stability under changing environments.</p>
Precipitation, rather than temperature drives coordination of multidimensional root traits with ectomycorrhizal fungi in alpine coniferous forests
<ol> <li><span>The interactions between roots and mycorrhizal fungi are critical for our understanding of the multidimensional root economics space. Our knowledge on their relationships comes mainly from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants, and less is known about how roots are coordinated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities, especially in ECM-dominated alpine forests that are highly sensitive to climate change worldwide.</span></li> <li> <span>Here, we investigated the coordination between roots and ECM fungi and their drivers by measuring </span><span>multiple</span><span> root traits, ECM fungal </span><span>composition and environmental factors of 47 coniferous populations across the alpine coniferous forests </span><span>on the Tibetan Plateau.</span> </li> <li> <span>Our results reveal two independent fine-root trait dimensions, i.e., root foraging dimension and root uptake dimension, which are represented by</span> <span>root diameter-specific root length, root tissue density-root N concentration. Importantly, the hyphal exploration-type-based ECM foraging correlated significantly with both root foraging and root uptake dimension. Further, in the low-temperature plateau, it is precipitation-induced changes in soil moisture, soil nutrients and pH that drive the proportion of </span><span>longer-</span><span>distance hyphal exploration types to increase with </span><span>higher root </span><span>foraging </span><span>by higher </span><span>specific root length, and </span><span>to </span><span>decrease with </span><span>higher </span><span>uptake </span><span>by higher </span><span>root N concentration.</span> </li> <li> <span><em>Synthesis</em>.</span><span> The coordination of multidimensional root traits with ECM fungi differs greatly from the well-recognized pattern in AM plants that mycorrhizal fungi connect predominantly with root foraging and that roots and mycorrhizal fungi are temperature sensitive. These findings provide a new insight for our holistic understanding of how roots and mycorrhizal fungi vary collaboratively and hence driving plant community assembly and responses to the changing climate.</span> </li> </ol>
Data for the manuscript 'Cover crop root morphology rather than quality controls the fate of root and rhizodeposition C into distinct soil C pools'
<p><strong>Data for manuscript</strong></p> <p>The data provided in the present document corresponds to the manuscript:</p> <p>Engedal, T., Magid, J., Hansen, V., Rasmussen, J., Sørensen, H., Jensen, L. S. (2023): Cover crop root morphology rather than quality controls the fate of root and rhizodeposition C into distinct soil C pools. <em>Global Change Biology, in press</em>.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Short abstract</strong></p> <p>In order to investigate the fate of cover crop-derived belowground C as rhizodeposition and, over time, into the distinct soil organic carbon pools of particulate- and mineral-associated organic carbon (POC and MAOC), a column trial was esblished with 0.25 m top soil and 0.25 m sub soil. Four cover crops were grown for 3 months and 14CO2-labelled twice a week. Four out of eight replicate columns were destructively harvested to quantify root C and the carbon lost via rhizodeposition in absolute (qClvR) and relative terms (%ClvR) in bulk soil and rhizosphere soil from top- and subsoil (t1). The other four replicate columns were harvested for undisturbed incubation for one year, before final sampling (t2). Bulk soil from both sampling times were subject to a simple fractionation protocol by size, where particles larger from 50 microns were assigned to POC and smaller than 50 microns assigned to MAOC after dispersion in NaHMP. All fractions were dried, weighed and analyzed for 14C activity as disintegrations per minute (DPM).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Further details</strong></p> <p>Column ID 1-16 refer to columns sampled at t1, while column ID 17-32 refer to columns sampled at t2. Underlying assumptions and detailed descriptions of the different fractions are to be found in the manuscript.</p>
Assessment of dentinal crack formation using Otoscope, Ophthalmoscope and Dental operating Microscope during surgical apicoectomy at the resected root ends prepared with conventional and ultrasonic technique.
<p><strong>The aim of this study is to assess the formation of dentinal cracks during surgical apicoectomy and compare the use of conventional burs and ultrasonic tips for root end preparation. Additionally, the potential of otoscope and ophthalmoscope as alternative approaches for crack identification will be evaluated in comparison to the dental operating microscope. Thirty-two extracted human premolars will undergo standardized root canal treatment and will be divided into two groups. Group I will receive root end preparation using a conventional technique, while Group II will undergo ultrasonic root end preparation. Dentinal crack formation will be observed using otoscope, ophthalmoscope, and DOM at various magnifications. The presence of cracks will be assessed and compared between the groups. Through a review of the literature, previous studies have demonstrated the potential for dentinal crack formation during ultrasonic root end preparation. However, the efficacy of crack detection varied across different imaging methods. This study aims to contribute to the existing knowledge by comparing the effectiveness of different instruments in crack identification. The findings from this study will aid in selecting suitable restorative materials for root end restoration, minimizing microleakage, and increasing the success rate of endodontic surgery. The data will be statistically analyzed to determine any significant differences in crack formation between the two techniques and the various observation methods.</strong></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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