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Fig. 5 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki

Fig. 5. Centra of Cardabiodon ricki Siverson, 1999 from uppermost 10 cm of the Gearle Siltstone (middle Cenomanian), CY Creek, Giralia Range, Western Australia. A. Precaudal centrum, WAM 96.4.45.128. Face of the corpus calcareum (A1) showing line of section (black line) and transect with points of measurement (white line and circles), large filled circle represents focus, left half of the section centrum correseponds to A2, right half of the centrum corresponds to A3. "Hemisected" view of centrum (A2) showing the number of bands, angle of the section does not intersect the focus as it was missing from the originally incomplete centrum, the point of the focus occurs in -z space (behind the plain of the page). Opposing view showing focus (A3). B. Precaudal centrum, WAM 96.3.175.1. Anterior view of corpus calcareum with surface removed to show bands (B1); centrum (B2); dorsal view of centrum B3), ovals show outline and position of articular foramina for the neural arch (anterior to left); lateral view of centrum (B4) oval outlines rib articular foramen (anterior to left); hemisected section of centrum (B5) (anterior to left); enlarged, hemisected view (B6) showing bands. C. Caudal centrum, WAM 96.4.45.110 (oblique angle), anterior view showing birth ring.

Fig. 10 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki

Fig. 10. Centrum growth profiles and size profiles of Cardabiodon ricki ( blue lines), Cretoxyrhina mantelli, Cretoxyrhina agassizensis, and Archaeolamna kopingensis. Centrum radial distance is distance from focus toward the margin along a transverse plane at the anterior or posterior ends of the centrum (note: no line is figured between birth ring and band 1 in A. kopingensis because of damage in corpus calcareum where distance between them was extrapolated from size of retained fragments of corpus calcareum [see Cook et al. 2011]; filled symbols represent presumed annual rings); specimens depicted as "Cretoxyrhina spp." are those centra not preserved with teeth but have a matching morphology to those found with teeth; the growth profile of WAM 96.4.45.128 was measured from the face of the corpus calcareum (Fig. 5A 1) and does not reflect the exact proportions of growth recorded in the "hemisected" view of the centrum in Fig. 5 A as the angle of the section does not intersect the focus.

Fig. 4 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki

Fig. 4. Reconstructed lower dentition of Cardabiodon ricki Siverson, 1999 (WAM 96.4.45) from uppermost 10 cm of the Gearle Siltstone (middle Cenomanian), CY Creek, Giralia Range, Western Australia, depicting mirror images of left anterior teeth on the right side.

Fig. 7 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki

Fig. 7. Centra of Cretoxyrhina spp. A, B. Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz, 1843), late Coniacian–middle Santonian, Smoky Hill Chalk, Niobrara Chalk, Gove County, Kansas, USA. A. FHSM VP-323. B. FHSM VP-2187, articulated centra from various positions in the vertebral column; v1–14 (B1), v1 = occipital centrum, order corresponds to Fig. 6; v62–66 (B2); v67–75 (B3); v86–93 (B4); v94–104 (B5); v129–139 (B6); v183–193 (B7); v194–208 (B8); v 209–227 (B9). C. Centrum in transverse section through about inner margin of the corpus calcareum of Cretoxyrhina mantelli, NHMUK OR.25939, White Chalk Formation (?), near Sussex, UK; arrows indicate articular foramina for neural and ribs or haemal arches (see also Woodward 1912: pl. 43: 14). D. Centrum of Cretoxyrhina sp. (probably Cretoxyrhina agassizensis), DMNH 746C, Eagle Ford Group, Cenomanian, Tarrent County, Texas, USA; view of face (D1) showing focus and 15 bands (black arrows) after the birth ring; tracing of left lateral view of centrum (D2). E. Centra of Cretoxyrhina sp. (probably Cretoxyrhina agassizensis), NHMUK OR.49015, Cenomanian–Turonian, near Kent (?), UK.

FIGURE 8 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 8. Example of two fossil brachiopod species, Rafinesquina sp. (left) and Pseudoatrypa sp. (right), which generated problematic spiral deviation graphs. 1, Ventral view 2, Longitudinal-sectional view 3, Spiral fitting 4, Spiral deviations graphs.

FIGURE 2 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 2. Example of a shell sample (Platystrophia ponderosa) sectioning through the plane of symmetry, producing two identical halves. Both halves were analyzed for their spiral deviations.

FIGURE 4 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 4. Spiral deviations from the dorsal and ventral valves of specimens one (1), two (2), and three (3) of the species Laqueus rubellus.

FIGURE 1 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 1. Ventral, dorsal, posterior, and longitudinal-sectional views of the fossil brachiopods Laqueus rubellus, Terebratula terebratula, Pseudoatrypa sp., and Platystrophia ponderosa. Scale bars equal 1 cm.

FIGURE 9 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 9. Comparison of spiral deviation graphs when the dorsal valve of Terebratula terebratula specimen is fit to one (left) and two (right) spirals. A and B represent locations on the graphs that change drastically when two spirals are fit to the biological outline instead of one. Minimum A becomes more distinct when two spirals are used whereas the opposite occurs for minimum B.

FIGURE 3 in Application of shell spiral deviation methodology to fossil brachiopods: Implications for obtaining specimen ontogenetic ages

FIGURE 3. Example of shell (Laqueus rubellus) digitization and spiral fitting. 1, The brachiopod shell was digitized by clicking the outline in an anterior-ward direction, starting at the umbo. 2, The digitized outline was saved as (x,y) coordinates, which were used to plot a biological outline in R. 3, R code was used to fit a perfect logarithmic spiral to the shell outline. 4, The deviations from a perfect spiral were represented in a spiral deviation graph, with green points representing spiral maxima and red points representing spiral minima.

FIGURE 6 in Age and growth of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) at the confluence of the Paraná and Paraguay rivers

FIGURE 6 | Back calculated total length from the pectoral spines readings (B-C TL) and back calculated mean total lengths at age (B-C mean TL) for Pseudoplatystoma corruscans females (A) and males (B), and the respective fitted growth models: Von Bertalanffy (VBF), Gompertz (GPZ) and logistic (LOG).

FIGURE 5 in Age and growth of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) at the confluence of the Paraná and Paraguay rivers

FIGURE 5 | Monthly averages of the percentage of marginal increase (MI%) in spines of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, hours of day light (Hs.L.) and hydrometric levels of the Paraná River (HL) during the annual cycle.

FIGURE 2 in Age and growth of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) at the confluence of the Paraná and Paraguay rivers

FIGURE 2 | A. Detail of a spine of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans in upper and lower views and B. detail of the proximal portion of the spine. Lines indicate the cuts positions. C. View of spine cut showing the ventral radius of the dorso-ventral axis, where distances from the estimated center of the spine foramen to the edge (Rt) and to each growth ring (Rn) were measured.

FIGURE 4 in Age and growth of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) at the confluence of the Paraná and Paraguay rivers

FIGURE 4 | Distances from the center of the spine to the first ring (black diamonds) in individuals of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans with different numbers of growth rings and their respective mean values (squares). The horizontal line represents the general mean value.

FIGURE 3 in Age and growth of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) at the confluence of the Paraná and Paraguay rivers

FIGURE 3 | Total length (TL) frequency distribution of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans specimens discriminated by sexes.

FIGURE 4 in Age-associated hemogram and ultrastructural leukocyte morphology in Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Brazilian Pantanal

FIGURE 4 | Eosinophil and basophil in Pygocentrus nattereri from Brazilian Pantanal in May Grunwald-Giemsa-Wright staining. A. eosinophil showing irregular nucleus, loose chromatin and specific cytoplasmic granules. B. basophil surrounded by erythrocytes presenting cytoplasm filled with basophilic granulations. Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Age-associated hemogram and ultrastructural leukocyte morphology in Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Brazilian Pantanal

FIGURE 1 | Curve fitting between standard-length (cm) and weight (g) in Pygocentrus nattereri. Age cut off (16 cm) was applied according to Lowe-McConnell (1964).

FIGURE 3 in Age-associated hemogram and ultrastructural leukocyte morphology in Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Brazilian Pantanal

FIGURE 3 | Neutrophil and PAS-positive granular leukocytes in Pygocentrus nattereri from Brazilian Pantanal in light (A and D) and transmission electronic microscopy (B, C, E, F). A–C. Neutrophil with a lumpy nucleus and cytoplasmic vacuoles showing fine azurophilic and neutrophilic granulations. B. Mitochondria (m) and an extensive network of cell synthesis organelles are also observed; nucleus (n); C, vacuoles (v) and granules with varying size and electron density are observed. D–F. PAS-positive granular leukocyte with a displaced euchromatic nucleus; cytoplasm rich in small vacuoles and azurophilic granulation. In E and F, the granules content electrolytic material is observed (g), possibly with internal electrodense areas in an elongated half-moon shape (arrows). Scale bars = A and D = 10 µm (May Grunwald-Giemsa-Wright staining), B and E = 2 µm; C and F = 500 nm.

FIGURE 2 in Age-associated hemogram and ultrastructural leukocyte morphology in Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Brazilian Pantanal

FIGURE 2 | Erythrocytes, thrombocytes and lymphocyte in Pygocentrus nattereri from Brazilian Pantanal in light (A, B, C) and transmission electronic microscopy (D, E, F). A and D. Thrombocytes of elongated shape and scarce cytoplasm rich in canalicular system (arrow). B and E, monocytes of irregular shape, chamfered nucleus, abundant cytoplasm mitochondria (m), vacuoles (v), glycogen granules (g), Golgi apparatus (G), and free ribosomes (r) are also observed. C and F. Small lymphocyte with numerous projections, a large nucleus, and scarce cytoplasm with few mitochondria and organelles. ABC. May Grunwald-Giemsa-Wright stain. Scale bars = A–C = 10 µm; D–F = 2 µm.