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FIGURE 2 in Relationships, evolution and biogeography of Semaphore geckos, Pristurus (Squamata, Sphaerodactylidae) based on morphology

FIGURE 2. Representative species of Pristurus. a. P. celerrimus of north Oman, morphologically the most primitive member of the genus. b. P. rupestris from north Oman, a member of the widespread P. flavipunctatus assemblage. c. P. minimus, south Oman, a member of the Spatalura clade. d. P. carteri from south Oman, a member of the P. carteri group in the Spatalura clade. Photographs a–c taken by David Donaire.

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Figure 2. Minimum-evolution tree deduced from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I in DNA barcoding and morphology reveal exceptional species diversity of Scoparia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from the Hailuogou Glacier area, China

Figure 2. Minimum-evolution tree deduced from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. Sequences were corrected with the Kimura two-parameter substitution model. Codon positions included were 1st + 2nd + 3rd + noncoding. Values represented at the nodes of branches are bootstrap values (1000 replicates).

Figure 2 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 2. The total-evidence consensus tree. Red nodes, numbered 1–6, are those found in previous studies (see Fig. 1): node 1, vociferator clade (vociferator group of Morando et al., 2013); node 2, bibronii clade (present study); node 3, verdugo lineage (clade F of Lobo et al., 2012a; verdugo group of Morando et al., 2013); node 4, mallimaccii subclade (clade G of Lobo et al., 2012a; mallimacci group of Morando et al., 2013); node 5, antofagastensis lineage (clade H of Lobo et al., 2012a); node 6, punae lineage (clade I of Lobo et al., 2012a); node 7, roigorum subclade (roigorum group of Morando et al., 2013), but including the verdugo lineage (node 3). Values below branches are jackknife percentages. Phymaturus illustrating the tree, from top to the bottom: males of Phymaturus damasense, Phymaturus roigorum, Phymaturus verdugo, and Phymaturus williamsi. For more details, see the main text.

Figure 6. A in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 6. A, transparent mesenterium of Phymaturus palluma (MCN 2651; character 213). Scale bar: 10 mm. B, same mesenterium, but completely melanic in Phymaturus patagonicus (MCN 3561). Scale bar: 10 mm. C, external surface of rectum of Phymaturus verdugo (MCN 1961; character 214). Scale bar: 5 mm. D, Longitudinal folds of the internal mucosa of rectum in Phymaturus payuniae (MCN 2879; character 215). Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 1. A, C in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 1. A, C, recent Phymaturus palluma group topologies published using different sources of data. A, morphological hypothesis of Lobo et al. (2012a); B, molecular ('all genes') topology of Morando et al. (2013). Numbers indicates congruent nodes (relationships) between both studies. Even though these two studies share only half of the terminal taxa, respectively, and different optimality criteria for phylogenetic analyses were used (parsimony versus Bayesian), almost half of the resulting nodes are congruent. B, D, Pruning these two topologies (deleting terminal taxa not shared by both analyses), the same topology is recovered for both studies, with the exception of the position of Phymaturus roigorum.

Figure 4 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 4. Ontogeny of melanism in throat, chest, sides, and dorsum of head in Phymaturus dorsimaculatus. A, ventral, lateral, and dorsal views of juvenile male (65.1 mm snout–vent length, SVL; MCN 1578); B, juvenile male (80.3 mm SVL; MCN 1570); C, adult male (89.8 mm SVL; MCN 1572). D–G, colour pictures of different species of males of Phymaturus: D, colour picture of a live Phymaturus dorsimaculatus male (photo by F. Lobo); E, Phymaturus verdugo (photo by F. Lobo); F, Phymaturus punae (photo by J.C. Acosta); G, Phymaturus bibronii (photo by A. Laspiur).

Figure 5 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 5. Evolution of head melanism, optimized on one of the eight most parsimonious trees found from totalevidence analysis for the palluma group (all topologies imply the same scheme of changes for this particular character); blue, melanic head pigmentation absent, reticulated pattern conspicuous or in some cases any pattern at all; green, melanic throats and sides of heads, dorsum of head reticulated; purple, complete melanic heads (throats, sides, and dorsum of heads).

Figure 9. A in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 9. A, temporal scales of Phymaturus dorsimaculatus (MCN 1569) showing two organ scales (character 233); scale bar, 2 mm. B, cloacal region of Phymaturus verdugo (MCN 1960; Character 236); scale bar, 5 mm. C, female of Phymaturus verdugo (MCN 1958; snout–vent length, SVL = 99.8 mm; character 237). D, Phymaturus querque male (MCN 3863; SVL = 104.9 mm; character 249). E, Phymaturus paihuanense female (SSUC–Re 0422; photo by A. Laspiur; character 252). F, hemipenis of Phymaturus roigorum (MCN 1963; character 253); scale bar, 5 mm.

Figure 8. A in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 8. A, tibial dorsal scalation of Phymaturus patagonicus (MCN 3561). B, central area of the same view of P. patagonicus (same specimen) tibia, showing scales in detail (character 220). Almost every dorsal tibial scale carries a spine and a scale organ on the distal tip of the scale (arrow; character 222). C, tibial dorsal scalation of Phymaturus palluma (MCN 3131). D, central area of the same view of P. palluma (same specimen). Scale organs hidden under the scale spines. E, tibial dorsal scalation of Phymaturus denotatus (MCN 3160). F, central area of the same view of P. denotatus (same specimen). The arrow indicates granular scales spread out among tibial scales (character 223). Scale bars: A, C, E, 5 mm; B, D, F, 2 mm.

Figure 10. A in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 10. A, orbitosphenoid bone in Phymaturus aguanegra (MCN 968; character 240); the arrow indicates the cartilaginous margin of the fenestra epioptica. B, Phymaturus zapalensis (MCN 1486). C, ectopterygoid of Phymaturus spurcus (MCN 1249; character 241). D, same bone in Phymaturus laurenti (MCN 326). Abbreviations: ecp, ectopteygoid; fep, fenestra epioptica; fm, fenestra metoptica; fop, fenestra optica; fpr, fenestra prootica; j, jugal; pt, pterygoid. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 3 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 3. Independent topologies found by separate molecular and morphological analyses (the numbers below branches in A, B, and C, represent jackknife values). A, strict parsimony analysis of morphological data. B, implied weights analysis (k = 3) of morphological data. C, all-genes analysis with strict parsimony. D, Bayesian analysis of all genes concatenated. Numbers below branches represent posterior probabilities (>0.70). Green nodes are those congruent with the total-evidence analysis.

Figure 7 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 7. Epiaxial musculature fascia (characters 216–219): A, no pigmentation of fascia dorsal among axial muscles of Phymaturus roigorum (MCN 2102); B, lateral pigmentation between axial muscles forming longitudinal lines, neural spines delineated in black in Phymaturus aguanegra (MCN 3288). C, lateral and dorsal fascia of axial muscles pigmented in Phymaturus spurcus (FML 1244). D, same condition, but less melanic, observed in Phymaturus tenebrosus (MCN 1263). Neural spines highlighted in white. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: ld, longissimus dorsi muscle; ts, transversospinalis muscle.

Figure 25 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 25. Hypopharynx of Geophilidae. A–C, Ribautia repanda. A, dorsal view on frontal surface (anterior to bottom); B, frontal view on hypopharyngeal tip (dorsal to top); C, ventral view on backside (anterior to top). D, E, Steneurytion antipodum. D, dorsal view on frontal surface (anterior to bottom); E, fronto-lateral view on backside (dorsal to top, anterior to left). F, G, Zelanophilus provocator. F, fronto-lateral view on backside (dorsal to top, anterior to right); G, ventro-lateral view on backside (anterior to top). Abbreviations: hb, hypopharyngeal bar of fulcrum; mi, median incision on hypopharyngeal backside; mo, mouth; mp, median plate on hypopharyngeal backside; ph, pharynx.

Figure 22 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 22. Epipharynx of Geophilidae. A, B, Geophilus carpophagus. A, overview; inset shows branching scales on distal clypeal part at higher magnification; B, proximal median area of clypeal part (indicated by box in A), showing bottle-shaped sensilla coeloconica (arrows) amidst field of scale-like spines. C, D, Steneurytion antipodum. C, overview; D, proximal median area of clypeal part (indicated by box in C); arrow points to bottle-shaped sensillum coeloconicum. E, F, Zelanophilus provocator. E, overview; inset shows branching scales on distal clypeal part in higher magnification; F, median area of clypeal part (indicated by box in E), showing bottle-shaped sensilla coeloconica (arrows). Abbreviations: cp, clypeal part of epipharynx; fu, fulcrum; lp, labral part of epipharynx; obg, opening of median buccal gland; ph, pharynx.

Figure 20 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 20. Peristomatic structures of Eucratonyx meinerti. A–C, epipharynx. A, overview; B, distal median area below spines of labral margin; C, median clypeal part, showing bottle-shaped sensilla coeloconica amidst field of branching scales. D–F, hypopharynx, left half. D, lateral view (anterior to top); E, frontal view (dorsal to top); F, ventral view (anterior to top); inset in E shows detail of bristles along hypopharyngeal bar. Abbreviations: cp, clypeal part of epipharynx; fu, fulcrum; hb, hypopharyngeal bar of fulcrum; lp, labral part of epipharynx; ohg, opening of hypopharyngeal gland; sc, sensillum coeloconicum.

Figure 28 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 28. Peristomatic structures of Strigamia maritima. A, epipharynx (anterior to top), inset showing two of three sensilla coeloconica on proximo-median clypeal part. B, hypopharynx, frontal view (dorsal to top). C, backside of hypopharynx, ventral view (anterior to top). D, conical sensillum amidst branching scales on right frontal side of hypopharynx (position indicated in B, cs). Abbreviations: cp, clypeal part of epipharynx; cs, conical sensillum; fu, fulcrum; hb, hypopharyngeal bar of fulcrum; lp, labral part of epipharynx; lsp, labral side-piece; mi, median incision on hypopharyngeal backside; mo, mouth; ohg, opening of hypopharyngeal gland.

Figure 18 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 18. Peristomatic structures of Gonibregmatus anguinus. A, B, epipharynx. A, posterior view on clypeolabrum (median labral area broken off), depicting the strong lateral compression of the epipharynx; inset shows a lateral section of the row of denticles on the labral margin; B, proximal area of clypeal part of epipharynx, highlighted by box in A, showing spear-shaped sensilla. C–E, hypopharynx. C, frontal view (dorsal to top); D, ventral view on backside, showing median complete incision; E, frontal view on distal tip, inset showing conical sensilla on lips. Abbreviations: cl, clypeal part of clypeolabrum; ep, epipharynx; fu, fulcrum; lp, labral part of epipharynx; mi, median incision on hypopharyngeal backside; ph, pharynx.

Figure 17 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 17. Mandibles of Schendylidae and Ballophilidae. A, B, Ballophilus rouxi. A, fronto-lateral view on external face of right gnathal lobe (dorsal to top); B, mesial view on internal face of right gnathal lobe (dorsal to top). C, Hydroschendyla submarina, dorso-lateral view on right gnathal lobe (anterior to right); the dorsal sclerotized lamella is resolved into three groups of teeth (arrows). D, E, Plesioschendyla confossa. D, dorso-lateral view on right gnathal lobe (anterior to top); E, mesial view on internal face of right gnathal edge (dorsal to top). F, G, Pectiniunguis argentinensis. F, dorsal view on right gnathal lobe (anterior to right), showing the dorsal sclerotized lamella resolved into three groups of teeth; G, mesial view on internal face of right gnathal edge (dorsal to top). Abbreviations: co, condyle; dl, dorsal sclerotized lamella; lc, lamina condylifera.

Figure 31 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 31. Strict consensus of four minimal-length cladograms under equal weights. Numbers above branches are Bremer support, those below branches are jackknife frequences> 50%.

Figure 16 in The preoral chamber in geophilomorph centipedes: comparative morphology, phylogeny, and the evolution of centipede feeding structures

Figure 16. Hypopharynx of Schendylidae and Ballophilidae. A, Plesioschendyla confossa, frontal view (dorsal to top). B–D, Ballophilus rouxi. B, frontal view (dorsal to top); C, detail of right proximal area immediately in front of mouth, showing cluster of spear-shaped sensilla. D, ventral view on backside of hypopharnyx (anterior to top). E, F, Hydroschendyla submarina. E, ventral view on hypopharyngeal tip and backside; F, frontal view on most proximal area in front of the mouth (dorsal to top), showing spear-shaped sensilla at the base of the median lips. Abbreviations: hb, hypopharyngeal bar; mi, median incision on hypopharyngeal backside; mo, mouth; ohg, opening of hypopharyngeal gland; ph, pharynx; sp, spear-shaped sensillum.