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536 results for “Tyrannosaurus rex”
Figure 10.9 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.9. Muscle maps for humerus in Tyrannosaurus, Alligator, and Gallus. Top row is anterior, bottom row is posterior. Muscle map based on scars (A, F) Tyrannosaurus. Map for Alligator (B, G) and predicted for Tyrannosaurus (C, D) based on deformation of Alligator humerus. Map for Gallus (D, I) and predicted for Tyrannosaurus (E, J) based on deformation of Gallus humerus. Note that predicted scars for deformed Alligator (C, H) are a better match for the scars of Tyrannosaurus (A, F). This prediction is also supported by the pattern of avulsion seen in a Tyrannosaurus humerus (K, L). See Figure 10.13 and text for further explanation.
Figure 10.7 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.7. Partial collapse of the glenoid in DMNH 2827 as seen in lateral view (A), with close-up (B); in medial view (C), with close-up (D); and ventral view showing the telescoping that occurred between the arrows. Sclerotic bone overhangs the lateral surface. The amount of deformation decreases dorsally to about the level of the coracoid foremen and indicates a posteroventral rotation of the coracoid due to great stress.
Figure 10.5 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.5. Evidence for stress fracture in the furcula of TCM 2001.90.1 is the prominent callus (A), seen clearly in dorsal view (B) and in close-up showing periosteal reactive bone (C). The region is X-ray opaque because of the greater deposit of bone (D, between arrows). Scale for A in centimeters.
Figure 10.3 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.3. Close-up of the epicleidial facet (arrow) on the dorsal edge of the scapula DMNH 2827 (A) and lateral view with the furcula articulated (B).
Figure 10.1 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.1. Comparison of maximum forelimb motion in 3 well-known theropods. None of the dinosaurs can reach its manus to its mouth as a result of constraints in the shoulder (see Carpenter 2002). Note that Tyrannosaurus has the greatest range or retraction. Not to scale.
Figure 10.2 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.2. Furcula of Tyrannosaurus rex include several with pathologies, including fractures (black arrows) and localized exostosis of stress fractures (white arrows). FMNH PP2081 in posterior (A) and anterior (B) views; MOR 980 in posterior (C) and anterior (D) views; TCM 2001.90.1 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Scale in centimeters.
Figure 11.5 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.5. DinoMorph model of T. rex Stan demonstrating that the pubic shaft is sufficiently long that, with the animal's weight resting on the pubic boot, the hind limb is free to assume a broad range of positions from (A) crouch, to (B) kneel to (C) moderate extension of the hip and knee, to full leg extension when stretched behind the hips (not shown). Note that in these 3 images the tarsus is near the limit of flexion; in (A) and (B), the knee is fully flexed. Observe that the knee just clears the ground as it swings through hip flexion-extension, permitting repositioning of either hind limb while continuously resting on the pubic boot. Joint flexibility estimated in collaboration with Yoshio Ito and Kenneth Carpenter.
Figure 10.16 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.16. Free-body diagram (simplified model) of the forelimb of FMNH PR2081. Abbreviations: MF, motive force; MFA, motive force arm; RF, resistive force; RFA, resistive force arm.
Figure 11.4 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.4 (opposite). (A) Visualization of the distribution of body mass, based on a parametric fit to segments of body cross section of the axial and appendicular skeleton. (B) Computed COM visualized just anterior pubis, and above pes, as required for static bipedal balance.
Figure 11.1 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.1. Ray Wilhite using an Immersion Microscribe digitizer on casts of elements of the pelvic girdle of Tyrannosaurus rex specimen BHI 3033 (Stan). Photo courtesy Ray Wilhite and Virtual Surfaces Inc.
Figure 10.10 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.10. Distal carpal (BHI6230) of Tyrannosaurus in multiple views: proximal or dorsal (A); distal or ventral (B); anterior (C); posterior (D); extensor side (E); palmar side (F). Metacarpal III of BHI 6230 in lateral (G) and extensor side (H). Metacarpal III of MOR 690 in lateral (I) and extensor side (J). Scale in centimeters.
FIGURE 2 in Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation of Utah: biogeographic and paleoecologic implications
FIGURE 2. Reconstruction of late Maastrichtian paleogeography, paleoenvironments, and dinosaur biogeography for the Western Interior of North America. A. Paleoenvironments mapped onto paleogeographic and biogeographic data: white = water (Pacific Ocean and Late Cretaceous Interior Seaway); light gray = seasonally moist coastal plain; white stipple = semiarid alluvial plain; gray stipple = semiarid upland, intermontane basins; and dark gray = upland thrust belts and early Laramide uplifts. Known paleogeographic distribution of three herbivorous dinosaurs are indicated as follows: Alamosaurus sanjuanensis occurrences indicated with ■; Leptoceratops gracilis occurrences indicated with a •; and Triceratops horridus occurrences indicated with a A. Numbers denote fossil sites within specific geologic formations. Geologic formations are indicated as follows: 1 = Scollard, 2 = Willow Creek, 3 = Frenchman, 4 = Hell Creek, 5 = Lance, 6 = Evanston, 7 = Laramie, 8 = North Horn, 9 = Denver, 10 = Kirtland Shale, 11 = McRae, 12 = El Picacho, 13 = Javelina. The North Horn Formation is further indicated by a star. Occurrences of fossil taxa are listed in Gillette et al. (1986), Lehman (1987) and Ryan and Russell (2001). B. Known paleogeographic distribution of the theropod Tyrannosaurus rex. Open circles denote occurrences, except for the North Horn Formation, indicated by a star.
Figure 4 in Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 4. Stress in the mobile FE Tyrannosaurus rex skull models generated by vertical biting (left column) or tearing (right column). (a,b,e, f) have a mobile postorbital–jugal suture; (c,d,g,h) have a mobile maxilla–jugal suture. (a) Principal stress 3 [P3], compressive stress; (b) P1 tensile stress; (c) P3 compressive stress; (d) P1 tensile stress; (e) P3 compressive stress; (f) P1 tensile stress; (g) P3 compressive stress; and (h) P1 tensile stress. Divergent arrows indicate orientation of tensile stress trajectories; convergent arrows indicate orientation of compressive stress trajectories. Units are Pa or Nm–2. See electronic Appendices B and C for shear stress and strain plots.
Figure 1 in Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 1. Tyrannosaurus rex skull and FEM. (a) Skull of BHM 3033, left lateral view; and (b) 2D FE-mesh of BHM 3033 depicting skull as 'fused' without mobile sutures. Grey areas indicate surfaces constrained from moving in all translatory directions, arrows indicate direction of bite force applied to all teeth, either vertical or horizontal 'tearing'. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; en, external naris; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ltf, lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla, n, nasals; or, orbit; p, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal. Scale bar 10 cm.
Fig. 7 in A 3D interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: Application to the turning and running performance of Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 7. The six cavities embedded in Tyrannosaurus Model 1's head, neck, and trunk segments, shown in right lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views. 'bc' indicates the buccal cavity; and 'pc' indicates the pharyngeal cavity.
Fig. 1 in Gender-Specific Reproductive Tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 1. Extant avian MB and homologous dinosaurian bone tissues. (A) Domestic laying hen, midshaft femur cross section showing the extension of spongy MB deep into the mar row cavity and surrounding preexisting trabeculae (T). (B) Laying emu, midshaft cross section, with a thin layer of MB on the endosteal bone surface, separated from overlying CB by ELB. (C) Ostrich MB arising from CB. Convoluted bony projections surround large cavities and form by continued deposition on hairlike spicules of calcified bone (S). (D) MB on endosteal surface of MOR 1125 femur fragment delineated from overlying CB by large vascular sinuses and change in color, texture, and density. (E) Emu and (F) ostrich bone taken at same aspect as (D), showing mor phological distinction between bone types. (G) Higher magnification of dinosaur femur fragment in oblique view shows dense CB lined with newly described bone tissue, also seen in oblique view of emu (H) and ostrich (I) tibia. Ostrich MB is apparently unique in forming longitudinal tubules.
Fig. 4 in Gender-Specific Reproductive Tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 4. Scanning elec tron microscope images of demineralized MB [(A) to (D)] and CB [(E) to (K)]. Demineralized, aldehyde-fixed (14) MB tissues from (A) MOR 1125, (B) extant laying hen, (C) emu, and (D) ostrich show random, crumbly texture. Organized collagen fiber bundles are not distinct in any sample because of rapid deposition and woven character. Scale bars for (A) and (B), 40 um; for (C) and (D), 20 um. Demineralized fragments of cortical bone from (E) MOR 1125, (F) chicken, (G) emu, and (H) ostrich are shown. A fibrous character dominates all samples. Scale bars for (E), (F), and (H), 30 mm; for (G), 10 mm. Higher magnification of demineralized CB from (I) MOR 1125, (J) emu, and (K) ostrich CB demonstrates the structural similarity between samples, although the MOR 1125 matrix is highly degraded. Scale bars for (I) and (K), 6 um; for (J), 5 um.
FIGURE 4 in The furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae)
FIGURE 4—Line drawing of the morphologic variation in the five Tyrannosaurus rex furculae. 1, UCRC V1; 2, MOR 980; 3, FMNH PR 2081; 4, CMI 2001.90.1; 5, MOR 1125. Cross-hatching indicates broken bone. Dashed lines indicate missing bone. Abbreviation: p, pit. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
Fig. 2 in Analyses of Soft Tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex Suggest the Presence of Protein
Fig. 2. In situ immunochemistry on 300-nm sections of demineralized MOR 1125 cortical bone (A to D) and medullary bone (E to H). (A) and (E), no primary antibodies added (negative control); (B) and (F), antibodies to avian collagen I; (C) and (G), anti bodies to actin protein (nonrelevant, negative control); (D) and (H), anti bodies to avian collagen I, inhibited by incubating with purified chicken colla gen before exposing to dinosaur tissues. All data were collected using the same parameters at 122-ms inte gration. (I to K) MOR 1125 cortical tissue exposed to (I) no primary, (]) antibodies to avian collagen I, or (K) collagenase digestion followed by antibodies to avian collagen I, as described {11). Data in (I), (J), and (K) were collected at 149-ms integration.
FIGURE 2 in The furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae)
FIGURE 2—Photographs and line drawings of the furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN GAD513). 1, hypocleideum in anterior view; 2, epicleideal process in posterior view. Dashed lines indicate missing bone. Abbreviations: ep, epicleideum; hc, hypocleideum; la, ligament attachment scars. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
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