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opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

PP2A complex disruptor SET prompts widespread hyper-transcription of growth-essential genes in the pancreatic cancer cells

Hyper-activation of the oncogenic transcription reflects the epigenetic plasticity of the cancer cells. SET was described as a nuclear factor that stimulated transcription from the chromatin template. However, the mechanisms of SET-dependent transcription are unknown. Here, we found that over-expression of SET and CDK9 induced very similar transcriptome signatures in multiple cancer cell lines. SET localized in the transcription start site (TSS)-proximal regions and supported the RNA transcription. SET specifically bound the PP2A-C subunit and induced PP2A-A subunit repulsion from the C subunit, which indicated the role of SET as a PP2A-A/C complex disruptor in the TSS-proximal regions. Through blocking PP2A activity, SET assisted CDK9 to maintain Pol II CTD phosphorylation and activated mRNA transcription. Our findings position SET as a key factor that modulates chromatin PP2A activity, promoting the oncogenic transcription in pancreatic cancer.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Obovaria olivaria maf filtered vcf file from: RAD-tag and mitochondrial DNA sequencing reveal the genetic structure of a widespread and regionally imperiled freshwater mussel, Obovaria olivaria (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Obovaria olivaria is a species of freshwater mussel native to the Mississippi River and Laurentian Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River drainages of North America. This mussel has experienced population declines across large parts of its distribution and is imperiled in many jurisdictions. Obovaria olivaria uses the similarly imperiled Acipenser fulvescens (Lake Sturgeon) as a host for its glochidia. We employed mitochondrial DNA sequencing and Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to assess patterns of genetic diversity and population structure of O. olivaria from 19 collection locations including the St. Lawrence River drainage, the Great Lakes drainage, the Upper Mississippi River drainage, the Ohioan River drainage and the Mississippi Embayment. Heterozygosity was highest in Upper Mississippi and Great Lakes populations, followed by a reduction in diversity and relative effective population size in the St. Lawrence populations. Pairwise FST ranged from 0.00 to 0.20, and analyses of genetic structure revealed two major ancestral populations, one including all St. Lawrence River/Ottawa River sites and the other including remaining sites; however, significant admixture and isolation by river distance across the range were evident. The genetic diversity and structure of O. olivaria is consistent with the existing literature on Acipenser fulvescens and suggest that, although northern and southern O. olivaria populations are genetically distinct, genetic structure in O. olivaria is largely clinal rather than discrete across its range. Conservation and restoration efforts of O. olivaria should prioritize the maintenance and restoration of locations where O. olivaria remain, especially in northern rivers, and to ensure connectivity that will facilitate dispersal of Acipenser fulvescens and movement of encysted glochidia.

Fig. 5 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 5. Color phenotypes and phyloheatmap of the morphological characters of E. meriana and E. atleticana, visualized using the (A) mtDNA and (B) UCE phylogenies. Circles at the end of individual names indicate the color phenotype of that individual. Names above the phyloheatmaps indicate the character that was measured. BL, Body length; HW, Head width; ID, Intertegular distance;WTII,Width of colored bands on tergum II; WTIII,Width of colored bands on tergum III. In this phyloheatmap, each column of the measured characters was standardized to have the same variance prior to analysis.The scale below indicates how much each value deviates from the mean.The colors of the clades correspond to geographic regions outlined in Fig. 1. Green: Central America, Orange: Choco region, Blue: Amazon Forest, and Pink: Atlantic Forest.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 4. Chronogram of the phylogenetic relationships in the E. meriana and E. bombiformis species complexes estimated using BEAST2 and 500 UCE loci. All nodes had a posterior probability of 1. The arrow indicates the node used for calibration of the tree and acronyms correspond to geographic regions outlined in Fig. 1. CA, Central America; CR, Choco Region; AM, Amazon Forest; AF, Atlantic Forest. In the calibration point, M = mean age, and S = confidence interval.

Fig. 2 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the E. meriana and E. bombiformis species complexes based on (A) mitochondrial data (mtDNA; CO1 and Cytb) and (B) ultraconserved elements (UCE; 2022 loci). The mtDNA phylogeny was estimated using Bayesian inference in BEAST2, posterior probabilities on nodes were all above 0.9 except for nodes with asterisks (*). The UCE phylogeny was estimated with maximum likelihood using IQ-TREE and a concatenated 100% completeness matrix. Support values on nodes indicate ultrafast bootstrap (UFB) and SH-like (SH) approximate likelihood ratio test scores (SH-aLRT). All support values were above 95/95 except for nodes indicated with asterisks (* or **). One of the E. cingulata individuals (TA12) was pruned to improve the cophylogenetic visualization.The colors of the clades correspond to geographic regions outlined in Fig. 1. Green: Central America, Orange: Choco region, Blue: Amazon Forest, and Pink: Atlantic Forest.

Fig. 1 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of the different color phenotypes in the E. meriana and E. bombiformis species complexes. (A) Colored areas in the map indicate approximate distribution for both species complexes as well as the different areas that correspond to lineages recovered in López-Uribe et al. (2014), including Central America (green), Choco region (orange), Amazon Forest (blue), and Brazilian Atlantic Forest (pink). (B) Photos of color phenotypes are shown for each species and the geographic region in which that phenotype is present. Photos of E. meriana and E. bombiformis by NashTurley, photos of E. niveofasciata and E. atleticana by Marcelo de Oliveira Gonzaga.

Fig. 3 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 3. Maximum clade credibility (MCC) species tree of the phylogenetic relationships in the E. meriana and E. bombiformis species complexes estimated under the multi-species coalescent model (MSC) using *BEAST in BEAST2.The species tree was estimated using the 50 most informative UCE loci from the 100% completeness dataset. Nodes without labels had posterior probabilities <0.5.The colors of the clades correspond to geographic regions outlined in Fig. 1. Green: Central America, Orange: Choco region, Blue: Amazon Forest, and Pink: Atlantic Forest.

Fig. 6 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 6. Scatterplots of first against second principal component of the morphological measurements of the (A) E. bombiformis and (B) E. meriana complexes. Insets display boxplots of the first principal component between groups outlined by geographic regions: CA, Central America (Green); CR, Choco Region (Orange); AM, Amazon Forest (Blue); AF, Atlantic Forest (Pink). The letters above boxplots represent groups that are statistically differentiated after a Tukey′s honest significant test. Colors represent individuals grouped by geographic regions.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Cis Latreille (Coleoptera: Ciidae) widespread in Brazil but with similarities to the African fauna

FIGURE 4. Dissected fourth instar larva of Cis caramelo sp. nov. from Cariacica, in the state of Espírito. Head (a), showing maxillae (mx), mandibles (md), frontal arms (f.a.), and antennae (black arrows). Part of the ventro-lateral view of thorax (b), focusing on the first left leg. Abdomen (c) in lateral view, showing the segments VI-VIII and the spiracles (red arrows). Posterior portion of abdomen (d) in ventral view, showing the urogomphi (ug). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Cis Latreille (Coleoptera: Ciidae) widespread in Brazil but with similarities to the African fauna

FIGURE 3. Eggs, larva and pupa of Cis caramelo sp. nov. from Cariacica, in the state of Espírito Santo. Three eggs (a, red arrows) in the pores of Trametes versicolor. Fourth instar larva in lateral view (b) and detail of the abdominal apex (c). Pupa (d). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Cis Latreille (Coleoptera: Ciidae) widespread in Brazil but with similarities to the African fauna

FIGURE 2. Cis caramelo sp. nov., females. Dorsal view of a paratype from Cariacica, in the state of Espírito Santo (a). Abdominal terminalia of a paratype from the same locality (b–c), showing the ovipositor (b) and the VIII sternite with the spiculum ventrale (c). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (a), 0.1 mm (b–c).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Cis Latreille (Coleoptera: Ciidae) widespread in Brazil but with similarities to the African fauna

FIGURE 1. Cis caramelo sp. nov., males. Holotype from Cariacica, in the state of Espírito Santo, in dorsal (a), lateral (b) and ventral view (c). Small paratype from the same locality in dorsal view (d). The first two abdominal ventrites of specimens from Cariacica and showing a large circular (e) and a small oval (f) setose sex patch. Abdominal terminalia in a specimen from Cariacica, showing the VIII sternite (g), basal piece (h), tegmen (i) and penis (j). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (a–d), 0.2 mm (e–f), 0.1 mm (g–j).

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Data from: Morphometrics and redescription of Aphyllon fasciculatum and Aphyllon franciscanum (Orobanchaceae), two widespread but previously conflated species in western North America

We continue the taxonomic reevaluation of Aphyllon sect. Aphyllon by describing a widespread species throughout Western North America previously recognized within a polyphyletic A. fasciculatum. To support our description and revised key, we analyzed fifteen continuous and discrete characters across 156 herbarium specimens and iNaturalist observations sampled from across the geographic range. Principal component and multiple correspondence analyses reveal clear variation in floral characters. Discriminant analyses show that floral color, the calyx cup to calyx lobe ratio, calyx lobe length, and degree of bend in the corolla tube are useful distinguishing features, but not diagnostic in every case.

opennotspecifiedJan 2009View details →

Distribution. Widespread in N and NE Africa, occurring from Senegal on the W coast of Africa to Egypt in the E, in a range that includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the N to Nigeria, Chad, and Tanzania in the S. They have expanded their range from the Arabian Peninsula into Western Europe, to Bulgaria, Austria, and NE Italy and E into Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia, the entire Indian subcontinent, then E and S to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and parts of Indochina. in Canidae

Distribution. Widespread in N and NE Africa, occurring from Senegal on the W coast of Africa to Egypt in the E, in a range that includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the N to Nigeria, Chad, and Tanzania in the S. They have expanded their range from the Arabian Peninsula into Western Europe, to Bulgaria, Austria, and NE Italy and E into Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia, the entire Indian subcontinent, then E and S to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and parts of Indochina.

opennotspecifiedJan 2009View details →

Distribution. Widespread in the C and W regions of S Africa, reaching to about 15° N in SW Angola. Occupies mainly arid and semi-arid areas, but also occurs in regions with higher precipitation and denser vegetation, such as the fynbos biome of South Africa's Western Cape Province. Cape Foxes have expanded their range over recent decades to the SW, where the species reaches the Atlantic and Indian Ocean coastlines. May occur in SW Swaziland, and possibly also in Lesotho. in Canidae

Distribution. Widespread in the C and W regions of S Africa, reaching to about 15° N in SW Angola. Occupies mainly arid and semi-arid areas, but also occurs in regions with higher precipitation and denser vegetation, such as the fynbos biome of South Africa's Western Cape Province. Cape Foxes have expanded their range over recent decades to the SW, where the species reaches the Atlantic and Indian Ocean coastlines. May occur in SW Swaziland, and possibly also in Lesotho.

opennotspecifiedJan 2009View details →

Distribution. Widespread in the Tibetan Plateau from Ladakh in India, E across China including parts of the Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, and Sichuan provinces and all of the Xizang. In Nepal, N of the Himalaya, especially in the Mustang area. in Canidae

Distribution. Widespread in the Tibetan Plateau from Ladakh in India, E across China including parts of the Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, and Sichuan provinces and all of the Xizang. In Nepal, N of the Himalaya, especially in the Mustang area.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Omnivory in predatory ladybird beetles is widespread and driven by an appetite for sterols

1. Animals maintain physiological and behavioral systems that allow them to detect and consume specific macro- and micronutrients to maximize their fitness. One common physiological system is the nutrient-state-dependent or demand-driven appetite. These systems are well described for macronutrient regulation, but not for micronutrients. 2. Sterols are essential micronutrients that all animals need to survive. They are the backbone of many hormones, important in cell signaling, and an integral component of cell membranes. 3. Lady beetles are globally distributed predators of insect herbivores. Adult sevenspotted lady beetles maintain a state-dependent sterol appetite and consume plant tissues to obtain sterols, which improves their fitness. Additionally, sevenspotted lady beetles can detect sterols pre-ingestion. 4. We used lady beetle species distributed across the three clades of the Coccinellini to determine 1) whether other beetle species maintain a state-dependent sterol appetite, 2) if sterol structure affects beetles' state-dependent sterol appetite, and 3) whether lady beetles consume foliage in a sterol-state dependent manner. Additionally, we determined 1) what sensory organ beetle's use to detect sterols, 2) their limit of detection, and 3) when during development their appetite manifests. 5. All six beetle species we tested maintained a state-dependent appetite for sterols. Sterol structure affected beetles' propensity to feed on sterol-treated disks, indicating that the number and position of double bonds in sterol molecules affects beetles' ability to detect or desire to feed on them. Only beetles in clade three fed on plant foliage in response to sterol-limitation. Few beetles in any clade that were supplemented with sterols consumed plant tissue. 6. Beetles' appetite for sterols first appeared during the second larval stadium, and the rate of sterol consumption increased with age. Ablations of sensory organs revealed that beetles use their labial palps to detect sterols, and that they detect them at concentrations as low as 1ppm. 7. These data demonstrate that lady beetles across the Coccinellini maintain a state-dependent appetite for an essential class of micronutrients. They also provide very strong evidence that lady beetles can taste sterols, raising the possibility that they maintain novel as-yet undescribed gustatory receptors for an essential class of lipids.

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Distribution. Thailand and southern China, mainly the Sanchahe part of the Mengman region and the Darongshu of the Longmen region, both in S. Yunnan, but possibly more widespread with potential presence in Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar. in Tragulidae

Distribution. Thailand and southern China, mainly the Sanchahe part of the Mengman region and the Darongshu of the Longmen region, both in S. Yunnan, but possibly more widespread with potential presence in Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar.

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →

Distribution. Widespread in the upper Amazon, extending from NW Brazil (W of rios Negro, upper Uaupés, and Amazonas-Solimoes) into SE Colombia (S of the Rio Tomo in the Orinoco Basin, and perhaps the upper Rio Guyabero), and S into the Ecuadorian Amazon and NE Peru (to the N bank of the rios Maranon and Amazonas, W as far as the Rio Chinchipe); it occurs also S of the Rio Solimoes in a small area on the lower Rio Purus. Ma's Night Monkey (A. nancymaae) replaces it in a small enclave N of the Rio Maranon between the lower rios Tigre and Pastaza. in Aotidae

Distribution. Widespread in the upper Amazon, extending from NW Brazil (W of rios Negro, upper Uaupés, and Amazonas-Solimoes) into SE Colombia (S of the Rio Tomo in the Orinoco Basin, and perhaps the upper Rio Guyabero), and S into the Ecuadorian Amazon and NE Peru (to the N bank of the rios Maranon and Amazonas, W as far as the Rio Chinchipe); it occurs also S of the Rio Solimoes in a small area on the lower Rio Purus. Ma's Night Monkey (A. nancymaae) replaces it in a small enclave N of the Rio Maranon between the lower rios Tigre and Pastaza.