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FIGURE 15 in Taxonomy and DNA barcoding of the dark-winged fungus gnat genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from China, with revision of the type materials

FIGURE 15. Zygoneura (Zygoneura) sajanica Mamaev. A: head, frontal view; B: fourth antennal flagellomere; C: apex of foretibia, prolateral view; D: hypopygium, ventral view; E: wing, dorsal view.

FIGURE 14 in Taxonomy and DNA barcoding of the dark-winged fungus gnat genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from China, with revision of the type materials

FIGURE 14. Zygoneura (Zygoneura) occidens Zhang & Wu. i: slide, front side; ii: slide, flip side; A: habitus, lateral view; B: head, frontal view; C: hypopygium, ventral view; D: fourth antennal flagellomere.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomy and DNA barcoding of the dark-winged fungus gnat genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from China, with revision of the type materials

FIGURE 3. Zygoneura (Allozygoneura) xizangensis Shah & Huang sp. nov. A: head, frontal view; B: fourth antennal flagellomere; C: hypopygium, ventral view; D: apex of foretibia; E: wing, dorsal view.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomy and DNA barcoding of the dark-winged fungus gnat genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from China, with revision of the type materials

FIGURE 1. Wing photograph of Zygoneura (Pharetratula) subdivergens (Mohrig & Mamaev) with vein nomenclature indicated. Abbreviations of veins, bM: base of vein M; Sc: subcostal vein; R: radius (radial vein); r-m: radial medial cross vein; Rs: radial sector; stM: fused first and second branch of media; R1: anterior branch of radius; C: costal vein; R 4+5: third branch of radius; c: distance between apex of R 4+5 and end of costal vein; w: distance between apex of R 4+5 and apex of M1; M1: first branch of media; M2: second branch of media; CuA1: first branch of anterior cubital vein; CuA2: second branch of anterior; an lb: anal lobe; stem CuA: fused first and second branch of anterior cubital vein.

FIGURE 13 in Taxonomy and DNA barcoding of the dark-winged fungus gnat genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from China, with revision of the type materials

FIGURE 13. Zygoneura (Pharetratula) yangi Shah & Huang sp. nov. A: head, frontal view; B: fourth antennal flagellomere; C: hypopygium, ventral view; D: tegmen and megasetae / spines of gonostylus.

FIGURE 12 in Taxonomy and DNA barcoding of the dark-winged fungus gnat genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from China, with revision of the type materials

FIGURE 12. Zygoneura (Pharetratula) transferata Rudzinski. A: head, frontal view; B: hypopygium, ventral view; C: apex of foretibia; D: fourth antennal flagellomere; E: wing, dorsal view.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomy and DNA barcoding of the dark-winged fungus gnat genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from China, with revision of the type materials

FIGURE 8. Zygoneura (Pharetratula) longa Zhang & Wu. i: slide, front side; ii: slide, flip side; A: habitus, lateral view; B: head, frontal view; C: hypopygium, ventral view; D: fourth antennal flagellomere.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomy and DNA barcoding of the dark-winged fungus gnat genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from China, with revision of the type materials

FIGURE 7. Zygoneura (Pharetratula) flavicornis (Mamaev). i: slide, front side; ii: slide, flip side; A: habitus, lateral view; B: hypopygium, ventral view; C: fourth antennal flagellomere.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomy and DNA barcoding of the dark-winged fungus gnat genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from China, with revision of the type materials

FIGURE 9. Zygoneura (Pharetratula) minuscula Shah & Huang sp. nov. A: habitus, lateral view; B: hypopygium, ventral view; C: fourth antennal flagellomere; D: maxillary palpus, lateral view; E: gonostylus, lateral view.

FIGURE 3 in A revised area taxonomy of phytogeographical regions within the Australian Bioregionalisation Atlas

FIGURE 3. The twenty ABA phytogeographical sub-regions for Australia's land plants (excluding Southern New Guinea). The areas are an approximation of the 100km2 grid cells in González-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014). As these areas are defined on a numerical approach (like that in the IBRA classification), their monophyly is still unknown. Southern New Guinea is not figured.

FIGURE 2. A in A revised area taxonomy of phytogeographical regions within the Australian Bioregionalisation Atlas

FIGURE 2. A. The raw data from the González-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014) analysis. B. Corresponding dendrogram that shows the geographic clustering based on species turnover.

FIGURE 4. A in A revised area taxonomy of phytogeographical regions within the Australian Bioregionalisation Atlas

FIGURE 4. A. The raw data from the González-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014) analysis. B. Corresponding dendrogram that shows the geographical clustering based on species turnover.

FIGURE 1 in A revised area taxonomy of phytogeographical regions within the Australian Bioregionalisation Atlas

FIGURE 1. The five ABA phytogeographical sub-regions for Australia's land plants based on the raw data in González-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014). The areas are an approximation of the 100km2 grid cells in González-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014). As these areas are defined on a numerical approach (like that in the IBRA classification), their monophyly is still unknown.

Table 2 in A revised taxonomy and phylogeny of opalinids (Stramenopiles: Opalinata) inferred from the analysis of complete nuclear ribosomal DNA genes

Table 2. Primers used for PCRs and sequencing (F* forward; R* reverse).<table><tbody><tr><th>Primer</th><th>Sequence</th><th>Reference</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>MedlinA (F)</th><td>5 ʹ -AACCTGGTTGATCCTGCCAGT-3%</td><td>Medlin et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><th>MedlinB (R)</th><td>5 ʹ -TGATCCTTCTGCAGGTTCACCTAC-3%</td><td>Medlin et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><th>SSU-LSU-F (F)</th><td>5 ʹ -TCGCACCTACCGATTGGATG-3%</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>SSU-LSU-R (R)</th><td>5 ʹ -GAAAAGATAACTCTTCCTAG-3%</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>M28S-F (F)</th><td>5 ʹ -TAGCCCTGAAAATGGATGGCGCT-3%</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>28S-4R (R)</th><td>5 ʹ -TTCTGACTTAGAGGCGTTCAG-3%</td><td>Moreira et al. (2007)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Table 1 in A revised taxonomy and phylogeny of opalinids (Stramenopiles: Opalinata) inferred from the analysis of complete nuclear ribosomal DNA genes

Table 1. Opalinid species investigated in the present study. All localities are from China. Morphological identification of each species was carried out in the articles indicated in the ‘reference’ column.<table><tbody><tr><th>Species</th><th>Host</th><th>Prevalence</th><th>Locality</th><th>Reference</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Opalina undulata Nie* 1935</th><td>Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst* 1829) Iskandar* 1998</td><td>7.7% (22/285)</td><td>Diaocha Lake* Hubei Province</td><td>Li et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina triangulata Metcalf* 1923</th><td>F. limnocharis</td><td>21.5% (9/42)</td><td>Diaocha Lake* Hubei Province</td><td>Wang et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina japonica Sugiyama* 1920</th><td>Rana chensinensis David * 1875</td><td>33.3% (4/12)</td><td>Xinbin County* Liaoning Province</td><td>Unpublished</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina obtrigonoidea Metcalf* 1923</th><td>Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider* 1799) Frost et al. * 2006</td><td>31.4% (11/35)</td><td>Yubei City* Chongquin Province</td><td>Zhao et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina longa Bezzenberger* 1904 (= Cepedea longa)a</th><td>F. limnocharis</td><td>35.8% (76/ 212)</td><td>Honghu Lake* Hubei Province</td><td>Li et al. (2017a)</td></tr><tr><th>Protoopalina limnocharis Nie * 1932</th><td>F. limnocharis</td><td>25.6% (32/125)</td><td>Meishan County* Sichuan Province</td><td>Zou et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><th>Protoopalina pingi Nie* 1935</th><td>Pelophylax nigromaculatus (Hallowell* 1861) Fei et al. * 2005</td><td>40.4% (42/104)</td><td>Honghu Lake* Hubei Province</td><td>Li et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><th>Zelleriella orientalis Nie* 1935</th><td>Microhyla ornate (Duméril & Bibron* 1841) Boulenger* 1882</td><td>16.2% (6/37)</td><td>Nanning City* Guangxi Province</td><td>Unpublished</td></tr><tr><th>Zelleriella sp.</th><td>Hyla chinensis Gunther * 1858</td><td>11.1% (2/18)</td><td>Sanming City* Fujian Province</td><td>Unpublished</td></tr></tbody></table>aThe initial identification of this species as Cepedea longa followed the proposal by Metcalf (1923). See Discussion section for the justification of the change.

Table 3 in A revised taxonomy and phylogeny of opalinids (Stramenopiles: Opalinata) inferred from the analysis of complete nuclear ribosomal DNA genes

Table 3. List of sequences used in the present study. Sequences lacking>100 bases at the 5 ʹ or 3 ʹ ends are shown in parentheses. New sequences are marked in bold.<table><tbody><tr><th>Sequence/species</th><th>Accession sequence</th></tr><tr><th>Number</th><th>Length</th><th>GC%</th><th>Source</th></tr><tr><th>SSU rDNA</th></tr><tr><th>STRAMENOPILES</th></tr><tr><th>OPALINATA</th></tr><tr><th>Opalinida</th></tr><tr><th>(Protoopalina intestinalis (Stein* 1856) Metcalf* 1923)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>AY576545</td><td>1409</td><td>33.6</td><td>Kostka et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><th>(Protoopalina axonucleata Metcalf * 1923a)</th><td>AB175929</td><td>1263</td><td>32.5</td><td>Nishi et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><th>Protoopalina limnocharis</th><td>MN625264</td><td>1829</td><td>32.2</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Protoopalina pingi</th><td>MN625266</td><td>1830</td><td>32.4</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Zelleriella orientalis</th><td>MN625263</td><td>2143</td><td>26.4</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Zelleriella sp.</th><td>MN625265</td><td>2143</td><td>26.4</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina undulata</th><td>MF434114</td><td>2167</td><td>26.8</td><td>Li et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina triangulata</th><td>MK872804</td><td>2166</td><td>26.8</td><td>Wang et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina obtrigonoidea</th><td>MK970648</td><td>2167</td><td>26.8</td><td>Zhao et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina japonica</th><td>MN625267</td><td>2170</td><td>26.0</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina longa</th><td>MN625268</td><td>2171</td><td>27.7</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Proteromonadida</th></tr><tr><th>Karotomorpha sp.</th><td>DQ431242</td><td>1858</td><td>44.1</td><td>Kostka et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><th>(Karotomorpha sp.)</th><td>DQ431243</td><td>1424</td><td>46.2</td><td>Kostka et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><th>Proteromonas lacertae Grassé * 1879</th><td>U37108</td><td>1743</td><td>37.4</td><td>Leipe et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><th>BLASTOCYSTIDA</th></tr><tr><th>Blastocystis cycluri Singh et al. * 1996</th><td>AY266474</td><td>1848</td><td>35.6</td><td>Yoshikawa et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><th>Blastocystis lapemi Teow et al. * 1991 Blastocystis pythoni Singh et al. * 1996</th><td>AY266471 AY266472</td><td>1840 1794</td><td>36.7 39.1</td><td>Yoshikawa et al. (2004) Yoshikawa et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><th>Blastocystis hominis (Swaine & Britain* 1849) Brumpt* 1912</th><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Blastocystis ratti Chen et al. * 1997 PLACIDIDA</th><td>AB023499 AY590114</td><td>1740 1730</td><td>43.6 40.3</td><td>Arisue et al. (2002) Noel et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><th>Placidia cafeteriopsis Moriya et al. * 2002</th><td>JF834161</td><td>1775</td><td>49.4</td><td>Chan YF* Chen CW* Tsai AY* Chiang KP* unpublished</td></tr><tr><th>Suigetsumonas clinomigrationis Okamura & Kondo * 2015</th><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Wobblia lunata Moriya et al. * 2000 BICOSOECIDA</th><td>AB976561 AB032606</td><td>1769 1726</td><td>52.0 49.1</td><td>Okamura and Kondo (2015) Moriya et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><th>Bicosoeca petiolata (Stein* 1878) Prinsheim* 1946</th><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>AY520444</td><td>1809</td><td>48.6</td><td>Cavalier-Smith and Chao (2006)</td></tr><tr><th>Cafeteria roenbergensis Fenchel & Patterson * 1988</th><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>AF174364</td><td>1695</td><td>47.1</td><td>Atkins et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><th>ALVEOLATA</th></tr><tr><th>APICOMPLEXA</th></tr><tr><th>Babesia gibsoni (Patton* 1910)</th><td>KC461261</td><td>1665</td><td>45.5</td><td>Mandal et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><th>Eimeria necatrix Johnson * 1930</th><td>KT184349</td><td>1763</td><td>46.8</td><td>Ogedengbe et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><th>DINOFLAGELLATA</th></tr><tr><th>Blastodinium contortum Chatton * 1908</th><td>DQ317537</td><td>1799</td><td>44.8</td><td>Skovgaard et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><th>Prorocentrum arenarium Faust * 1994</th><td>Y16234</td><td>1788</td><td>46.4</td><td>Grzebyk et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><th>CILIOPHORA</th></tr><tr><th>LItonotus paracygnus Song* 1994</th><td>EU242509</td><td>1635</td><td>42.0</td><td>Gao et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><th>Paramecium buestchlii van As et al. * 1998</th><td>KM091234</td><td>1703</td><td>44.2</td><td>Krenek et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><th>AMORPHEA</th></tr><tr><th>CHOANOZOA</th></tr><tr><th>Salpingoeca infusionum Kent * 1880</th><td>AF100941</td><td>1978</td><td>49.6</td><td>Collins (1998)</td></tr><tr><th>ITS region (OPALINATA)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Protoopalina limnocharis</th><td>MN630239</td><td></td><td></td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>ITS1</th><td></td><td>231</td><td>2.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5.8S</th><td></td><td>154</td><td>35.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>ITS2</th><td></td><td>229</td><td>4.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Protoopalina pingi</th><td>MN630241</td><td></td><td></td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>ITS1</th><td></td><td>237</td><td>2.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5.8S</th><td></td><td>154</td><td>36.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>ITS2</th><td></td><td>218</td><td>4.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Zelleriella orientalis</th><td>MN630236</td><td></td><td></td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>ITS1</th><td></td><td>291</td><td>2.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5.8S</th><td></td><td>167</td><td>26.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>ITS2</th><td></td><td>285</td><td>2.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Zelleriella sp.</th><td>MN630237</td><td></td><td></td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>ITS1</th><td></td><td>290</td><td>2.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5.8S</th><td></td><td>166</td><td>26.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>ITS2</th><td></td><td>279</td><td>2.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina undulata</th><td>MG816209</td><td></td><td></td><td>Li et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><th>ITS1</th><td></td><td>325</td><td>1.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5.8S</th><td></td><td>167</td><td>24.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>ITS2</th><td></td><td>290</td><td>2.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina triangulata</th><td>MK872803</td><td></td><td></td><td>Wang et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th>ITS1</th><td></td><td>292</td><td>1.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5.8S</th><td></td><td>167</td><td>24.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>ITS2</th><td></td><td>284</td><td>1.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina obtrigonoidea</th><td>MK973090</td><td></td><td></td><td>Zhao et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><th>ITS1</th><td></td><td>323</td><td>1.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5.8S</th><td></td><td>167</td><td>24.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>ITS2</th><td></td><td>287</td><td>1.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina japonica</th><td>MN630238</td><td></td><td></td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>ITS1</th><td></td><td>357</td><td>1.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5.8S</th><td></td><td>167</td><td>24.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>ITS2</th><td></td><td>358</td><td>2.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina longa</th><td>MN630240</td><td></td><td></td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>ITS1</th><td></td><td>283</td><td>1.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5.8S</th><td></td><td>167</td><td>24.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>ITS2</th><td></td><td>261</td><td>2.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>LSU rDNA (OPALINATA)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Protoopalina limnocharis</th><td>MN638759</td><td>3652</td><td>26.7</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Protoopalina pingi</th><td>MN638761</td><td>3647</td><td>26.9</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Zelleriella orientalis</th><td>MN638760</td><td>4064</td><td>23.0</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Zelleriella sp.</th><td>MN638763</td><td>4102</td><td>22.8</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina undulata</th><td>MN638758</td><td>4108</td><td>22.8</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina triangulata</th><td>MN638762</td><td>4043</td><td>23.9</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina obtrigonoidea</th><td>MW504710</td><td>4122</td><td>22.5</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina japonica</th><td>MN638764</td><td>4120</td><td>22.4</td><td>This study</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina longa</th><td>MN638765</td><td>4096</td><td>23.6</td><td>This study</td></tr></tbody></table>aNishi et al. (2005: 701–702) indicated that ‘the four sequences from Protoopalina sp. were all identical* although they were isolated at different geographical locations.Futhermore* the genus Protoopalina is presently restricted to the host species Rana nigromaculata in Japan.They commonly retain four relatively large nuclei* show similar morphological characters (Table 1)* and are classified as P.japonica (Hara 1934) ’. However* the work by Hara (1934) is on the cell morphology and microtubular structures of Protoopalina axonucleata * and he did not mention any other species in his work.According to the statements by Nishi et al. (2005) * their isolates corresponded to the same species studied by Hara (1934) and should be identified as P.axonucleata. The name Protoopalina japonica is a nomen nudum because this species has never been described.

Table 7 in A revised taxonomy and phylogeny of opalinids (Stramenopiles: Opalinata) inferred from the analysis of complete nuclear ribosomal DNA genes

Table 7. List of nomenclatural acts.<table><tbody><tr><th>Taxon nameb</th><th>Previous name</th><th>Comments</th></tr><tr><th>Opalina Purkinje & Valentin * 1835 (= Cepedea Metcalf * 1920)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Opalina acuta (Delvinquier* Markus & Passmore* 1993) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea acuta Delvinquier * Markus & Passmore* 1992</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina affinis Nazaretskaja * 1922</th><td>Cepedea affinis (Nazaretskaja* 1922) Walton* 1964</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina africana (Tuzet & Zuber-Vogeli* 1954) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea africana Tuzet & Zuber-Vogeli * 1954</td><td>Proposed as synonym of Opalina affinis by Delvinquier et al. (1993)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina amygdala (Boisson* 1965) Delvinquier et al. * 1991</th><td>Cepedea amygdala Boisson * 1965</td><td>Proposed as synonym of Opalina foliacea by Affa’a and Lynn (1994)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina baudinii (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea baudini Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina boissoni (Tuzet & Knoepffler* 1968) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea boissoni Tuzet & Knoepffler * 1968</td><td>Proposed as synonym of Opalina affinis by Delvinquier et al. (1993)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina borneonensis (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea borneonensis Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina buergeri (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea buergeri Metcalf * 1923</td><td>Proposed for suppression by Earl (1973) b</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina brumpti (Cordero* 1928) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea brumpti Cordero * 1928</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina cantabrigensis (Metcalf* 1923)</th><td>Cepedea cantabrigensis Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina celebensis (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea celebensis Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina ciliata (Metcalf* 1940) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea ciliata Metcalf * 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina crispata (Boisson* 1965) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea crispata Boisson * 1965</td><td>Proposed as synonym of Opalina affinis by Delvinquier et al. (1993)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina daloalensis (Tuzet & Zuber-Vogeli* 1954) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea daloalensis Tuzet & Zuber-Vogeli * 1954</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina dimidiata Stein * 1860</th><td>Cepedea dimidiata (Stein* 1860) Metcalf* 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina dolichosoma (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea dolichosoma Metcalf * 1923</td><td>Proposed for suppression by Earl (1973) b</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina dracuncula (Boisson* 1957) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea dracuncula Boisson * 1957</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina elongata Gourvitsch * 1926</th><td>Cepedea elongata (Gourvitsch* 1926) Banina* 1962</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina flava Stokes * 1884</th><td>Cepedea flava (Stokes* 1884) Metcalf* 1923</td><td>Proposed for suppression by Earl (1973) b</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina floridensis (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea floridensis Metcalf * 1923</td><td>Proposed for suppression by Earl (1973) b</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina foliacea (Boisson* 1959) Delvinquier et al. * 1991</th><td>Cepedea foliacea Boisson * 1959</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina formosae (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea formosae Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina fujiensis (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea fujiensis Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina fusiformis (Tuzet & Knoepffler* 1968) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea fusiformis Tuzet & Knoepfler * 1968</td><td>Proposed as synonym of Opalina affinis by Delvinquier et al. (1993)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina globosa (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea globosa Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina gracilis (Banina* 1952) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea gracilis Banina * 1952</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina hasseltii (Metcalf* 1940) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea hasseltii Metcalf * 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina hispanica (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea hispanica Metcalf * 1923</td><td>Proposed as synonym of Opalina longa by Metcalf (1940)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina hosei (Metcalf* 1940) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea hosei Metcalf * 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina hylae (Khan* 1962) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea hylae Khan * 1962</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina lemuriae (Metcalf* 1940) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea lemuriae Metcalf * 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina longa Bezzenberger * 1904</th><td>Cepdea longa (Bezzenberger* 1904) Metcalf* 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina luzonensis (Metcalf* 1940) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea luzonensis Metcalf * 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina macronucleata (Banina* 1952) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea macronucleata Banina * 1952</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina madagascariensis (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea madagascariensis Metcalf * 1923</td><td>Considered in part as synonym of Opalina affinis by Delvinquier et al. (1993)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina magna (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea magna Metcalf * 1923</td><td>(= Opalina sudafricana Fantham * 1923) (following Delvinquier et al. 1993)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina marginata (Amaro* 1964) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea marginata Amaro * 1964</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina metcalfi (Bhatia & Gulati* 1927) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea metcalfi Bhatia & Gulati * 1927</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina mexicana (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea mexicana Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina microhylae (Metcalf* 1940) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea microhylae Metcalf * 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina minor (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea minor Metcalf * 1923</td><td>Proposed for suppression by Earl (1973) b</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina mogyana Carini * 1937</th><td>Cepedea mogyana (Carini* 1937) Metcalf* 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina multiformis (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea multiformis Metcalf * 1923</td><td>Proposed for suppression by Earl (1973) b</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina obovoidea (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea obovoidea Metcalf * 1923</td><td>Proposed for suppression by Earl (1973) b</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina obtrigonoidea Metcalf * 1923</th><td>Cepedea obtrigonoidea (Metcalf* 1923) Affa’a & Lynn* 1994</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina occidentalis (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea occidentalis Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina ophis (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea ophis Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina parva (Lu* 1945) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea parva Lu * 1945</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina philauti (Uttangi* 1952) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea philauti Uttangi * 1952</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina philippensis (Metcalf* 1940) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea philippensis Metcalf * 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina phrynomantidis (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea phrynomantidis Metcalf * 1923</td><td>Proposed as synonym of Opalina magna by Delvinquier et al. (1993)</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina plata (Metcalf* 1940) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea plata Metcalf * 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina pulchra (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea pulchra Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina punjagbensis (Bhatia & Gulati* 1927) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea punjagbensis Bhatia & Gulati * 1927</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina rubra Carini * 1937</th><td>Cepedea rubra (Carini* 1937) Metcalf* 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina rugosa Carini * 1937</th><td>Cepedea rugosa (Carini* 1937) Metcalf* 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina saharana (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea saharana Metcalf * 1923</td><td>Proposed for suppression by Earl (1973) b</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina scalpriformis Ghosh * 1918</th><td>Cepedea scalpriformis (Ghosh* 1918) Metcalf* 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina segmentata (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea segmentata Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina seychellensis (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea seychellensis Metcalf * 1923</td><td>Proposed for suppression by Earl (1973) b</td></tr><tr><th>Opalina sialkoti (Bathia & Gulati* 1927) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea sialkoti Bathia & Gulati * 1927</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina siamensis (Metcalf* 1940) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea siamensis Metcalf * 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina spinifera (Metcalf* 1923) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea spinifera Metcalf * 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina subcylindrica (Mello* 1932) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea subcylindrica Mello * 1932</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina sudafricana Fantham * 1923</th><td>Cepedea sudafricana (Fantam* 1923) Affa’a & Lynn* 1994</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina thiagi (Mello* 1931) comb. nov.</th><td>Cepedea thiagi Mello * 1931</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina vanniekerkae (Delvinquier* Markus & Passmore* 1993)</th><td>Cepedea vanniekerkae Delvinquier * Markus & Passmore* 1993</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina virgula Dobell * 1910</th><td>Cepedea virgula (Dobell* 1910) Metcalf* 1940</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Opalina virguloidea Metcalf * 1923</th><td>Cepedea virguloidea (Metcalf* 1923) Affa’a & Lynn* 1994</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Protoopalina Metcalf * 1918 (= Bezzenbergeria Earl * 1973)</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Protoopalina lanceolata Bezzenberger* 1904</th><td>Bezzenbergeria lanceolata [(Bezzenberger* 1904) Metcalf* 1923] Earl* 1973 Cepedea lanceolata (Bezzenberger* 1904) Metcalf* 1923</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Protoopalina axoucleata Metcalf * 1923</th><td>Protoopalina japonica Nishi et al. * 2005</td><td>Nomem nudum</td></tr></tbody></table>aThe species Cepedea lanceolatum was listed by Delvinquier and Patterson (1993)* citing Evans et al. (1977) * but without specifying the author and publication year.We have been unable to obtain a copy of the paper by Evans et al. (1977) in order to search for a description or the reference to the original source.Therefore* we have not included this species in the list.If it were to be included* the correct species name would be Opalina lanceolata.bEarl (1973) proposed the suppression of 88 species/subspecies of Opalinida because he deemed them inadequately described:certain characteristics were absent from the original descriptions (such as the length of the falx)* and the descriptions were based on type specimens rather than on populations.

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FIGURE 25 in Taxonomic studies on the Bembidion ('Cillenus') complex (Coleoptera: Carabidae): A revision of the subgeneric taxonomy and description of a new species from Japan

FIGURE 25. Phylogeny and possible character evolution of the Bembidion ('Cillenus̓) complex based on the strict consensus tree obtained in the successive-weighted analysis. Black circles indicate nodes shared by the strict consensus tree resulting from the equally-weighted analysis. Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap values in the successiveweighted analysis / bootstrap values in the equally-weighted analysis / Bremer support in the equally-weighted analysis (only bootstrap values over 50% are reported). Numbers in the squares indicate characters in Table 1, and numbers above the squares indicate character-state changes. Black squares indicate unambiguously optimized characters. White squares indicate characters optimized with ACCTRAN and DELTRAN optimizations (marked with '(a)' and '(d)', respectively). The taxonomies from Lindroth (1980) and Marggi et al. (2003) are presented for comparison.

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FIGURES 12–24 in Taxonomic studies on the Bembidion ('Cillenus') complex (Coleoptera: Carabidae): A revision of the subgeneric taxonomy and description of a new species from Japan

FIGURES 12–24. Endophalli (left anterolateral view, right lateral view) of Bembidion spp. (12–21) and an outgroup species, Blemus discus (22), and spermathecae of Bembidion spp. (23–24). 12, 23. B. sinicum; 13. B. kasaharai; 14. B. seticorne; 15. B. yokohamae; 16. B. aestuarii; 17. B. sumaoi; 18. B. tokunoshimanum; 19, 24. B. yakushimanum; 20. B. tsutsuii; 21. B. umi. Note that the endophallus of B. yokohamae (15) is not fully inflated because of damage during dissection. Numbers indicate character-number and character-state in Table 1. Scales: 0.25 mm.