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FIGURE 6 in Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution
FIGURE 6. Internal genitalia of the geniculata group. A = female internal ducts (C. erythrocnemis); B = male phallus (C. geniculata). aaf = anterior annular flange, cs = capsula seminalis, paf = posterior annular flange, pcs = processes of capsula seminalis, pi = pars intermedialis; ph = phalloteca, pv = processes of vesica, v = vesica.
FIGURE 5 in Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution
FIGURE 5. Dorsal view of the pygophores of the geniculata group species. A = C. cearensis, B = C. erythrocnemis, C = C. geniculata, D = C. gravis, E = C. immaculata, F = C. nigritarsis, G = C. pontagrossensis, H = C. rideri, I = C. sebastiaoi, J = C. vanduzeei; pa = posterolateral angle.
FIGURE 4 in Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution
FIGURE 4. Dorsal view of the geniculata group species. A = C. cearensis, B = C. erythrocnemis, C = C. geniculata, D = C. gravis, E = C. immaculata, F = C. nigritarsis, G = C. nigropicta, H = C. panamensis, I = C. pontagrossensis, J = C. rogenhoferi, K = C. rideri, L = C. sebastiaoi, M = C. tuiucauna, N = C. vanduzeei.
FIGURE 3 in Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution
FIGURE 3. Phylogeny of clades A and B of the geniculata group superimposed to the species distribution. PA = Pampa, CHA = Chaco, AF = Atlantic Forest, CE = Cerrado, CA = Caatinga, AM = Amazonia, MA = Mesoamerica. Classification follows Morrone (2013).
FIGURE 1 in Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution
FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of the geniculata group. PA = Pampa, CHA = Chaco, AF = Atlantic Forest, CE = Cerrado, CA = Caatinga, AM = Amazonia, MA = Mesoamerica. Classification follows Josse et al. (2003).
FIGURE 2 in Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution
FIGURE 2. Strict consensus of two most parsimonious trees. Measures of support are bootstrap (above branches) and Bremer (below branches). Support numbers below 70 (bootstrap) and 2 (Bremer) are omitted.
Morphological evolution during the last hurrah of the trilobites: Morphometric analysis of the Devonian asteropyginid trilobites
<p><span>The Asteropyginae Delo, 1935, is a group of phacopide trilobites in the family Acastidae Delo, 1935, that has served as the focus for several studies due to their distinctive morphologies and diversity. However, despite an interest in these characteristic morphologies, there have been very few studies that have examined this group using morphometric techniques. In this study, we have utilized both geometric morphometric and elliptical Fourier (EF) methods to quantify the morphology of cephalic sclerites of specimens representing a wide taxonomic sampling of the clade. We constructed a phylomorphospace that shows temporal and spatial patterns of phenotypic evolution within the framework of an updated tip-dated phylogenetic tree generated using Bayesian inference. Of particular note was the recovery of similar patterns, regardless of the morphometric approach. These further illustrated that there were marked expansions into morphospace throughout the temporal range of the clade. This study highlights the utility of employing different methodologies to quantitatively explore the disparity of fossil taxa. It also illustrates some of the patterns of morphologic change occurring during one of the final and major evolutionary radiations within Phacopida.</span></p>
The evolution of morphological development is congruent with the species phylogeny in the genus Streptomyces
<p>As the canonical model organism to dissect bacterial morphological development, <em>Streptomyces</em> species had attracted much attention from the microbiological society. However, the evolution of development-related genes in <em>Streptomyces</em> remains elusive. Here, we evaluate the distribution of development-related genes, thus indicating the majority of these genes were ubiquitous in <em>Streptomyces</em> genomes. Furthermore, we compare the phylogenetic topologies of related strict orthologous genes to the species tree of <em>Streptomyces</em>, from both concatenation and single-gene tree analyses. Meanwhile, the reconciled gene tree and normalization based on the number of parsimony-informative sites were also employed to reduce the impact of phylogenetic conflicts, which was induced by uncertainty in single-gene tree inference based merely on the sequence and the bias in the amount of phylogenetic information caused by variable numbers of parsimony-informative sites. We found that the development-related genes had higher congruence to the species tree than other strict orthologous genes. Considering the development-related genes could also be tracked back to the common ancestor of <em>Streptomyces</em>, these results suggest that morphological development follows the same pattern as species divergence.</p>
Figure 7 in Genital coupling, morphology and evolution of male holding structures in Cicadinae (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 7. Ancestral state reconstruction of anchor (left tree) and grip (right tree) traits mapped on the tree pruned from Marshall et al. (2018); filled circles at the tips represent the terminal states. Pie charts depict both the probabilities under maximum likelihood and the stochastic character mapping methods of each node (see probability values in Supporting Information, Table S1). Numbers above nodes indicate the nodes referred to in Results and the Discussion. Values inside the squares are the estimated state transitions, and values between the arrows are the estimated transition rates. Pictures to the left show the diversity of lateral thecal processes and vesical processes (scale bars: 0.5 mm; P. hilpa and M. angularis, 0.25 mm); pictures to the right show the diversity of cornuti and spines of the vesica.
Figure 4. A in Genital coupling, morphology and evolution of male holding structures in Cicadinae (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 4. A, Dorisiana sp., male and female during copulation. B, female of Guyalna bonaerensis with pygofer attached to terminalia. Abbreviations: ab9, abdominal segment 9; gx VIII, gonocoxites VIII; pyg, pygofer; st VII, sternite VII. Scale bar: 2 mm (B). Photo A kindly provided by D. Maccagnan.
Figure 1 in Genital coupling, morphology and evolution of male holding structures in Cicadinae (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of Cicadidae sensu Marshall et al. (2018) and habitus of representative species of Cicadinae sampled in this study. Scale bars: 100 mm.
Figure 3 in Genital coupling, morphology and evolution of male holding structures in Cicadinae (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 3. Ornamentations of vesica and theca of cicadas. A–D, aedeagus of Gaeana maculata. A, left lateral view, with dashed blue line delimiting spines of the vesica, red line delimiting cornuti, and purple line delimiting microsculptures of the vesica. B, magnification of spines of vesica under SEM. C, magnification of cornuti under SEM. D, magnification of microsculptures of vesica under SEM. E, F, aedeagus of Diceroprocta vitripennis. E, left lateral view, with dashed purple line delimiting microsculptures of the theca. F, magnification of microsculptures of the theca under SEM. Abbreviations: cor, cornuti; mt, microsculptures of theca; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; sv, spines of vesica; vp, vesical process. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.25 mm (E).
Figure 6 in Genital coupling, morphology and evolution of male holding structures in Cicadinae (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 6. Coupling theca and vesica with the seminal ampoule of Guyalna bonaerensis. A, longitudinal section through the seminal ampoule, showing the microsculpturized portion of the vesica in contact with the posterior region of the inner wall of the seminal ampoule, green box delimiting spines of the vesica, and purple box delimiting microsculptures of the seminal ampoule. B, magnification of spines of the vesica under scanning electron microscopy. C, magnification of microsculptures of the seminal ampoule under scanning electron microscopy. Abbreviations: aed, aedeagus; sa, seminal ampoule; ve, vesica; vp, vesical process. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A).
Figure 5 in Genital coupling, morphology and evolution of male holding structures in Cicadinae (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Figure 5. Coupling male and female genitalia of Guyalna bonaerensis, with male genitalia shown in green and female terminalia in purple. A, left lateral view, with black box magnifying the interaction of the uncus with sternite VII and gonocoxites VIII). B, C, seminal ampoule, showing the aedeagus crossing the genital duct. B, right lateral view. C, left lateral view, showing the lateral branches of the uncus fitting the gonocoxites VIII (sternite VII was removed). Abbreviations: ab9, abdominal segment 9; aed, aedeagus; co, common oviduct; dvp, dorsovaginal pouch; gx VIII, gonocoxites VIII; lbu, lateral branches of uncus; os, ovipositor sheath; pyg, pygofer; sa, seminal ampoule; st VII, sternite VII; udc, uncal dorsal crest; un, uncus; ve, vesica. Scale bars: 2 mm (A); 1 mm (B–C).
Data from: Mosaic evolution of the skull in labrid fishes involves differences in both tempo and mode of morphological change
<p>Modularity is a ubiquitous feature of organismal design that plays an important role in structuring patterns of morphological diversification. Modularity can facilitate evolutionary changes by allowing subsets of traits to coevolve as integrated units and follow quasi-independent evolutionary trajectories, a pattern that may be particularly consequential in the case of highly complex morphological structures. Here we examine modularity in a complex and highly kinetic structure, the teleost skull, and ask if a modular organization of the skull has influenced the diversification dynamics of the shapes of its osteological components across the labrid phylogeny. We compiled one of the largest three-dimensional morphological datasets of fishes to date, and used geometric morphometrics to quantify patterns of cranial shape evolution across 184 species of wrasses (Labridae). We then tested several hypotheses of modularity inspired by functional and developmental relationships between cranial bones and compared phenotypic rates among modules. We also compared the fit of models of trait evolution for the entire skull and the various articulated bones that it comprises. Our analyses indicated strong support for a two-module hypothesis, one that encompasses the oral and pharyngeal jaws, and another module comprised of the neurocranium, hyoid apparatus and operculum. This functional hypothesis yielded one of the highest significant rate differentials across modules, yet we also found that the best-fitting models of trait evolution differed among skull bones. These results suggest that modularity can influence morphological diversification in complex biological structures via differences in both the tempo and mode of evolutionary change.</p>
"Predictive Models of the Morphological Evolution of the Human Body to Improve Adherence and Motivation in Dietetic-nutritional Treatments of Overweight and Obesity" [Modelos Predictivos de Evolución
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07205029. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
The evolution of morphological development is congruent with the species phylogeny in the genus Streptomyces
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Data from: A test of the "flexible stem" model of evolution: ancestral plasticity, genetic accommodation, and morphological divergence in the threespine stickleback radiation
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Data from: Testing for differences in rates of speciation, extinction, and morphological evolution in four tribes of cichlids endemic to Lake Tanganyika, East Africa
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Data from: The grass was greener: repeated evolution of specialized morphologies and habitat shifts in ghost spiders following grassland expansion in South America
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Allen Brain Atlas
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