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93 results for “Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi”
TraitAM, a global spore trait database for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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Global change alters the abundance and community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and influences plant mycorrhizal benefit
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Mycoheterotrophic plants living on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are generally enriched in 13C, 15N, and 2H isotopes
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Contrasting effects of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nitrogen absorption of C3 and C4 grasses: Evidence from microcosm and 15N labeling experiments
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Data from: Tropical forest type influences community assembly processes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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Seedling performance in a dioecious tree species is similar near female and male conspecific adults despite differences in colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities shaped by host-plant affect the outcome of plant-soil feedback in dryland restoration
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Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi equalize differences in plant fitness and facilitate plant species coexistence through niche differentiation
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Long-term nitrogen fertilization alters arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community phylogenetic structure in plant roots across fine spatial scales
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Data from: The missing link in grassland restoration: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation increases plant diversity and accelerates succession
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Assessing biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: sample sites
The dataset represents data collected from a subset of the 200-point survey sites created for the Mycorrhiza study project. The project involves examination of soil samples for species richness, abundance, and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Comparisons between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community in the Phoenix metropolitan area and the surrounding desert are also being made.
Dark septate endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Paris-morphotype) affect the stable isotope composition of 'classically' non-mycorrhizal plants
<p>The vast majority of terrestrial plants exchange nutrients with fungal partners forming different mycorrhizal types. The minority of plants considered as non-mycorrhizal, however, are not necessarily free of any fungi, but are frequently colonized by elusive fungal endophytes, such as <i>dark septate endophytes</i> (<i>DSE</i>) or <i>fine root endophytes</i> (<i>FRE</i>). While a functional role of <i>FRE</i> in improvement of nutrient gain was recently elucidated, the function of <i>DSE</i> is still in discussion and was here addressed for 36 plant species belonging to the families Equisetaceae, Cypereaceae and Caryophyllaceae.</p> <p>Molecular and microscopic staining approaches were conducted to verify the presence of <i>DSE</i> in the investigated species. Stable isotope natural abundances of the elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen and total nitrogen concentrations were analyzed for the respective species of the target plant families and accompanying mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal (Brassicaceae) plant species.</p> <p>Staining approaches confirmed the presence of <i>DSE</i> in all investigated species within the families Equisetaceae, Cyperaceae and Caryophyllaceae. A co-colonization with <i>Paris</i>-type arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) was occasionally found by staining and molecular approaches in species of the Equisetaceae. Species of the Equisetaceae, Cyperaceae and Caryophyllaceae were significantly <sup>15</sup>N-enriched in comparison to accompanying plants. In addition, a significant <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>2</sup>H enrichment and increased total nitrogen concentrations were found for representatives of the Equisetaceae.</p> <p>The <sup>15</sup>N-enrichment found here for representatives of Equisetaceae, Cyperaceae and Caryophyllaceae provides evidence for a functional role of the ubiquitous <i>DSE</i> fungi. <i>DSE</i> fungi obviously provide access to <sup>15</sup>N-enriched soil organic compounds probably in exchange for organic carbon compounds from plant photosynthesis. As indicated by additional <sup>13</sup>C- and <sup>2</sup>H-enrichments, representatives of the Equisetaceae apparently gain simultaneously organic carbon compounds from their AM fungi of the <i>Paris</i>-morphotype. Thus, species of the Equisetaceae have to be considered as partially, or in case of the achlorophyllous fertile Equisetum arvense, as fully mycoheterotrophic at least in some stages of their life cycle.</p> <p>So far mostly underappreciated fungi classified as <i>DSE</i> are suggested to occupy an ecologically relevant role similar to mycorrhizae and the occurrence of simultaneous functions of <i>DSE</i> and AM fungi in Equisetaceae is proposed.</p>
Data from: Shifts in plant community composition weaken the negative effect of nitrogen addition on community-level arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization
Nitrogen addition affects plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) association greatly. However, although the direct effect of nitrogen addition on AMF colonization has received investigation, its indirect effect through shifts in plant community composition has never been quantified. Based on a 7-year nitrogen addition experiment in an alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, we investigated the effects of nitrogen addition on both plant community, AMF diversity and colonization, and disentangled the direct and indirect effects of nitrogen addition on community AMF colonization. At plant species level, nitrogen addition significantly decreased root colonization rate and altered AMF community composition, but with no significant effect on AMF richness. At plant community level, plant species richness and AMF colonization rate decreased with nitrogen addition. Plant species increasing in abundance after nitrogen addition were those with higher AMF colonization rates in natural conditions, resulting in an increased indirect effect induced by alternation in plant community composition with nitrogen addition, whereas the direct effect was negative and decreased with nitrogen addition. Overall, we illustrated the effect of nitrogen addition and plant species in influencing the AMF diversity, and demonstrated how shifts in plant community composition (indirect effect) weakened the negative direct effect of nitrogen addition on community-level AMF colonization rate, and emphasized the importance of plant community-mediated mechanisms in regulating ecosystem functions.
Data from: Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on aboveground tri-trophic interactions are contingent upon plant genetic effects of cross type in the perennial herb Ruellia nudiflora
1.- Recent work has improved our understanding of the linkages between above- and below-ground interactions mediated by plants. However, relatively few of the studies conducted thus far have focused on muli-trophic interactions (i.e. beyond two trophic levels) and the influence of plant genetic intra-specific variation on these dynamics has rarely been addressed. 2.- We tested the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on above-ground tri-trophic interactions associated with the canopy of the perennial herb <i></i>Ruellia nudiflora<i></i>, and further determined whether genetic effects due to cross type (i.e. wether a plant originated from from self- or cross-pollination) influenced these interactions. 3.- We propagated plants originating from self- or cross-pollination, and within each category inoculated half of the plants with AMF. We subsequently established a common garden where plants were exposed to naturally occurring seed-eating caterpillars and their parasitoids. We measured plant growth, fruit output, calculated the proportion of attacked fruits by the caterpillar and the proportion of parasitized caterpillars, and also estimated the proportion of "rescued" seeds by parasitoids representing an indirect positive effect of the third trophic level on the plant by reducing caterpillar consumption. 4.- AMF drove 18% and 15% increases in plant growth and fruit output respectively, and drove a 25% reduction in caterpillar fruit attack, but did not influence parasitism or parasitoid seed "rescue". In contrast, cross type did not influence growth, fruit number, herbivore attack, parasitism, or seed rescue. More importantly, however, we found a significant AMF by cross type interaction on caterpillar attack where AMF significantly reduced fruit attack (by 30%) in progeny from cross-pollination but did not influence herbivory in progeny from self-pollination. 5.- Synthesis. Results indicate that AMF effects on above-ground interactions are contingent upon plant intra-specific variation originating from cross type, which is likely a common source of variation in associated interactions for plants with mixed mating systems. Further studies examining plant-mediated below- and aboveground interactions should consider the influence of specific sources of plant genetic variation, as well as address the consequences of such dynamics for interactions beyond two trophic levels.
FIGURES 1–9. Acaulospora fanjing spores. 1. Intact spores. 2. Crushed spore. 3–6 in Acaulospora fanjing (Glomeromycota), a new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from Fanjingshan in China
FIGURES 1–9. Acaulospora fanjing spores. 1. Intact spores. 2. Crushed spore. 3–6. Spore wall layers (SW+MW+IW), SWL1 smooth, hyaline and evanescent and completely shed; SWL2 and SWL3 laminate and similar color, in some spores the boundaries between layers are difficult to distinguish; Middle wall (MWLl–MWL2) hyaline, semiflexible bilayered tightly adherent; Inner wall (IWL1–IWL3) hyaline, consists of three layers. Note: MW and IW are easily separated in PVLG and IWL2 shows a pale pink reaction to Melzer's reagent. 7–8. Cicatrix circular to subcircular, slightly raised collar. 9. Mycorrhizal structures of A.fanjing in roots of Trifolium repens stained in 0.1% Trypan blue: hyphae (H) and vesicles (V). 3, 4, 6. In Melzer's. 5. In PVLG+Melzer's reagent.
Figure 10 in Acaulospora fanjing (Glomeromycota), a new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from Fanjingshan in China
Figure 10. MrBayes and RAxML phylogram inferred from SSU-ITS-LSU sequence data. The Bayesian Analysis (BA) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) trees show the same phylogenetic topology, with A.fanjing as a new species that belongs to the genus Acaulospora. The tree is rooted with Claroideoglomus claroideum. Posterior probalities (>0.50) and maximum likelihood support values (>50) are showed on each branch (PP/MP). The new species is in bold.
Data from: Negative effects of phosphorus addition override positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on grassland temporal stability
<p>The temporal stability of a plant community in a native grassland ecosystem is affected substantially by soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment. However, the interactions between N and P inputs and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their effects on the temporal stability of plant productivity have not yet been clarified. In this study, we combined a three-year <em>in situ</em> field experiment with a worldwide meta-analysis to assess the effects of soil fertilisation and AMF on the temporal stability of plant productivity. The addition of P decreased the stability of plant productivity as the standard deviation of plant productivity was increased directly and the temporal stability of C<sub>3</sub> grasses was decreased. However, there was no relationship between species richness and the stability, and of plant productivity, rather the stability of the dominant functional group and asynchrony among functional groups were the main drivers changing the stability of change in plant productivity. In both the site-specific experimental data analysis and worldwide meta-analysis, the negative effects of P addition overrode the positive effects of AMF on the temporal stability of plant communities. Overall, our study highlights the importance of soil nutrient availability over AMF in terms of shaping the temporal stability of a plant community. Our results also suggest that anthropogenic soil nutrient enrichment might reduce the temporal stability of plant communities in grassland environments regardless of the existence of AMF.</p>
Dataset associated with: Increasing presence of non-native plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during a 10-year survey along subarctic mountains roads
<p>Roads in cold climate mountains are known to be important vectors in the introduction and spread of non-native plant species. In the same context, mycorrhizal fungi communities are also altered by roads with a known positive effect on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi diversity and abundance in disturbed roadsides. However, to what degree these two effects of roads are intertwined and how they are evolving over time is not well understood. In this study we conducted repeated surveys of non-native plants and AM fungi between 2012 and 2022, in the northern Scandes mountains to investigate temporal changes and interactions between roads, mycorrhizal fungi, and non-native plants. We found that the upward spread of non-native plants and lateral spread away from the roadside into the natural vegetation were so far extremely limited, with only two out of 23 non-native species showing an increase in their upper elevational limit. However, non-native plant species cover did increase over the ten year period, especially at lower elevations, and non-native richness increased from 17 to 23 species. Likewise, we saw an increase in AM fungal abundance over the last four years along the roadsides at lower elevations. Furthermore, our results suggest that increases in non-native species are unlikely to be the driving cause of the observed increase in AM fungal abundance, as AM fungi colonization varied independently of non-native species cover dynamics. </p> <p>This is the associated datasets and R-code. Check out the ReadMe.txt-file for information on the different files.</p>
Data for: Implications of plant N/P stoichiometry influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for stability of plant species and community in response to nutrient limitation
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) influence plant nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) by modifying plant N and P uptake, which further affects plant stoichiometric N/P homeostasis. Plant species and community stoichiometric N/P homeostasis can impact plant species and community stability, respectively, in response to variations of soil N and P availabilities. We investigated interspecific plant interactions via AMF in regard to plant and soil microbial N/P stoichiometry across different soil N and P availabilities induced by N and P addition (0 mg N kg<sup>-1</sup>, 25 mg N kg<sup>-1</sup>, 50 mg N kg<sup>-1</sup>, 30 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup>, and 100 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup>). We selected one dominant (<em>Bothriochloa ischaemum</em>; C4 grass) and one subordinate (<em>Lespedeza davurica</em>; legume) species in a natural grassland climax community. We examined how AMF influences stoichiometric N/P homeostasis in monoculture and mixed culture systems, and the resulting consequences for temporal stability of plant species and community in response to variations in soil N and P availability.</p> <p>The AMF mitigated the P limitation of soil microbial communities and decreased the degree of stoichiometric N/P homeostasis of host plants in monoculture. Through their resource-scavenging and soil organic matter mineralisation functions, AMF enhances plant 'luxury consumption', promoting species stability in monoculture in response to soil N and P availability variations. Compared with plants in monoculture, the interaction between <em>B. ischaemum</em> and <em>L. davurica</em> via AMF increased shoot N/P under soil N-poor conditions, leading to an enhanced degree of stoichiometric N/P homeostasis in both plant species, especially the legume.</p> <p>Our results suggest that interspecific plant interaction between C4 grass and legume mediated by AMF confers an advantage in complementarity in plant N acquisition under N-poor conditions, leading to increased stability of plant communities and better maintenance of subordinate species (legume) in response to soil N deficiency.</p>
Data from: Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on aboveground tri-trophic interactions are contingent upon plant genetic effects of cross type in the perennial herb Ruellia nudiflora
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