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FIGURE 2 in Redescription of Allobates brunneus (Cope) 1887 (Anura: Aromobatidae: Allobatinae), with a description of the tadpole, call, and reproductive behavior

FIGURE 2. Dorsal views of males (A, B, and C) and females (D and E), showing variation in the dorsal patterns. (F) Ventral views of female (left) and male (right) in life showing the white throat in the female and the yellow throat in the male. (Photographs by A.P. Lima)

FIGURE 1 in Redescription of Allobates brunneus (Cope) 1887 (Anura: Aromobatidae: Allobatinae), with a description of the tadpole, call, and reproductive behavior

FIGURE 1. Dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) view of male Allobates brunneus, INPA-H 10139; and dorsal (D), ventral (E), and lateral (F) view of female INPA-H 10119 in preservative.

FIGURE 4 in Redescription of Allobates brunneus (Cope) 1887 (Anura: Aromobatidae: Allobatinae), with a description of the tadpole, call, and reproductive behavior

FIGURE 4. Waveform and spectrogram of one series of advertisement calls showing pulsed calls in groups (A) and continuous calls (B) of the advertisement call of Allobates brunneus (INPA-H 10). Indistinct harmonics can be seen in both types of calls.

FIGURE 7 in Redescription of Allobates brunneus (Cope) 1887 (Anura: Aromobatidae: Allobatinae), with a description of the tadpole, call, and reproductive behavior

FIGURE 7. Deposition sites of eggs of Allobates brunneus: (A and B) clutches on upper surfaces of leaves of herbaceous vegetation, (C) tadpoles in stage 25 on upper surface of a leaf, and (D) clutch in rolled dead leaves on the ground.

FIGURE 9 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 9. (A), (B) and (C) Dorsolateral color pattern of three specimens of Allobates femoralis photographed near Barranquita (6.2653°S, 76.0434°W), 36 km from Allobates femoralis type locality in Yurimaguas, Loreto, Peru. (D) Ventral view of same individual B, showing exclusively black and white color patterning on belly and ventral surface of thighs. Photos are courtesy of Jason L. Brown.

FIGURE 7 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 7. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree reconstructed from unique haplotypes of a 518 b.p. fragment of the mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA of Allobates femoralis and Allobates hodli sp. nov. sampled in 13 localities in Brazilian Amazon. Data set included reference sequences from Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Suriname and other localities in Brazil obtained from GenBank. (A) Phylogenetic position of the clade including A. hodli sp. nov. and A. femoralis in relation to outgroups supports Allobates zaparo as their sister group. Clade labels represent support values from 5000 bootstrap replicates (only values above 50 are shown). (B) Relative phylogenetic placement of clades within the ingroup. Sample oscillograms and sonograms of advertisement calls from populations within clades display natural variation in number of notes. A. hodli is closely related to populations of A. femoralis from the southern Brazilian state of Acre (clade Acre 01), which present a four-note advertisement call and color pattern characteristic of A. femoralis. Both form the sister group to samples from northwestern Acre and from the Madre de Dios River basin (clade Acre 02). The basal clade containing A. hodli and Acre 01 and Acre 02 clades is the sister group to a basal clade containing A. femoralis sensu stricto (placed in the weakly supported clade femo 04) and the other reference sequences from populations referred to as A. femoralis (clades femo 01, femo 02, femo 03, femo 04). Samples from Ecuador form a divergent and well supported clade, with advertisement calls formed by a single note. Individuals from Panguana (placed in clade femo 04) present a distinctive 3- note advertisement call (not shown). All remaining populations have advertisement calls constituted by four notes. Calls from Yasuní, Ecuador, published by Read (2000). Calls from Pongo de Cainarachi, Peru (about 45 km south from A. femoralis type-locality in Yurimaguas) provided by Jason L. Brown. (C) Corresponding values on axes of oscillograms and sonograms of advertisement call samples.

FIGURE 8 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 8. Advertisement calls of Allobates femoralis recorded in (A) Chazuta (6.5419°S, 76.1083°W) and (B) Pongo de Cainarachi (6.2974°S, 76.2343°W), both localities in San Martin, south of A. femoralis type-locality in Yurimaguas. In both sites, calls are constituted by groups of four frequency-modulated notes. Sounds appearing with peak frequency at approximately 4.0 kHz in B are background noise. Recordings are courtesy of Jason L. Brown.

FIGURE 6 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 6. The advertisement calls of Allobates hodli are constituted by trills of two notes repeated in series. (A) Waveform and sonogram of advertisement calls of A. hodli holotype (INPA–H 16555) recorded at Cachoeira do Jirau, Rondônia, at 07:55 h., in November 2004, air temperature 25.3°C, scaled to evidence ascending frequency modulation of notes. (B) Advertisement call of holotype in a larger scale, evidencing continuous repetition of two-note calls. (C) Advertisement call of an A. hodli male paratype (SVL = 24.62 mm) from Abunã, Rondônia, recorded at 24.7°C. (D) Courtship call of one A. hodli male (INPA-H 16553, SVL = 23.84 mm) recorded at type locality at 09:00 h, in November 2004, air temperature 26.3°C.

FIGURE 3 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 3. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views of Allobates hodli holotype (INPA-H 16555), a male collected at Cachoeira do Jirau in November, 2004. This individual lacks the disgestive tract and liver, removed for diet and genetic analyses respectively. (C) and (D) Hand and foot of A. hodli holotype.

FIGURE 2 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 2. Color in life of Allobates hodli sp. nov. (A) Lateral view of and adult male from Abunã, in Rondônia. (B) Dorsal view of a male from Cachoeira do Jirau, Rondônia. (C) Ventral view of an adult male from Fazenda Catuaba, in Acre, photographed through a transparent plastic bag. Note bright reddish–orange color of posterior abdomen and ventral surface of legs. (D) Ventral view of a male (left) and a female (right) from Cachoeira do Jirau. (E) Dorsolateral view of a male from Cachoeira do Jirau. Note irregular reddish-orange and black blotches and spots on dorsal surface of thighs and bright yellow flash marks on upper arms. (E) Juvenile from Abunã, photographed in laboratory after completion of metamorphosis. Photos A–C taken under natural light conditions. Photos A, B, D and E taken in July 2004; C in January 2003; A–E by Walter Hödl. F taken in February 2005 by A.P. Lima.

FIGURE 1 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 1. Relative location and denomination of (A) sampling sites in the Brazilian States of Acre and Rondônia, and (B) sampling sites and locations from where Allobates femoralis 16S rRNA mtDNA reference sequences were available in the Amazon Basin (shaded in paler gray). Yellow dots represent the distribution of Allobates hodli sp. nov. Lightgreen, dark-green, and black dots represent localities of samples referred to as A. femoralis, including two sites (5 and 9) where A. hodli reaches contact zones with these populations. Dot colors stand for major lineages recovered by phylogenetic analysis of a partial sequence of the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene (see text and Fig. 7). Site 20, Yurimaguas, is considered the closest to A. femoralis type locality.

FIGURE 4 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 4. (A) Dorsal view of preserved Allobates hodli tadpole in developmental stage 36 collected at Abunã, on the left bank of the upper Madeira River, in Rondônia, Brazil, on January 2005 (INPA-H 23693). (B) and (C) Ventral and lateral views of the same tadpole, respectively.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Allobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Paleovárzea Forest in Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 5. Preserved males of Allobates paleovarzensis showing variation in ventral coloration. Bellies are typically light but chests and vocal sacs vary from very light to dark gray. (Photograph by A.P. Lima)

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Allobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Paleovárzea Forest in Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 8. (A) and (B) Views of oral disc of stage 39 tadpoles of Allobates paleovarzensis from lot INPA-H 20916. (A) shows the configuration of the marginal papillae, and (B) shows the presence of labial tooth row P-3, which is missing in (A). Dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of a stage 38 tadpole of Allobates paleovarzensis in life from lot INPA-H 20915. (Photographs by A.P. Lima)

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Allobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Paleovárzea Forest in Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) views of holotype of Allobates paleovarzensis, INPA-H 20904; and dorsal (D), ventral (E), and lateral (F) views of female INPA-H 20874 in preservative. (Photographs by A.P. Lima)

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Allobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Paleovárzea Forest in Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 7. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views of a stage 39 tadpole of Allobates paleovarzensis in preservative from lot INPA-H 20916. (Photographs by A.P. Lima)

FIGURE 9 in A new species of Allobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Paleovárzea Forest in Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 9. (A) Male and female Allobates paleovarzensis in cephalic amplexus; (B) female laying eggs on the oviposition site selected by the male; (C) male sitting on and presumably depositing sperm on newly deposited clutch in a dead leaf on the ground; (D) Developing clutch showing the opaque gelatinous capsules of the eggs. (Photographs by A.P. Lima)

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Allobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Paleovárzea Forest in Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of holotype of Allobates paleovarzensis in life. Dorsal views of two other males (C and E) and a female (F) showing variation in the dorsal patterns. (D) Ventral views of female (left) and male (right) in life showing the yellowish throat in the female and the violet throat and chest in the male. (Photographs by A.P. Lima)

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Allobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Paleovárzea Forest in Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 4. Preserved males of Allobates paleovarzensis showing variation in the dorsal pattern from dark brown head and back to dark brown head changing to light brown back; none of the specimens has dorsal markings. All specimens have a dorsolateral stripe that begins behind the eye in some specimens but on the snout in others. All specimens have a half-moon-shaped paracloacal mark. (Photograph by A.P. Lima)

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Allobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) from Paleovárzea Forest in Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 6. Waveform and spectrogram of the advertisement call of Allobates paleovarzensis showing three calls with 21, 9, and 17 notes, respectively. Distinct harmonics can be seen in all calls.