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FIGURE 4. Petrocephalus zakoni n in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 4. Petrocephalus zakoni n. sp. of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of the preserved holotype (CU 88101; scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 5. Petrocephalus valentini n in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 5. Petrocephalus valentini n. sp. of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of the preserved holotype (CU 88117; scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 12 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 12. Petrocephalus grandoculis of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of a preserved specimen (scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveform. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from the only individual of this species recorded in Odzala, an obvious male. The EOD is shown here head-positive up (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 14 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 14. Historical illustrations of Petrocephalus species described from Congo or Lower Guinea that occur in Odzala. The drawings were reproduced from the following sources: Petrocephalus binotatus from Pellegrin (1928); Petrocephalus balayi from Boulenger (1909–1916); Petrocephalus microphthalmus from Poll (1967); Petrocephalus christyi from Boulenger (1920); Petrocephalus sauvagii from Boulenger (1909–1916); and Petrocephalus grandoculis from Boulenger (1920).

FIGURE 10 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 10. Petrocephalus sauvagii of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of a preserved specimen (scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 6 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 6. Petrocephalus balayi of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of a preserved specimen (scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each of two recorded individuals, and they were superimposed together. Both EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as an overlay centered on the largest positive peak (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 3 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 3. Petrocephalus binotatus of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale: the photo has been maximally enlarged to better illustrate details of body shape, melanin patterning, etc.). B. Photograph of a preserved specimen (scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms displayed separately for obvious males and other individuals (see text). One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals, given separately for obvious males and all other individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 8. Petrocephalus odzalaensis n in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 8. Petrocephalus odzalaensis n. sp. of the Lékoli River system of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. A. Photograph of a live specimen (no scale). B. Photograph of the preserved holotype (CU 88048; scale bar = 1.0 cm). C. EOD waveforms. One EOD was arbitrarily selected from each recorded individual and superimposed with the other recordings (N = number of individuals). All EODs are scaled to the same peak-to-peak voltage, and they are plotted (head-positive up) on the same time scale as overlays centered on the largest positive peak of each waveform (scale bar = 0.2 msec).

FIGURE 2 in African weakly electric fishes of the genus Petrocephalus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) of Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo (Lékoli River, Congo River basin) with description of five new species

FIGURE 2. Knollenorgan rosettes depicted on a schematic drawing of the head of a specimen of Petrocephalus pulsivertens n. sp. Dense clusters of Knollenorgan electroreceptors on the heads of this and several other Petrocephalus species were described by Harder (1968) as the "Augenrosette," "Nackenrosette" and "Kehlrosette," depending on their position on the head. Each black point represents a single Knollenorgan electroreceptor. Several isolated Knollenorgans occur outside these three rosettes (in this individual of P. pulsivertens), but they are not indicated in the drawing for clarity.

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FIGURE 1 in A new species of Petrocephalus Marcusen 1854 (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Sanaga River basin, Cameroon

FIGURE 1. Map of the hydrographic system of Cameroon (top-left inset showing the location of Cameroon in Africa). The Sanaga River basin is highlighted with deep grey lines. The boundaries among the faunal regions are indicated with black dashed lines. The filled black circle indicates the type locality of Petrocephalus similis n. sp. and the open circle indicates the second known locality.

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FIGURE 2. Petrocephalus similis n in A new species of Petrocephalus Marcusen 1854 (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Sanaga River basin, Cameroon

FIGURE 2. Petrocephalus similis n. sp. from Djerem River near the village of Mbakaou, Adamoua province, Cameroon. A. Photograph of a live specimen ~100 mm SL showing coloration in life (CU 93219), photo by Duncan T Reid. B. Photograph of the preserved holotype (CU 95318, scale bar = 1.0 cm), photo by John P. Sullivan. C. Photograph of a preserved paratype (MNHN 1978-0720), photo by Claude Ferrara.

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FIGURE 3 in A new species of Petrocephalus Marcusen 1854 (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Sanaga River basin, Cameroon

FIGURE 3. Petrocephalus phylogenetic tree (18 species, 56 haplotypes, 66 specimens) estimated by maximum likelihood using complete cytochrome b sequences (see text for details on the tree reconstruction method). Cytochrome b sequences of Gnathonemus petersii, Mormyrops nigricans and Myomyrus macrops were used to root the tree. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap proportions represented as percentages. Bootstrap proportions are not shown for intraspecific relationships. The position of Petrocephalus similis n. sp. is indicated within grey ovoid. Scale bar corresponds to 0.04 substitutions per site. Specimen origins are indicated after their species names.

FIGURE 2 in Descriptions of three new species of Marcusenius Gill, 1862 (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from South Africa and Mozambique

FIGURE 2. Photographs and radiographs of preserved specimens of four species of Marcusenius: (a1 and a2) M. pongolensis, SAIAB 188296, 165 mm SL, male, Pongola River; (b1 and b2) M. krameri, SAIAB 188295, 116.2 mm, male, holotype, Mogalakwena River; (c1 and c2) M. caudisquamatus, SAIAB 88684, 166 mm SL, male, holotype, Mhlatuze River; and (d1 and d2) M. lucombesi, SAIAB 73884, 74.0 mm SL, male, holotype, Lucombe River.

FIGURE 4 in Descriptions of three new species of Marcusenius Gill, 1862 (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from South Africa and Mozambique

FIGURE 4. Maximum likelihood phylogram (lnL = 2537.87) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from the present study and GenBank using Marcusenius stanleyanus and Campylomormyrus compressirostris as outgroups. Values above the branches are bootstrap support based on 10 000 parsimony bootstrap replicates. Locality names, and SAIAB and Genbank accession numbers are indicated for each species individually.

FIGURE 5 in Descriptions of three new species of Marcusenius Gill, 1862 (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from South Africa and Mozambique

FIGURE 5. Principal components analysis showing differentiation (a) between species of Marcusenius pongolensis (black dot), M. krameri (Pink diamond), M. caudisquamatus (Red triangles), and M. lucombesi (Blue squares); and (b) within M. pongolensis of different South African Systems.

FIGURE 1 in Descriptions of three new species of Marcusenius Gill, 1862 (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from South Africa and Mozambique

FIGURE 1. (b) Map of northern Mozambique showing the distribution of M. lucombesi (blue squares) with streams indicated by broken lines. Names of major river systems are indicated in italics.

FIGURE 1 in Descriptions of three new species of Marcusenius Gill, 1862 (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from South Africa and Mozambique

FIGURE 1. (a) Map of South Africa showing collection sites of Marcusenius pongolensis (black dots), M. krameri (pink diamonds) and M. caudisquamatus (red triangles). Names of major river systems are indicated in italics.

FIGURE 3 in Descriptions of three new species of Marcusenius Gill, 1862 (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from South Africa and Mozambique

FIGURE 3. Morphological measurements for Marcusenius species used in the present study. Character definitions are given in Table 1. Illustration adopted from Boden et al. (1997).

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FIGURE 4. A in Petrocephalus leo, a new species of African electric fish (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Oubangui River basin (Congo basin)

FIGURE 4. A) The 13 parsimony-informative positions from the cytochrome b sequences of seven specimens of Petrocephalus zakoni from three Congolese ecoregions: the Sangha Ecoregion (at the Odzala-Kokua National Park); the Cuvette Centrale Ecoregion (at Yangambi); and Sudanic Congo-Oubangui Ecoregion (at Ouaka and Oubangui Rivers) and two specimens of Petrocephalus leo sp. nov. from the Kotto River (Sudanic Congo-Oubangui region). The base at each cytochrome b position is indicated. B) The most parsimonious tree of Petrocephalus zakoni and Petrocephalus leo cytochrome b haplotypes with branch lengths proportional to the number of substitutions (scale = one change). Tree rooted at the midpoint. C) The most parsimonious tree of Petrocephalus zakoni and Petrocephalus leo S7 first introns; only nucleotide indels (and their positions) are mapped: triangles indicate deletions and inverted triangles indicate insertions; tree rooted with Petrocephalus bovei sequence from Genbank.