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232 results for “Phytochemicals”
From the leaf to the community: distinct dimensions of phytochemical diversity shape plant-insect interactions within and among individual plants
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Data from: Phenolics lie at the center of functional versatility in the responses of two phytochemically diverse tropical trees to canopy thinning
Saplings in the shade of the tropical understorey face the challenge of acquiring sufficient carbon for growth as well as defence against intense pest pressure. A minor increase in light availability via canopy thinning may allow for increased investment in chemical defence against pests, but it may also necessitate additional biochemical investment to prevent light-induced oxidative stress. The shifts in secondary metabolite composition that increased sun exposure may precipitate in such tree species present an ideal milieu for evaluating the potential of a single suite of phenolic secondary metabolites to be used in mitigating both abiotic and biotic stressors. To conduct such an evaluation, we exposed saplings of two unrelated species to a range of light environments and compared changes in their foliar secondary metabolome alongside corresponding changes in the abiotic and biotic activity of their secondary metabolite suites. Among the numerous classes of secondary metabolites found in both species, phenolics accounted for the majority of increases in antioxidant and UV-absorbing properties as well as activity against an invertebrate herbivore and a fungal pathogen. Our results support the hypothesis that phenolics contribute to the capacity of plants to resist co-occurring abiotic and biotic stressors in resource-limited conditions.
Data from: The simultaneous inducibility of phytochemicals related to plant direct and indirect defences against herbivores is stronger at low elevation
Ecological theory indicates that warmer and more stable climates should result in stronger biotic interactions. Therefore, plant species growing at lower elevations and experiencing greater herbivore pressure, should invest in higher levels of defences than those at higher elevations. Nonetheless, there are a number of studies that have found no effect of elevational gradients on plant defensive traits. Several factors might explain the lack of consistency for the altitude-defence relationships; including 1) the reduction of all defensive traits into one measure of resistance; 2) not considering plant defence as the simultaneous expression of several defensive traits; and 3) not considering the relative influence of biotic (e.g. herbivory) and abiotic (e.g. climate and soil conditions) factors associated with the ecological gradient. Here, we present a comprehensive test of the effects of elevation and its associated biotic and abiotic factors on the individual and simultaneous expression of constitutive direct and indirect defences and their inducibility (i.e. expression of defences after herbivore attack). Specifically, we estimated climatic and soil variables and measured herbivore damage and constitutive and jasmonic acid-induced glucosinolate levels in the leaves as a proxy for direct defences, and volatile emission as a proxy for indirect defences in 16 Cardamine species naturally growing along the steep elevational gradient of the Alps. Within a phylogenetic comparative framework, we found that species growing at lower elevations invested more in the simultaneous inducibility of both direct and indirect defences, whereas species growing at higher elevations invested more in constitutive direct defences. Although we found strong elevation gradients in herbivory and climatic and soil variables, these biotic and abiotic factors only partially explained elevational patterns in plant defences. Synthesis - These results highlight that the complex regulation of multiple defence traits strongly vary across elevational gradients and build towards a better understanding of the multiple mechanisms underlying trait evolution and species interactions along ecological gradients.
Aphid-induced phytochemicals in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss. afflicting host preference and bionomics of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)
<p>Bionomics of an insect and metabolic flux of the host plant are important tools to decipher the status of plant resistance against insect species. This study illuminates vital information on aphid-induced levels of phytochemicals in the siliquae<em> </em>of <em>Brassica juncea</em> cultivars and their effect on host selection and population growth parameters of <em>Lipaphis erysimi</em>. The current study unveiled that the siliquae preference, intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), gross reproductive rate (GRR) and net reproductive rate (R0) were significantly lower on Pusa Mustard 27, DRMR 150-35, RLC 3, NRCHB 101, Pusa Mustard 26 and Pusa Mustard 25. However, mean generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) of <em>L. erysimi</em> were significantly longer (P<0.001) in these genotypes. These cultivars were also found with elevated levels of aphid-induced phytochemicals and their associated enzymes, except in a few cases. Total antioxidants, FRAP, chlorophyll A, total chlorophyll, AO, catalase, PAL and myrosinase were found to contribute 49.18 to 85.30% variation for siliquae preference and bionomics of <em>L. erysimi</em> on the test <em>B. juncea</em> cultivars. The study revealed that phenols, antioxidants, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, total carotenoids, AO, APX, PAL, TAL and myrosinase had significant and negative direct consequences on the siliquae preference and bionomics, thus can be exploited as biochemical markers to identify sources of resistance against <em>L. erysimi</em>. Further, DRMR 150-35, NRCHB 101, RLC 3, Pusa mustard 26, RH 749, and Pusa Mustard 27 were found with greater aphid-induced defence phytochemicals and detrimental effects on the host selection and bionomics of <em>L. erysimi</em>, thus can be deployed in <em>Brassica</em> improvement program.</p>
Fig. 1 in Phytochemical genomics of the Madagascar periwinkle: Unravelling the last twists of the alkaloid engine
Fig. 1. Overview of the MIA biosynthetic pathway highlighting the preferential distribution of MIAs within Catharanthus roseus.
Fig. 2 in Phytochemical genomics of the Madagascar periwinkle: Unravelling the last twists of the alkaloid engine
Fig. 2. Model for the alkaloid plant cell factories in Catharanthus roseus leaves. The biosynthesis of MIAs sequentially involves internal phloem associated parenchyma (IPAP) cells, pavimentous epidermal cells (upper and lower) and specialized cells (laticifers and idioblasts). The biosynthetic pathway leading to vindoline is shown in the margins of the leaf diagram. Known single enzymatic steps in each cell type are indicated by grey arrows and abbreviation of enzyme names. Broken grey arrows indicate unknown enzymatic steps. No specific cellular localization for NMT has been determined. A DNA helix is shown besides proteins encoded by genes characterized by exploiting C. roseus transcriptomic resources. In the leaf diagram, dashed arrows indicate conversion of pyruvate (A) and GAP (B) to loganic acid (C) in IPAP cells; conversion of loganic acid (C) to 16-methoxy-tabersonine (D) in epidermis (for simplification, only the conversion in the upper epidermis is shown) and conversion of desacetoxyvindoline (E) to vindoline (F) in laticifers and idioblasts. The blue arrows indicate intercellular metabolite translocation for loganic acid (C) and secretion to the leaf surface for catharantine. Broken blue arrows indicate that the translocated metabolite is uncharacterized/unknown. DXS, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) synthase; DXR, DXP reductoisomerase; CMS, 4- (cytidine 50-diphospho)-2C-methyl-D-erythritol (CM) synthase; CMK, CM kinase; MECS, 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEC) synthase; HDS, hydroxymethylbutenyl 4-diphosphate (HD) synthase; HDR, HD reductase; IDI, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase; GPPS, geranyl diphosphate synthase; GES, geraniol synthase; G10H (CYP76B6), geraniol 10-hydroxylase; CPR, cytochrome P450-reductase; 10HGO, 10-hydroxygeraniol oxidoreductase; IS, iridoid synthase; 7DLGT, 7-deoxyloganetic acid glucosyltransferase; 7DLH, 7-deoxyloganic acid hydroxylase; LAMT, loganic acid O-methyltransferase; SLS (CYP72A1), secologanin synthase; TDC, tryptophan decarboxylase; STR, strictosidine synthase; SGD, strictosidine b-glucosidase; T16H2 (CYP71D351), tabersonine 16-hydroxylase 2; 16OMT, 16-hydroxytabersonine O-methyltransferase; TPT2, catharanthine transporter from pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) family of ABC transporters; D4H, desacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase; DAT, deacetylvindoline 4-Oacetyltransferase. DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 4 in Phytochemical genomics of the Madagascar periwinkle: Unravelling the last twists of the alkaloid engine
Fig. 4. Virus-induced gene silencing monitored in C. roseus by targeting phytoene desaturase (PDS). (A) Control plant. (B) Photobleaching phenoptype of upper leaves as a marker of PDS silenced tissues in plant co-infiltrated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 containing pTRV1 and pTRV2-PDS (T-DNA vectors carrying, respectively RNA1 and RNA2 TRV genome) (S. Besseau and V. Courdavault, personal data). Seedlings were grown at 28 °C and transferred at 21 °C after transformation to improve VIGS efficiency as suggested by Sung et al. (2014).
Fig. 3 in Phytochemical genomics of the Madagascar periwinkle: Unravelling the last twists of the alkaloid engine
Fig. 3. The use of high-throughput transcriptomic data for discovery of MIA biosynthetic genes. Two non-exclusive strategies may be used: orthology comparison with other species (left panel) and clustering of gene expression (right panel). The former approach requires transcriptomic data from candidate species with specific alkaloid metabolisms (e.g. secologanin (11)-producing (purple inset) and non secologanin (11)-producing (blue inset) species). Such data are available from the MPGR and PhytoMetaSyn projects. A first orthology comparison using the OrthoMCL algorithm (Li et al., 2003) could help identify conserved genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of common precursors in MIA-producing species (Camptotheca acuminata, Rauwolfia serpentina, C. roseus) but also specific enzymatic activities dedicated to the synthesis of particular alkaloids, such as the C. roseus specific genes. A second orthology analysis can be further performed on the set of conserved genes found in the MIAproducing species to isolate candidates from the secoiridoid pathway by comparing with transcriptomic data from non secologanin (11)-producing enzymes. The second strategy relies on transcriptome analyses from diverse experimental conditions to construct a reference transcriptome which will be used to estimate the abundance of each transcript in each condition in order to cluster genes according to their expression levels. The more experimental conditions are available, the more the clustering analysis will be efficient to group co-regulated genes. Note that this reference transcriptome could also serve to the orthology analysis depicted in the left panel, and also to verify expression levels of candidate genes resulting from this kind of approach. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Supplementary material 1 from: Kotov S, Gontova T, Kononenko N, Chernyavski E, Chikitkina V (2022) Phytochemical analysis and anti-allergic activity of a combined herbal medicine based on bur-marigold, calendula and hawthorn. Pharmacia 69(1): 237-247. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e77624
HPLC results for dry extracts of the bur-marigold herb, calendula flowers, hawthorn leafand flowers and combined extract
Fig. 5 in Molecular and phytochemical systematics of the subtribe Hypochaeridinae (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)
Fig. 5 Overview of the distribution of hypocretenolides within the phylogenetic context of the Hypochaeridinae
Fig. 3 in Molecular and phytochemical systematics of the subtribe Hypochaeridinae (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)
Fig. 3 Overview of the distribution of caffeoyl tartaric acid derivatives within the phylogenetic context of the Hypochaeridinae
FIGURE 11 in A new infrageneric classification for Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) based on morphological, phytochemical and molecular evidence
FIGURE 11. Distribution map of species from Amorimia subg. Uncinae R.F.Almeida: ●—A. septentrionalis; ○—A. amazonica; ▲—A. pubiflora; Δ—A. tumida; ■—A. kariniana; □—A. camporum; *—A. concinna. South American phytogeographical domains: Amazon rainforest—light green, Chaco/Pantanal—yellow, cerrado—orange, caatinga—white, Atlantic Forest—dark green, and Pampas—blue.
FIGURE 5 in A new infrageneric classification for Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) based on morphological, phytochemical and molecular evidence
FIGURE 5. Reconstruction of morphological characters (texture of lateral wings, size of dorsal wing, shape of dorsal wing, conation of lateral wings, shape of lateral wings, and seed texture) on the Bayesian tree (Fig. 3).
FIGURE 6 in A new infrageneric classification for Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) based on morphological, phytochemical and molecular evidence
FIGURE 6. Reconstruction of morphological characters (shape of the apex of reduced leaves in the inflorescence, shape of bracteoles, shape of sepal apex, posture of the sepal apex, adaxial indumentum of sepals and posture of sepals) on the Bayesian tree (Fig. 3).
FIGURE 10 in A new infrageneric classification for Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) based on morphological, phytochemical and molecular evidence
FIGURE 10. Distribution map of species from Amorimia subg. Amorimia: ●—A. exotropica; ○—A. rigida; ▲—A. coriacea; Δ—A. candidae; ■—A. velutina; □—A. maritima; *—A. pellegrinii; A—A. andersonii. South American phytogeographical domains: Amazon rainforest—light green, Chaco/Pantanal—yellow, cerrado—orange, caatinga—white, Atlantic Forest—dark green, and Pampas—blue.
FIGURE 1 in A new infrageneric classification for Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) based on morphological, phytochemical and molecular evidence
FIGURE 1. Some species of Amorimia sampled in this study. A. Amorimia amazonica (photograph by D. Daly). B. Amorimia andersonii (photograph by A.M.A. Amorim). C. Amorimia candidae (photograph by R.F. Almeida). D. Amorimia coriacea (photograph by M.O.O. Pellegrini). E. Amorimia exotropica (photograph by A. Gava). F. Amorimia maritima (photograph by F. Flores). G. Amorimia pellegrinii (photograph by R.F. Almeida). H. Amorimia pubiflora (photograph by E. Moleta) I. Amorimia rigida (photograph by R.F. Almeida). J. Amorimia septentrionalis (photograph by M.O.O. Pellegrini). K. Amorimia tumida (photograph by M.N. Coelho). L. Amorimia velutina (photograph by L.C. Marinho).
FIGURE 9 in A new infrageneric classification for Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) based on morphological, phytochemical and molecular evidence
FIGURE 9. Synapomorphies of Amorimia (clade A): bracts glandular, petals pubescent on both sides, samaras with the two lateral wings larger than the dorsal wing and presence of monofluoracetate. Synapomorphies of Amorimia subg. Uncinae (clade B): sepals acute at apex and glabrous abaxially, elaiophores green turning yellow, petals yellow never turning orange or red with age and cuneate at base, styles uncinate at apex and pollen grains spherical. Synapomorphies of Amorimia subg. Amorimia (clade C): sepals rounded at apex and pubescent abaxially, elaiophores yellow turning red to ochre, petals yellow turning orange to red with age and truncate at base, styles truncate at apex and pollen grains polygonal. Synapomorphies of Mascagnia: elaiophores pink turning ochre with age, petals keeled and samaras with lateral wings larger than dorsal wing, and fused into an orbicular wing. Synapomorphies of Ectopopterys: sepals eglandular, deflexed, anther with enlarged connectives, apex of foliate styles and samaras with the dorsal wing larger than the lateral wings thickened on the lower side.
FIGURE 8 in A new infrageneric classification for Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) based on morphological, phytochemical and molecular evidence
FIGURE 8. Pollen morphology of eleven species of Amorimia sampled in this study. Amorimia subg. Uncinae. A. A. amazonica; B. A. concinna; C. A. kariniana; D. A. pubiflora; E. A. septentrionalis. Amorimia subg. Amorimia - F. A. candidae; G. A. coriacea; H. A. exotropica; I. A. maritima; J. A. pellegrinii; K. A. rigida.
FIGURE 4 in A new infrageneric classification for Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) based on morphological, phytochemical and molecular evidence
FIGURE 4. Reconstruction of morphological characters (connation of stipules, occurrence of glands on bracts, occurrence of elaiophores, abaxial indumentum of petals and position of stigmas) and chemical traits (monofluoracetate) on the Bayesian tree (Fig. 3).
FIGURE 3 in A new infrageneric classification for Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) based on morphological, phytochemical and molecular evidence
FIGURE 3. Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony tree based on the combined dataset. Clade support above 50% bootstrap and 0.50 Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated above/below branches.
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