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281 results for “Rapid evolution”
Rapid divergent evolution of internal female genitalia and the coevolution of male genital morphology revealed by micro-computed tomography
<p>Animal genitalia are thought to evolve rapidly and divergently in response to sexual selection. Studies of genital evolution have focused largely on male genitalia, with our understanding of female genital evolution relatively limited. The paucity of work on female genital morphology is likely due to problems faced in quantifying shape variation, due to their composition and accessibility. Here we use a combination of micro-computed tomography, landmark-free shape quantification, and phylogenetic analysis to quantify the rate of female genital shape evolution among 29 species of Antichiropus millipedes, and the coevolution of male genitalia. We found significant variation in female and male genital shape among species. While male genital shape showed significant phylogenetic signal, female genital shape did not. Male genital shape was found to be evolving 1.2 times faster than female genital shape. Female and male genital shapes exhibited strongly correlated evolution, indicating that genital shape changes in one sex are associated with corresponding changes in the genital shape of the other sex. This study adds novel insight into our growing understanding of how female genitalia can evolve rapidly and divergently and highlights the advantages of three-dimensional techniques and multivariate analyses in studies of female genital evolution.</p>
Data from: Rapid evolution of flower phenology and clonality in restored populations of multiple grassland species
<ol> <li>Restoration of terrestrial ecosystems often requires re-introduction of plants. In restored sites, the plants often face environments that differ from those of natural populations. This can affect plant traits, reduce performance and impose novel selection pressures. As a response, restored populations might rapidly evolve and adapt to the novel conditions. This may enhance population survival and contribute to restoration success but has been rarely tested so far.</li> <li>Here, we focused on populations of three grassland species restored 20 years ago (<em>Galium wirtgenii, Inula salicina </em>and<em> Centaurea jacea</em>) by the transfer of green hay, and compared them with donor populations that were the source of the hay. We measured plants both in situ and in a common garden under control and three stress conditions.</li> <li>In-situ, plants in restored sites flowered earlier than plants in donor sites in two out of the three species. In the common garden, plants from the restored populations flowered earlier (in <em>Galium</em>) or showed increased plasticity of clonal propagation in response to clipping (in <em>Inula</em>). Both these traits suggest rapid adaptation to the contrasting mowing regimes in restored in comparison to the donor sites. In <em>Centaurea</em>, we detected no differentiation, neither in situ nor in the common garden.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Grassland plants introduced into degraded habitats within the framework of ecological restoration may quite commonly evolve in response to novel selection pressures at restored sites. This rapid evolution likely increases the plant's adaptation to the new conditions of the restored grassland and thus enhances the likelihood of survival of the population and ultimately restoration success. While most practitioners do not consider evolution to be part of restoration, our finding highlights that restored populations of grassland species can be systems with considerable eco-evolutionary dynamics.</li> </ol>
Rapid evolution of consumptive and non-consumptive predator effects on prey population densities, bioenergetics and stoichiometry
<p>Predators can strongly influence prey populations not only through consumptive effects (CE) but also through non-consumptive effects (NCE) imposed by predation risk. Yet, the impact of NCE on bioenergetic and stoichiometric body contents of prey, traits that are shaping life histories, population and food web dynamics, is largely unknown. Moreover, the degree to which NCE can evolve and can drive evolution in prey populations is rarely studied. A 6-week outdoor mesocosm experiment with Caged-Fish (NCE) and Free-Ranging-Fish (CE and NCE) treatments was conducted to quantify and compare the effects of CE and NCE on population densities, bioenergetic and stoichiometric body contents of Daphnia magna, a keystone species in freshwater ecosystems. We tested for evolution of CE and NCE by using experimental populations consisting of D. magna clones from two periods of a resurrected natural pond population: a pre-fish period without fish and a high-fish period with high predation pressure. Both Caged-Fish and Free-Ranging-Fish treatments decreased the body size and population densities, especially in Daphnia from the high-fish period. Only the Free-Ranging-Fish treatment affected bioenergetic variables, while both the Caged-Fish and Free-Ranging-Fish treatments shaped body stoichiometry. The effects of CE and NCE were different between both periods indicating their rapid evolution in the natural resurrected population. Both the Caged-Fish and Free-Ranging-Fish treatments changed the clonal frequencies of the experimental Daphnia populations of the pre-fish as well as the high-fish period, indicating that not only CE but also NCE induced clonal sorting, hence rapid evolution during the mesocosm experiment in both periods. Our results demonstrate that CE as well as NCE have the potential to change not only the body size and population density but also the bioenergetic and stoichiometric characteristics of prey populations. Moreover, we show that these responses not only evolved in the studied resurrected population, but that CE and NCE also caused differential rapid evolution in a time frame of 6 weeks (ca. 4-6 generations). As NCE can evolve as well as can drive evolution, they may play an important role in shaping eco-evolutionary dynamics in predator-prey interactions.</p>
Animation for "Rapid Evolution of Bald Patches in a Major Solar Eruption"
<p>Animation of Figure 1 and 4 of Lee, Sun, & Kazachenko (2020), ApJL, "Rapid Evolution of Bald Patches in a Major Solar Eruption".</p> <p>Animation 1. The animation (18 s, 88 frames) shows bald patch (BP) evolution from 10:49:30 UT to 13:00:00 UT. The background shows the positive (negative) polarity B_z in white (black). Vectors show B_h with foot points in the positive (negative) B_z in blue (red). The polarity inversion line (PIL) and BPs are shown by the green line and yellow/orange circles, respectively. The gray contour is for B_z = 300 G. The X9.3 flare has a GOES start, peak, and end time in soft X-ray flux at 11:53 UT, 12:02 UT, and 12:10 UT, respectively. Prior to the flare, Region 1 gradually built more BPs along the PIL. Throughout the duration of the flare and afterwards, BPs in Region 1 disintegrated. BPs in Region 2 largely remained the same and survived the flare. The large amount of pixel masking occurring in the central regions of the AR and extending into both polarities during the flare is an artifact of flare ribbons, leading to many masked pixels. It can be seen in more detail in the Animation 4.</p> <p>Animation 4. The animation (18 s, 88 frames) shows the flare ribbon evolution from 10:49:30 UT to 13:00:00 UT. During the onset of eruption, ribbons developed along the PIL within Region 1 and exterior to the PIL in Region 2. Prior to the flare peak, flare ribbons propagated along and separated away from the PIL covering the entirety of Region 1 and Region 2.</p>
Rapid evolution of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity in variable environments
<p>These are the data and code to go with "<strong>Rapid evolution of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity in variable environments</strong>"</p> <p><strong>Figure 01 takes the following data/scripts:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20210610_Thally02_Figure01_plot_and_stats.R">20210610_Thally02_Figure01_plot_and_stats.R </a> with <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/track_keeper.csv">track_keeper.csv </a> and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/corr_Response%20growth%20.csv">corr_Response growth .csv </a>. These files contain growth rates per transfers for all selection environments throughout the experiment and growth rates in correlated environments during reciprocal transplants, respectively. </p> <p><strong>Figure 02 takes the following data/scripts:</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20210610_Thally02_Figure02_plot_and_stats.R">20210610_Thally02_Figure02_plot_and_stats.R </a> with <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20161120_res_logis_t000.csv">20161120_res_logis_t000.csv </a>and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20161123_resloglint300.csv">20161123_resloglint300.csv .</a> These files contain the output of the shapes of the growth curves (i.e. information on lag time , growth at µmax, K etc) for all samples in all selection environments at t0 and t300, respectively</p> <p><strong>The remaining figures - position not clear at time of submission - take the following data/script. </strong></p> <p>For plasticity in FRRF data, the script 20181204_FRRF_plasticity.R takes the FRRF raw data contained in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/allfvfmdata_thally_t300_t000.csv">allfvfmdata_thally_t300_t000.csv </a>. Extracted parameters are in files <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/CvaluesThally02.csv">CvaluesThally02.csv</a>, <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/psiPSI_slope_intercept.csv">psiPSI_slope_intercept.csv</a>, and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/rP_extracted_values.csv">rP_extracted_values.csv </a> and can be analysed using the R script <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/extracted%20parameter%20plots.R">extracted parameter plots.R .</a> R script <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/FRRF%20visualisation%20only%20.R">FRRF visualisation only .R </a> is for visualisation only, as the title suggests. </p> <p>For comparing plasticity/growth , the data are in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20170327_giantbigtable.csv">20170327_giantbigtable.csv </a>, and can be visualised/analysed in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/plast%20vs%20growth.R">plast vs growth.R </a></p> <p>In order to recreate the AMOVAS based on SNVs, use <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/all_variants_fixed-only_using_5x_depth_threshold.csv?versionId=01cbf6bf-fe16-4e7d-aae8-58c527596ebb">all_variants_fixed-only_using_5x_depth_threshold.cvs </a> with <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/amova%20thally02.R?versionId=e9c21378-ee37-4418-9ce1-76db821e645a">amova thally02.R </a></p> <p>For additional information, please contact elisa.schaum@uni-hamburg.de </p>
The causes and ecological context of rapid morphological evolution in birds
<p><span>Episodic pulses in morphological diversification are a prominent feature of evolutionary history, driven by factors that remain widely disputed. Resolving this question has proved challenging because comprehensive species-level data are generally unavailable at sufficient scale. Combining global phylogenetic and morphological data for birds, we show that pulses of diversification in lineages and traits tend to occur independently and in different contexts. Speciation pulses are preceded by greater differentiation in overall morphology and habitat niche, then followed by increased rates of beak evolution. Contrary to standard hypotheses, pulses of morphological diversification tend to be associated with habitat niche stability rather than adaptation to different diets and habitat types. These patterns suggest that the timing of diversification varies across traits according to their ecological function, and that pulses of morphological evolution may occur when successful lineages subdivide niche space within particular habitat types. Our results highlight the growing potential of functional trait data sets to refine macroevolutionary models.</span></p>
Off-target integron activity leads to rapid plasmid compensatory evolution in response to antibiotic selection pressure
Integrons are mobile genetic elements that have played an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. As shown previously (Souque et al, 2021), the integron can generate under stress combinatorial variation in resistance cassette expression by cassette re-shuffling, accelerating the evolution of resistance. However, the flexibility of the integron integrase site recognition motif hints at potential off-target effects of the integrase on the rest of the genome that may have important evolutionary consequences. Here we test this hypothesis by selecting for increased piperacillin resistance populations of <em>P.aeruginosa</em> with a mobile integron containing a hard-to-mobilise beta-lactamase cassette to minimize the potential for adaptive cassette re-shuffling. We found that integron activity can both decrease overall survival rate but also improve the fitness of the surviving populations. Off-target inversions mediated by the integron accelerated plasmid adaptation by disrupting costly conjugative genes otherwise mutated in control populations lacking a functional integrase. Plasmids containing integron-mediated inversions were associated with lower plasmid costs and higher stability than plasmids carrying mutations, albeit at a cost of reduced conjugative ability. These findings highlight the potential for integrons to create structural variation that can drive bacterial evolution, and they provide an interesting example showing how antibiotic pressure can drive the loss of conjugative genes.
Dataset from: Incomplete lineage sorting and reticulate evolution mask species relationships in Brunelliaceae, an Andean family with rapid, recent diversification
<p><strong>Premise</strong>: To date, phylogenetic relationships within the monogeneric Brunelliaceae have been based on morphological evidence, which does not provide sufficient phylogenetic resolution. Here we use target-enriched nuclear data to improve our understanding of phylogenetic relationships in the family. </p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We used the Angiosperms353 toolkit for targeted recovery of exonic regions and supercontigs (exons + introns) from low copy nuclear genes from 53 of 70 species in <em>Brunellia</em>, and several outgroup taxa. We removed loci that indicated biased relationships and applied concatenated and coalescent methods to infer <em>Brunellia</em> phylogeny. We identified conflicts among gene trees that may reflect hybridization or incomplete lineage-sorting events and assessed their impact on the phylogeny. Finally, we performed ancestral-state reconstructions of morphological traits and assessed the homology of character states used to define sections and subsections in <em>Brunellia</em>.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: <em>Brunellia</em> comprises two major clades and several subclades. Most of these clades/subclades do not correspond to previous infrageneric taxa. There is high topological incongruence among the subclades across analyses.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Phylogenetic reconstructions point to rapid species diversification in Brunelliaceae, reflected in very short branches between successive species splits. The removal of putatively biased loci slightly improves phylogenetic support for individual clades. Reticulate evolution due to hybridization and/or incomplete lineage sorting likely both contribute to gene-tree discordance. Morphological characters used to define taxa in current classification schemes are homoplastic in the ancestral character state reconstructions. While target enrichment data allows us to broaden our understanding of diversification in <em>Brunellia</em>, the relationships among subclades remain incompletely understood.</p>
Target capture methods offer insight into the evolution of rapidly diverged taxa and resolve allopolyploid homeologs in the fern genus Polypodium s.s.
<p><span></span></p> <p>Like many fern lineages comprising reticulate species complexes, <em>Polypodium</em> s.s. (Polypodiacaeae) has a history shaped by rapid diversification, hybridization, and polyploidy that poses substantial challenges for phylogenetic inference with plastid and single-locus nuclear loci. Using target capture probes for 408 nuclear loci developed by the GOFlag project and a custom bioinformatic pipeline, SORTER, we constructed multi-locus nuclear datasets for diploid temperate and Mesoamerican species of <em>Polypodium</em> and five allotetraploid species belonging to the well-studied <em>Polypodium</em> <em>vulgare</em> complex. SORTER employs a clustering approach to separate putatively paralogous copies of targeted loci into orthologous matrices and haplotype phasing to infer allopolyploid haplotypes across loci, resulting in datasets amenable to both concatenated maximum likelihood and multi-species coalescent phylogenetic analyses. By comparing phylogenies derived from maximum likelihood and multi- species coalescent analyses of unphased and phased datasets, as well as evaluating discordance among gene trees and species trees, we recover support for incomplete lineage sorting within <em>Polypodium</em> s.s., novel relationships among diploid taxa of the <em>Polypodium</em> <em>vulgare</em> complex and its Mesoamerican sister clade, and the placement of several <em>Polypodium</em> species within other genera. Additionally, we were able to infer well-supported phylogenies that identified the hypothesized progenitors of the allotetraploid species, indicating that SORTER is an effective and accurate tool for reconstructing homeolog haplotypes of allopolyploids in fern taxa and other non-model organisms from target capture data.</p>
Rapid portabilization of elasto-chemical evolution data for dental Ti-Cr alloy microstructure through sparsification and tensor computation
<ol> <li><strong>c_theta_interpolation_function_data.csv</strong>: Interpolation function is utilized in phase field model to interpolate the material properties along the interface region. In this work, the corresponding material property that has been interpolated is the elasticity tensor. The csv file (c_theta_interpolation_function_data.csv) consists of the data of the interpolation function <strong>h(theta,c)</strong> given by the expression <em><strong>h = 1/(1+ exp(-theta(2c-1)))</strong></em>. The input feature "c" in the weighted input feature for the sigmoidal function is the mole fraction of Chromium in the two metastable phase regions in the binary Ti-Cr alloy undergoing phase decomposition. The "c" column in the table represents the data of Chromium composition. For the present study, the value of weighted parameter in the input feature is taken as equal to 10 i.e. theta = 10 . Hence, the column h(10,c) represents the data of the interpolation function used by the phase field simulation (Eq. 8 in the paper). To illustrate on how the choice of theta alters the values of h, this csv file also presents four additional columns of h corresponding to different constant values of theta (theta = 5, 15, 20 and 50). The steepness of the sigmoidal interpolation function increases as theta increases, and the graphical representation of the table can be accessed at <a title="c-theta-interpolation-function" href="https://interpolationfunction.streamlit.app/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://interpolationfunction.streamlit.app/</a>. </li> <li><strong>spatial-coordinates_composition_data_Figure4c.csv</strong>: This file contains the data of Fig. 4(c) which is the result of the microstructure reconstruction after Tucker decomposition with 10 % sparsification for t = 1 h 23 min 20s. The spatial distribution of Cr composition is sufficient to represent the microstructural information for the binary Ti-Cr alloy. That is the data of spatial coordinates and mole fraction of Cu at each coordinate is sufficient to represent this microstructure. Thus, the csv file consists of the following three columns : X-Coordinate (nm), Y-Coordinate (nm) and Cr_MoleFraction. The unit for the values of X and Y coordinates is nm. The mole fraction is unitless. </li> <li><strong>bulk_free_energy.csv</strong>: The file contains the data of the coefficients alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon and ceq in the equation for bulk thermodynamic free energy ( F_{chem}) at T = 700.15 K. Mathematically, F_{chem} = f_{chem}* Vmol where Vmol is the molar volume of a phase. The expression for molar bulk chemical free energy is: <em><strong>F_{chem} = alpha*(epsilon*c - ceq)^2 + beta*(epsilon*c - ceq) + beta*(epsilon*c - ceq)^6 + delta</strong></em>. </li> <li><strong>statistical_metrics_comparison.zip</strong>:This folder consists of three files that compares the outcome of tensor impainting results of Canonical Polyadic (CP) and Tucker methods for three sparsity values ( 10 %, 15 % and 25%). Each of the files corresponds to the sparsity value, and so the names of of the files are statistical_metrics_10percent.csv, statistical_metrics_15percent.csv and statistical_metrics_20percent.csv. Four types of statistical techniques are considered: <strong>root mean square error (RMSE)</strong>, microstructural similarity (micro sim), blob detection via deviation quantified from <strong>Determinant of Hessian (DoH)</strong>, and Shape Index. The first three methods: RMSE, microstructural similarity and blob detection via DoH are used quantitatively to compare the tensor inpainted images with the benchmark image from phase field method. Shape index is used to perform qualitative analysis, and it has been inferred that both CP and Tucker methods based decomposition and subsequent reconstruction/inpainting are in the acceptable from the viewpoint of tracking the curvature of interfaces. For 10% sparsity, the Tucker method is found to produce better results even if both CP and Tucker produce acceptable ones.</li> </ol>
Data from: Experimental evolution of halophiles: rapid divergence along a multidimensional niche
<p>This data was collected during the study entitled "Experimental evolution of halophiles: rapid divergence along a multidimensional niche."</p> <p>We explored multidimensional niche breadth evolution among two halophilic species, an archaeon (<em>Halobacterium salinarum</em>) and a bacterium (<em>Salinibacter ruber</em>). We propagated each species in rich and poor media for 60 generations and measured associated changes across novel conditions. In particular, we isolated the effects of selection history on axes of salinity and resource abundance, documenting whether shifts in niche breadth are context-dependent.</p> <p>Growth curves were generated via daily measurements over 5 days (4 replicate populations per treatment), with the area under the curve used as a proxy for absolute fitness in a given environment. Relative fitness was calculated as the fitness of the derived populations (following 10 transfers in their respective environment) divided by the fitness of the ancestral populations. </p>
Rapid evolution of mitochondrion-related genes in haplodiploid arthropods
<p>Amino acid sequences of orthologous groups that are available on https://i5k.gitlab.io/ArthroFam/arthropoda.html</p> <p>1. Zipped file of amino acid sequences</p> <p>arthropoda-seqs-all.zip</p> <p> </p> <p>2. Information of orthologous groups, gene names, and species names</p> <p>arthropoda-ortho-groups.txt</p> <p> </p> <p>3. MD5 values of the above files</p> <p>md5.txt</p>
Genome-wide association analysis identifies naturally segregating genetic variation associated with the rapid evolution of diapause in Aedes albopictus, an invasive vector mosquito.
<p>The raw data for genotype calls, the output files from the genotype calls, the code to replicate the analysis, and the output of the analysis.</p>
Data from: Combining niche-shift and population genetic analyses predicts rapid phenotypic evolution during invasion
Rapid evolution of non-native species can facilitate invasion success, but recent reviews indicate that such microevolution rarely yields expansion of the climatic niche in the introduced habitats. However, because some invasions originate from a geographically restricted portion of the native species range and its climatic niche, it is possible that the frequency, direction and magnitude of phenotypic evolution during invasion has been underestimated. We explored the utility of niche-shift analyses in the red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla, which expanded from the northeastern coastline of Japan to North America, Europe and northwestern Africa within the last 100 years. A genetically-informed climatic niche shift analysis indicates that native source populations occur in colder and highly seasonal habitats, while most non-native populations typically occur in warmer, less seasonal habitats. This climatic niche expansion predicts that non-native populations evolved greater tolerance for elevated heat conditions relative to native source populations. We assayed 935 field-collected and 325 common-garden thalli from 40 locations and as predicted, non-native populations had greater tolerance for ecologically-relevant extreme heat (40ºC) than did Japanese source populations. Non-native populations also had greater tolerance for cold and low-salinity stresses relative to source populations. The importance of local adaptation to warm temperatures during invasion was reinforced by evolution of parallel clines: populations from warmer, lower-latitude estuaries had greater heat tolerance than did populations from colder, higher-latitude estuaries in both Japan and eastern North America. We conclude that rapid evolution plays an important role in facilitating the invasion success of this and perhaps other non-native marine species. Genetically-informed ecological niche analyses readily generate clear predictions of phenotypic shifts during invasions, and may help to resolve debate over the frequency of niche conservatism versus rapid adaptation during invasion.
Rapid adaptive evolution to drought in a subset of plant traits in a large-scale climate change experiment
<p>Rapid evolution of traits and of plasticity may enable adaptation to climate change, yet solid experimental evidence under natural conditions is scarce. Here, we imposed rainfall manipulations (+30%, control, -30%) for ten years on entire natural plant communities in two Eastern Mediterranean sites. Additional sites along a natural rainfall gradient and selection analyses in a greenhouse assessed whether potential responses were adaptive. In both sites, our annual target species <i>Biscutella didyma</i> consistently evolved earlier phenology and higher reproductive allocation under drought. Multiple arguments suggest that this response was adaptive: it aligned with theory, corresponding trait shifts along the natural rainfall gradient, and selection analyses under differential watering in the greenhouse. However, another seven candidate traits did not evolve, and there was little support for evolution of plasticity. Our results provide compelling evidence for rapid adaptive evolution under climate change. Yet, several non-evolving traits may indicate potential constraints to full adaptation.</p>
Data from: Rapid microgeographic evolution in response to climate change
<p>Environmental change is predicted to accelerate into the future and will exert strong selection pressure on biota. While many species may be fated to extinction, others may survive through their capacity to evolve rapidly at highly localized (i.e. microgeographic) scales. Yet, even as new examples have been discovered, the limits to such evolutionary responses have not often been evaluated. One of the first examples of microgeographic variation involved pond populations of wood frogs (<i>Rana sylvatica</i>). Although separated by just tens to hundreds of meters, these populations exhibited countergradient variation in intrinsic embryonic development rates when reared in a common garden. We repeated this experiment 17 years (approx. 6-9 generations) later and found that microgeographic variation persists in contemporary populations. Furthermore, we found that contemporary embryos have evolved to develop 14% to 19% faster than those in 2001. Structural equation models indicate that the predominant cause for this response is likely due to changes in climate over the intervening 17 years. Despite potential for rapid and fine-scale evolution, demographic declines in populations experiencing the greatest changes in climate and habitat imply a limit to the species' ability to mitigate extreme environmental change.</p>
Rapid divergent evolution of an annual plant across a latitudinal gradient revealed by seed resurrection
<p>Global change is expected to drive short-term evolution of natural populations. However, it remains unclear whether different populations are changing in unison. Here, we study contemporary evolution of growth-related and reproductive traits of three populations of <i>Cyanus segetum</i> face to warming and pollinator decline across a latitudinal gradient in France. We resurrected stored seeds sampled up to 24 years apart from northern, central-western, and southern populations and conducted an <i>in situ</i> common-garden experiment. To disentangle neutral from selection-driven differentiation, we calculated neutral genetic differentiation (<i>F<sub>ST</sub></i>) and quantitative trait differentiation (<i>Q<sub>ST</sub></i>) between temporal samples. We found that phenotypic evolution was divergent across populations exhibiting different trends for rosette size, date of flowering, and capitula size. By measuring seed set as a proxy of fitness, we showed that samples with larger mean capitula size outperformed samples with smaller mean capitula size in the western and southern populations. Regression of traits on seed set showed that flowering date and capitula size are the primary determinants of fitness, and <i>Q<sub>ST</sub>-F<sub>S</sub></i><i><sub>T</sub></i> comparisons indicated that natural selection has likely contributed to the shifts in flowering phenology and rosette size. These findings outline the potential for rescue of natural populations through contemporary evolution and emphasize the complex interplay between spatial and temporal variation in species' responses to global change.</p>
Data from: Whole-genome phylogenetic reconstruction as a powerful tool to reveal homoplasy and ancient rapid radiation in waterflea evolution
<p>The Supplementary Material (and text) to Van Damme et al., contains 10 Supplementary Figures (Figs S1-S10), 5 Supplementary Tables (Tables S1-S5), Supplementary Materials and Methods (ST1), Supplementary Discussion (ST2) and a complete reference list to the manuscript and supplement (Supplementary References SR1). All Supplementary material and text have been peer-reviewed as part of the manuscript. The supplementary discussion provides an additional framework including the importance of the findings of the phylogenomic study for the interpretation of evolution in the Cladocera.</p>
Within-generation and transgenerational social plasticity interact during rapid adaptive evolution
<p>The effects of within-generation plasticity versus transgenerational plasticity on trait expression are poorly understood, but important for evaluating plasticity's evolutionary consequences. We tested how genetics, within-generation plasticity, and transgenerational plasticity jointly shape traits influencing rapid evolution in the field cricket <em>Teleogryllus oceanicus</em>. In Hawaiian populations attacked by acoustically-orienting parasitoid flies, a protective, X-linked variant ("<em>flatwing</em>") eliminates male acoustic sexual signals. Silent males rapidly spread to fixation, dramatically changing the acoustic environment. First, we found evidence supporting <em>flatwing</em>-associated pleiotropy in juveniles: pure-breeding <em>flatwing</em> males and females exhibit greater locomotion than those with <em>normal-wing</em> genotypes. Second, within-generation plasticity caused homozygous-<em>flatwing</em> females developing in silence, which mimics all-<em>flatwing</em> populations, to attain lower adult body condition and reproductive investment than those experimentally exposed to song. Third, maternal song exposure caused transgenerational plasticity in offspring, affecting adult, but not juvenile, size, condition, and reproductive investment. This contrasted with behavioral traits, which were only influenced by within-generation plasticity. Fourth, we matched and mismatched maternal and offspring social environments and found that transgenerational plasticity sometimes interacted with within-generation plasticity and sometimes opposed it. Our findings stress the importance of evaluating the plasticity of different traits and stages across generations when evaluating their fitness consequences and role in adaptation.</p>
Rapid evolution of seed dormancy during sunflower de-domestication
<p>Hybridization between crops and their wild relatives may promote the evolution of de-domesticated (feral) weeds. Wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is typically found in ruderal environments, but crop-wild hybridization may facilitate the evolution of weedy populations. Using one crop-specific mitochondrial marker (CMS-PET1) and 14 nuclear SSR markers, we studied the origin and genetic diversity of a recently discovered weedy population of sunflower (named BRW). Then, using a resurrection approach, we tested for rapid evolution of weedy traits (seed dormancy, herbicide resistance, and competitive ability) by sampling weedy and wild populations 10 years apart (2007 and 2017). All the weedy plants present the CMS-PET1 cytotype, confirming their feral origin. At the nuclear markers, BRW showed higher genetic diversity than the cultivated lines and low differentiation with one wild population, suggesting that wild hybridization increased their genetic diversity. We found support for rapid evolution towards higher seed dormancy, but not for higher competitive ability or herbicide resistance. Our results highlight the importance of seed dormancy during the earliest stages of adaptation and show that crop-wild hybrids can evolve quickly in agricultural environments.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.