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204 results for “Thermal tolerance”
Rapid evolution of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity in variable environments
<p>These are the data and code to go with "<strong>Rapid evolution of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity in variable environments</strong>"</p> <p><strong>Figure 01 takes the following data/scripts:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20210610_Thally02_Figure01_plot_and_stats.R">20210610_Thally02_Figure01_plot_and_stats.R </a> with <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/track_keeper.csv">track_keeper.csv </a> and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/corr_Response%20growth%20.csv">corr_Response growth .csv </a>. These files contain growth rates per transfers for all selection environments throughout the experiment and growth rates in correlated environments during reciprocal transplants, respectively. </p> <p><strong>Figure 02 takes the following data/scripts:</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20210610_Thally02_Figure02_plot_and_stats.R">20210610_Thally02_Figure02_plot_and_stats.R </a> with <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20161120_res_logis_t000.csv">20161120_res_logis_t000.csv </a>and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20161123_resloglint300.csv">20161123_resloglint300.csv .</a> These files contain the output of the shapes of the growth curves (i.e. information on lag time , growth at µmax, K etc) for all samples in all selection environments at t0 and t300, respectively</p> <p><strong>The remaining figures - position not clear at time of submission - take the following data/script. </strong></p> <p>For plasticity in FRRF data, the script 20181204_FRRF_plasticity.R takes the FRRF raw data contained in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/allfvfmdata_thally_t300_t000.csv">allfvfmdata_thally_t300_t000.csv </a>. Extracted parameters are in files <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/CvaluesThally02.csv">CvaluesThally02.csv</a>, <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/psiPSI_slope_intercept.csv">psiPSI_slope_intercept.csv</a>, and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/rP_extracted_values.csv">rP_extracted_values.csv </a> and can be analysed using the R script <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/extracted%20parameter%20plots.R">extracted parameter plots.R .</a> R script <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/FRRF%20visualisation%20only%20.R">FRRF visualisation only .R </a> is for visualisation only, as the title suggests. </p> <p>For comparing plasticity/growth , the data are in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20170327_giantbigtable.csv">20170327_giantbigtable.csv </a>, and can be visualised/analysed in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/plast%20vs%20growth.R">plast vs growth.R </a></p> <p>In order to recreate the AMOVAS based on SNVs, use <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/all_variants_fixed-only_using_5x_depth_threshold.csv?versionId=01cbf6bf-fe16-4e7d-aae8-58c527596ebb">all_variants_fixed-only_using_5x_depth_threshold.cvs </a> with <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/amova%20thally02.R?versionId=e9c21378-ee37-4418-9ce1-76db821e645a">amova thally02.R </a></p> <p>For additional information, please contact elisa.schaum@uni-hamburg.de </p>
Genome-wide sequencing identifies a thermal tolerance related synonymous mutation in the mussel Mytilisepta virgata
<p><span>The roles of 'silent' synonymous mutations for organisms adapting to stressfully thermal environments are of fundamental biological and ecological interests but poorly understood. To study whether synonymous mutations influence the thermal adaptation of animals to heat stress at specific microhabitats, a genome-wide genotype-phenotype association analysis was carried out in the black mussels <em>Mytilisepta virgata</em> inhabiting different microhabitats. A synonymous mutation of Ubiquitin-specific Peptidase 15 (<em>MvUSP15</em>) was significantly associated with the physiological upper thermal limit of the mussel. The individuals carrying GG genotype (the G-type) at the mutant locus owned significantly lower heat tolerance compared to the individuals carrying GA and AA genotype (the A-type). Furthermore, when heated to sublethal temperature, the G-type exhibited higher inter-individual variations in the <em>MvUSP15 </em>expression, especially for the mussels on the sun-exposed microhabitats. Taken together, a synonymous mutation in <em>MvUSP15 </em>can affect the gene expression profile and interact with microhabitat heterogeneity to influence thermal resistance. This integrative study sheds light on the ecological importance of adaptive synonymous mutations as an underappreciated genetic buffer against heat stress and emphasizes the importance of integrative studies with the consideration of genetic, physiological, and environmental heterogeneity at a microhabitat scale for evaluating and predicting the impacts of climate change.</span></p>
Dataset and scripts from: Predicting organismal response to marine heatwaves using dynamic thermal tolerance landscape models
<p>Marine heatwaves (MHWs) can cause thermal stress in marine organisms, experienced as extreme 'pulses' against the gradual trend of anthropogenic warming. When thermal stress exceeds organismal capacity to maintain homeostasis, organism survival becomes time-limited and can result in mass mortality events. Current methods of detecting and categorizing MHWs rely on statistical analysis of historic climatology, and do not consider biological effects as a basis of MHW severity. The reemergence of ectotherm thermal tolerance landscape models provides a physiological framework for assessing the lethal effects of MHWs by accounting for both the magnitude and duration of extreme heat events. Here, we used a simulation approach to understand the effects of a suite of MHW profiles on organism survival probability across 1) three thermal tolerance adaptive strategies, 2) interannual temperature variation, and 3) seasonal timing of MHWs. We identified survival isoclines across MHW magnitude and duration where acute (short duration-high magnitude) and chronic (long duration-low magnitude) events had equivalent lethal effects on marine organisms. While most research attention has focused on chronic MHW events, we show similar lethal effects can be experienced by more common but neglected acute marine heat spikes. Critically, a statistical definition of MHWs does not accurately categorize biological mortality. By letting organism responses define the extremeness of a MHW event, we can build a mechanistic understanding of MHW effects from a physiological basis. Organism responses can then be transferred across scales of ecological organization and better predict marine ecosystem shifts to MHWs. </p>
Mildenberger - Upper thermal tolerances of three east Texas freshwater mussels
<p>These data and analyses are from a study on 3 species of East Texas freshwater mussels, which determined each species' upper lethal thermal tolerances. The study also included water temperature measurements, expanded with hindcasting code, and a uniform continuous above-threshold (UCAT) analysis on extreme exceedances. </p>
Interindividual plasticity in metabolic and thermal tolerance traits from populations subjected to recent anthropogenic heating
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>To better understand temperature's role in the interaction between local evolutionary adaptation and physiological plasticity, we investigated acclimation effects on metabolic performance and thermal tolerance among natural <i>Fundulus heteroclitus</i> populations from different thermal environments. <i>F. heteroclitus </i>populations<i> </i>experience large daily and seasonal temperature variations, as well as local mean temperature differences across their large geographic cline. In this study, we focus on three populations: one locally heated (32°C) by thermal effluence (TE) from the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, NJ and two nearby reference populations that do not experience local heating (28°C). After acclimation to 12°C or 28°C, we quantified whole animal metabolic rate (WAM), critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and substrate specific cardiac metabolic rate (CaM, substrates: glucose, fatty acids, lactate plus ketones plus ethanol, and endogenous [i.e., no added substrates]) in ~160 individuals from these three populations. Populations showed few significant differences due to large interindividual variation within each population and variation in acclimation response within any single trait. In general, for WAM and CTMax the interindividual variation in acclimation response (log<sub>2</sub> ratio 28°C/12°C) was a function of performance at 12°C with greater acclimation response for individuals that had lower 12°C performance. In contrast, for CaM the rates when acclimated and assayed at 12°C or 28°C were nearly identical. The small differences in CaM between 12°C and 28°C temperature were partially explained by cardiac remodeling where individuals acclimated to 12°C had larger hearts than individuals acclimated to 28°C, resulting in a higher CaM rate per unit heart mass at 28°C than 12°C. Correlation among physiological traits were dependent on acclimation temperature. For example, WAM was negatively correlated with CTMax at 12°C but positively correlated at 28°C. Additionally, glucose substrate supported higher cardiac metabolism than fatty acid, and fatty acid supported higher cardiac metabolism than LKA or endogenous. However, these responses were highly variable with some individuals using much more FA than glucose. These data suggest a complex relationship between specific, temperature-dependent physiological traits. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Narrow thermal tolerance and low dispersal drive higher speciation in tropical mountains
Species richness is greatest in the tropics and much of this diversity is concentrated in mountains. Janzen (1967) proposed that reduced seasonal temperature variation selects for narrower thermal tolerances and limited dispersal along tropical elevation gradients. These locally adapted traits should, in turn, promote reproductive isolation and higher speciation rates in tropical mountains compared to temperate ones. Here we show that tropical and temperate montane stream insects have diverged in thermal tolerance and dispersal capacity, two key traits that are drivers of isolation in montane populations. Tropical species in each of three insect clades have markedly narrower thermal tolerances and lower dispersal than temperate species, resulting in significantly greater population divergence, higher cryptic species diversity, higher tropical speciation rates, and greater accumulation of species over time. Our study also indicates that tropical montane species, with narrower thermal tolerance and reduced dispersal ability, will be especially vulnerable to rapid climate change.
Genetic variation for upper thermal tolerance diminishes within and between populations with increasing acclimation temperature in Atlantic salmon
<p>Populations may counteract lasting temperature changes or recurrent extremes through plasticity or adaptation. However, it remains underexplored how outbreeding, either naturally, unintentionally, or facilitated, may modify a local response potential and whether genotype-by-environment interactions or between-trait correlations can restrict this potential. We quantified population differences and outbreeding effects, within-population genetic variation, and plasticity of these, for thermal performance proxy traits using 32 pedigreed wild, domesticated, and wild-domesticated Atlantic salmon families reared under common-garden conditions. Following exposure to ambient cold (11.6°C) or ~4- and ~8-degree warmer summer temperatures, populations differed notably for body length and critical thermal maximum (CT<sub>max</sub>) and for thermal plasticity of length, condition, and CT<sub>max</sub>, but not for haematocrit. Line-cross analysis suggested mostly additive and some dominant outbreeding effects on means and solely additive outbreeding effects on plasticity. Heritability was detected for all traits. However, with increasing acclimation temperature, differences in CT<sub>max</sub> between populations and CT<sub>max</sub> heritability diminished, and CT<sub>max</sub> breeding values re-ranked. Furthermore, CT<sub>max</sub> and body size were negatively correlated at the genetic and phenotypic levels, and there was indirect evidence for a positive correlation between growth potential and thermal performance breadth for growth. Thus, population differences (including those between wild and domesticated populations) in thermal performance and plasticity may present a genetic resource in addition to the within-population genetic variance to facilitate, or impede, thermal adaptation. However, unfavourable genotype-by-environment interactions and negative between-trait correlations may generally hamper joint evolution in response to increase in average temperature and temporary extremes.</p>
Genetic differentiation underlies seasonal variation in thermal tolerance, body size, and plasticity in a short-lived copepod
<p>Organisms experience variation in the thermal environment on several different temporal scales, with seasonality being particularly prominent in temperate regions. For organisms with short generation times, seasonal variation is experienced across, rather than within, generations. How this variation affects the seasonal evolution of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity is understudied, but has direct implications for the thermal ecology of these organisms. Here we document intra-annual patterns of thermal tolerance in two species of Acartia copepods (Crustacea) from a highly seasonal estuary, showing strong variation across the annual temperature cycle. Common garden, split-brood experiments indicate that this seasonal variation in thermal tolerance, along with seasonal variation in body size and phenotypic plasticity, is likely affected by genetic polymorphism. Our results show that adaptation to seasonal variation is important to consider when predicting how populations may respond to ongoing climate change.</p>
Limited plasticity in thermally tolerant ectotherm populations: evidence for a trade-off
<p></p><p>Many species face extinction risks owing to climate change, and there is an urgent need to identify which species' populations will be most vulnerable. Plasticity in heat tolerance, which includes acclimation or hardening, occurs when prior exposure to a warmer temperature changes an organism's upper thermal limit. The capacity for thermal acclimation could provide protection against warming, but prior work has found few generalizable patterns to explain variation in this trait. Here, we report the results of, to our knowledge, the first meta-analysis to examine within-species variation in thermal plasticity, using results from 20 studies (19 species) that quantified thermal acclimation capacities across 78 populations. We used meta-regression to evaluate two leading hypotheses. The climate variability hypothesis predicts that populations from more thermally variable habitats will have greater plasticity, while the trade-off hypothesis predicts that populations with the lowest heat tolerance will have the greatest plasticity. Our analysis indicates strong support for the trade-off hypothesis because populations with greater thermal tolerance had reduced plasticity. These results advance our understanding of variation in populations' susceptibility to climate change and imply that populations with the highest thermal tolerance may have limited phenotypic plasticity to adjust to ongoing climate warming.</p><p></p>
Towards an understanding of the latitudinal patterns in thermal tolerance and vulnerability of woody plants under climate warming
<p>Predicting spatial patterns in thermal tolerance and vulnerability of species under climate warming remains a challenge. Current knowledge is mainly from experiment-based thermal physiology of limited numbers of ectotherms, yet large-scale evaluations on plants remain elusive. Here, using distribution maps with spatial resolutions of 20×20 km for 5628 woody species in China, we propose a novel approach, i.e. thermal distribution curves, to describe species' realized thermal niches, and then estimate their thermal tolerance and warming risks under projected climate warming in 2050s and 2070s. We find that species' vulnerability and potential local extinction risks within grid cells decrease with latitude and increase with aridity due to narrow thermal tolerance of species located at low latitudes and arid regions. Over 90% of species could still tolerate future warming in most areas, indicating relatively optimistic expectation of potential local extinctions. Our study presents a new framework to quantify climate warming impacts on a large number of species without sufficient physiological information, and provides fundamental references for conservation planning under climate change.</p>
Rates of phenotypic plasticity in thermal tolerance
<p><span>An individual's fitness cost associated with environmental change likely depends on the rate of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and yet our understanding of plasticity rates in an ecological and evolutionary context remains limited. We provide the first quantitative synthesis of existing plasticity rate data, focusing on acclimation of temperature tolerance in ectothermic animals, where we demonstrate applicability of a recently proposed analytical approach. The analyses reveal considerable variation in plasticity rates of this trait among species, with half-times (how long it takes for the initial deviation from the acclimated phenotype to be reduced by 50% when individuals are shifted to a new environment) ranging from 3.7 to 770.2 h. Furthermore, rates differ among higher taxa, being higher for amphibians and reptiles than for crustaceans and fishes, and with insects being intermediate. We argue that a more comprehensive understanding of phenotypic plasticity will be attained through increased focus on the rate parameter.</span></p>
Data for: The effects of embryonic incubation temperature on subsequent growth and thermal tolerance in white sturgeon throughout onset of exogenous feeding to early juveniles
<p>An organism's phenotypic characteristics can be altered by environmental variation experienced during embryonic development, potentially leading to changes that persist into adulthood. Increasing global temperatures are a current concern that may be particularly acute for species already threatened or endangered, such as the white sturgeon, <em>Acipenser</em> <em>transmontanus</em>. Given the limited information on the effects of embryonic temperatures on subsequent physiological parameters such as thermal tolerance and growth in this species, the effects of global climate change on the future of white sturgeon populations are uncertain. To investigate carryover effects resulting from early rearing temperatures, white sturgeon embryos were incubated at different environmental temperatures (T<sub>e</sub>) of 12, 15, and 18 °C until hatch, after which fish were reared at a common 15 °C for 80 days post-hatch (dph). Individuals from each temperature treatment were tested for thermal tolerance using the critical thermal maximum method (CT<sub>max</sub>) at regular intervals from 13 to 80 dph, which bridged the time from the start of exogenous feeding through the transition into early juveniles. In addition, body length measures were taken to determine the effects of embryonic T<sub>e</sub> on growth through these life stages. We found that embryonic T<sub>e</sub> affected both thermal tolerance and growth; fish that developed at 18 °C had the lowest thermal tolerance, while those that developed at 12 °C grew largest over the observation period. This research represents a window into a critical period of development during which organisms are particularly vulnerable to climatic variation. The results can inform environmental managers on the best strategies to help conserve current white sturgeon populations across their range.</p>
High physiological function for corals with thermally tolerant, host-adapted symbionts
<p>The flexibility to associate with more than one symbiont may considerably expand a host's niche breadth. Coral animals and dinoflagellate micro-algae represent one of the most functionally integrated and widespread mutualisms between two eukaryotic partners. Symbiont identity greatly affects a coral's ability to cope with extremes in temperature and light. Over its broad distribution across the Eastern Pacific, the ecologically dominant branching coral, <em>Pocillopora grandis</em>, depends on mutualisms with the dinoflagellates <em>Durusdinium glynnii</em> and <em>Cladocopium latusorum</em>. Measurements of skeletal growth, calcification rates, total mass increase, calyx dimensions, reproductive output and response to thermal stress were used to assess the functional performance of these partner combinations. The results show both host–symbiont combinations displayed similar phenotypes; however, significant functional differences emerged when exposed to increased temperatures. Negligible physiological differences in colonies hosting the more thermally tolerant <em>D. glynnii</em> refute the prevailing view that these mutualisms have considerable growth tradeoffs. Well beyond the Eastern Pacific, pocilloporid colonies with <em>D. glynnii</em> are found across the Pacific in warm, environmentally variable, near-shore lagoonal habitats. While rising ocean temperatures threaten the persistence of contemporary coral reefs, lessons from the Eastern Pacific indicate that co-evolved thermally tolerant host–symbiont combinations are likely to expand ecologically and spread geographically to dominate reef ecosystems in the future.</p>
Effect of thermal acclimation on the tolerance of the peach fruit fly (Bactrocera zonata: Tephritidae) to heat and cold stress
<p>The effect of thermal acclimation on cold and heat tolerance of the peach fruit fly (<em>Bactrocera zonata</em>) was studied. Males and females were acclimated at 20, 25 and 30°C for up to 19 days following adult emergence. The critical thermal minimum (CT<sub>min</sub>) and maximum (CT<sub>max</sub>) were subsequently recorded as well adult survival following acute exposure to chilling (0 or -3°C for 2 hours). Additionally, the survival of pupae subjected for two hours to temperatures ranging from -12°C to 5°C was determined.</p> <p>The raw data collected during this study is available in the provided data file.</p>
Functional traits and drought strategy predict leaf thermal tolerance
<p>Heat stress imposes an important physiological constraint on native plant species – one that will only worsen with human-caused climate change. Indeed, rising temperatures have already contributed to large-scale plant mortality events across the globe. These impacts may be especially severe in cities, where the urban heat island effect amplifies climate warming. Understanding how plant species will respond physiologically to rising temperatures and how these responses differ among plant functional groups is critical for predicting future biodiversity scenarios and making informed land management decisions. In this study, we evaluated the effects of elevated temperatures on a functionally and taxonomically diverse group of woody native plant species in a restored urban nature preserve in southern California using measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence as an indicator of leaf thermotolerance. Our aim was to determine if species' traits and drought strategies could serve as useful predictors of thermotolerance. We found that leaf thermotolerance differed among species with contrasting drought strategies, and several leaf-level functional traits were significant predictors of thermotolerance thresholds. Drought deciduous species with high specific leaf area, high rates of transpiration, and low water-use efficiency were the most susceptible to heat damage, while evergreen species with sclerophyllous leaves, high relative water content, and high water-use efficiency maintained photosynthetic function at higher temperatures. While these native shrubs and trees are physiologically equipped to withstand relatively high temperatures in this Mediterranean-type climate, hotter conditions imposed by climate change and urbanization may exceed the tolerance thresholds of many species. We show that leaf functional traits and plant drought strategies may serve as useful indicators of species' vulnerabilities to climate change, and this information can be used to guide restoration and conservation in a warmer world.</p>
Data from: Evolution of cold tolerance and thermal plasticity in life history, behaviour and physiology during a poleward range expansion
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Interindividual plasticity in metabolic and thermal tolerance traits from populations subjected to recent anthropogenic heating
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Data for: The effects of embryonic incubation temperature on subsequent growth and thermal tolerance in white sturgeon throughout onset of exogenous feeding to early juveniles
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Decoding thermal resilience in fish: Acute warming tolerance is associated with neural failure in rainbow trout
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Determining the upper thermal tolerance of Athabasca rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across naturally varying stream temperatures in the Athabasca River watershed
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