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FIGURE 6 in Linking burrow morphology to the behaviors of predatory soil arthropods: Applications to continental ichnofossils

FIGURE 6. Burrow morphology: openings and architecture. A) Elliptical burrow opening of Scolopendra polymorpha. B) Circular burrow opening of Hysterocrates gigas surrounded by a mound of excavated sediment. C) Paired triangular burrow openings of Pandinus imperator. D) Simple vertical burrow of Gorgyrella inermis with a single entrance. E) Vertical branching burrow of Pelinobus muticus with a single entrance. F) Vertical burrow Hysterocrates gigas with large terminal chamber and a single entrance. G) Subvertical helical burrow of Aphopelma chalcodes with a single entrance. H) J-shaped burrow of Mastigoproctus giganteus with a single entrance. I) U-shaped burrow of M. giganteus with two entrances. J) Y-shaped burrow of M. giganteus with two entrances. K) Mazework of M. giganteus with five entrances (at numbers). L) U-shaped burrow of S. polymorpha with two entrances. M) Mazework of S. polymorpha with four entrances (at numbers).

FIGURE 4. Burrowing techniques observed among the studied arthropod predators. A in Linking burrow morphology to the behaviors of predatory soil arthropods: Applications to continental ichnofossils

FIGURE 4. Burrowing techniques observed among the studied arthropod predators. A) Initial burrowing by intrusion by Scolopendra polymorpha (burrow opening at arrow). B) Burrowing by intrusion by Hogna lenta. C) Continued construction of a vertical shaft by compression by Gorgyrella inermis, compressing sediment along burrow boundary (at arrow) to increase the width. D) Subsurface tunnel construction by intrusion by Hemiscolopendra marginata. No sediment is removed as the tunnel is extended but is pressed against the tunnel boundary (at arrow). E) Burrowing by excavation by Mastigoproctus giganteus. Sediment is removed and carried with the pedipalps (at arrow). F) Burrowing by excavation by Pelinobus muticus. Sediment is removed and carried with the pedipalps (at arrow). G) Burrowing by excavation by Hadrurus arizonensis. Sediment is scraped and kicked back out (at arrow) of the developing burrow with the first two pairs of legs. H) Backfilling of a tunnel by S. polymorpha. The centipede removes sediment from the developing tunnel and uses it to fill the old tunnel (at arrow). I) Light silk lining around the opening, shaft, and chamber (at arrows) of Hysterocrates gigas. J) Thick silk lining around the shaft (at arrow) of G. inermis producing a smooth interior surface. K) Six silk runners (example at arrow) connected to the burrow entrance of G. inermis with a closed trap door.

FIGURE 2 in Linking burrow morphology to the behaviors of predatory soil arthropods: Applications to continental ichnofossils

FIGURE 2. Examples of experimental enclosures used in this study. A) Surface view of a 212 L enclosure before the introduction of the study animal. Objects were placed on the surface to encourage burrowing. B) Side view of a 246 L enclosure filled with 60 cm of an organic rich clay loam. C) A 212 L enclosure filled with 55 cm of an organic-rich clay loam. Five specimens of Pandinus imperator produced a branching burrow complex in the subsurface (at arrow). D) Plaster-filled, connected U-shaped burrows produced by Mastigoproctus giganteus in a 38 L enclosure filled with an organic-rick clay loam.

FIGURE 1 in Linking burrow morphology to the behaviors of predatory soil arthropods: Applications to continental ichnofossils

FIGURE 1. Burrowing arthropod predators investigated in this study. A) Scolopendra viridis, B) Scolopendra polymorpha, C) Hemiscolopendra marginata, D) Hadrurus arizonensis, E) Smeringurus mesaensis, F) Uroctonus mordax, G) Heterometrus spinifer, H) Pandinus imperator, I) Mastigoproctus giganteus, J) Hogna lenta, K) Gorgyrella inermis, L) Myrmekiaphilia sp., M) Aphonopelma chalcodes, N) Hysterocrates gigas, and O) Pelinobus muticus.

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Рис. 4. Нора поΑземной поΛевки (компΛекс KS-11, октябрь 1984 г., «Αес на ВорскΛе»). А — горизонтаΛьная проекция; Б — боковая реконструкция Fig. 4. A common pine vole burrow (complex No. KS-11, October, 1984; "Forest on the Vorskla"). A — horizontal projection; Б — lateral projection in Spatial Organization Of Common Pine Vole (Microtus Subterraneus Selys-Longchamps, 1836) Colonies

Рис. 4. Нора поΑземной поΛевки (компΛекс KS-11, октябрь 1984 г., «Αес на ВорскΛе»). А — горизонтаΛьная проекция; Б — боковая реконструкция Fig. 4. A common pine vole burrow (complex No. KS-11, October, 1984; "Forest on the Vorskla"). A — horizontal projection; Б — lateral projection

Рис. 7. Δинамика проΑоΛжитеΛьности фаз активности и покоя ювениΛьных особей гренΛанΑского Λемминга посΛе первого выхоΑа из норы в хоΑе набΛюΑений с 12 июΛя по 5 августа 1987 г., о. ВрангеΛя Fig. 7. Dynamics of the duration of rest-activity phases and rest of juveniles of the Greenland lemming after the first exit from the burrow during the observations from 12 July to 5 August, 1987, Wrangel Island in Territorial behaviour of the greenlandic lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus Trail, 1823) on Wrangel Island

Рис. 7. Δинамика проΑоΛжитеΛьности фаз активности и покоя ювениΛьных особей гренΛанΑского Λемминга посΛе первого выхоΑа из норы в хоΑе набΛюΑений с 12 июΛя по 5 августа 1987 г., о. ВрангеΛя Fig. 7. Dynamics of the duration of rest-activity phases and rest of juveniles of the Greenland lemming after the first exit from the burrow during the observations from 12 July to 5 August, 1987, Wrangel Island

Рис. 9. Δинамика увеΛичения участка обитания моΛоΑых особей гренΛанΑского Λемминга оΑного помета (участок обозначен по крайним точкам уΑаΛения от основной норы): 1 — 13 июΛя (первый выхоΑ из норы); 2 — 16 июΛя; 3 — 21–22 июΛя; 4 — 25 июΛя; 5 — 31 июΛя; 6 — 4 августа. ОстаΛьные обозначения как на рис. 2 Fig. 9. Dynamics of an increase in the habitat area of young Greenland lemmings from the same litter (the site is marked by the extreme points of distance from the main burrow): 1 — 13 July (the first exit from the burrow); 2 — 16 July; 3 — 21–22 July; 4 — 25 July; 5 — 31 July; 6 — 4 August. For other designations see Fig. 2 in Territorial behaviour of the greenlandic lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus Trail, 1823) on Wrangel Island

Рис. 9. Δинамика увеΛичения участка обитания моΛоΑых особей гренΛанΑского Λемминга оΑного помета (участок обозначен по крайним точкам уΑаΛения от основной норы): 1 — 13 июΛя (первый выхоΑ из норы); 2 — 16 июΛя; 3 — 21–22 июΛя; 4 — 25 июΛя; 5 — 31 июΛя; 6 — 4 августа. ОстаΛьные обозначения как на рис. 2 Fig. 9. Dynamics of an increase in the habitat area of young Greenland lemmings from the same litter (the site is marked by the extreme points of distance from the main burrow): 1 — 13 July (the first exit from the burrow); 2 — 16 July; 3 — 21–22 July; 4 — 25 July; 5 — 31 July; 6 — 4 August. For other designations see Fig. 2

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Figure 2. A photo and a in First record of the burrowing goby, Trypauchen vagina (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae), from the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf

Figure 2. A photo and a radiograph of Trypauchen vagina, 140 mm TL from north of Qeshm Island in the Persian Gulf.

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Figure 1 in First record of the burrowing goby, Trypauchen vagina (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae), from the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf

Figure 1. Distribution map of T. vagina recorded from the Persian Gulf. The solid square is the previously known locality (in 1985) and the open square corresponds to the new record locality at 26°56ʹN, 55°54ʹE, north of Qeshm Island.

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Figure 3 in Amylase in the hepatopancreas of a euryhaline burrowing crab: characteristics and modulation

Figure 3. Effect of temperature, NaCl concentrations, various ions, and Ca2+ on amylolytic activity of partially purified amylase from hepatopancreas of N. granulata. (a) Effect of temperature (4–70 °C). The activity was measured at pH 5.2 in the presence of 15 mg mL–1 of starch. The activity values are expressed in relation to the activity at 30 °C (100% = 4.3 mg maltose mg–1 protein min–1). (b) Effect of NaCl concentrations (0–4 M). The activity was measured at pH 5.2 and 30 °C in the presence of 15 mg mL–1 of starch. The activity values are expressed in relation to the activity in the absence of NaCl (100% = 6.16 mg maltose mg–1 protein min–1). (c) Effect of ions. The activity was measured in the presence of 15 mg mL–1 of starch at pH 5.2, 30 °C, in the absence (control) or the presence of the indicated ions (5 mM) (chloride or sulfate salts). The activity values are expressed in relation to the control (100% = 7.5 mg maltose mg–1 protein min–1). (d) Effect of Ca2+. The activity was determined in the presence of 15 mg mL–1 of starch at pH 5.2, 30 °C, in the absence or presence of 5 mM CaCl2, 5 mM EDTA, or both. The activity values are expressed in relation to the activity in the absence of CaCl2 or EDTA (100% = 3.3 mg maltose mg–1 protein min–1). The values are the average of triplicate assays.

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Figure 4 in Amylase in the hepatopancreas of a euryhaline burrowing crab: characteristics and modulation

Figure 4. Lineweaver–Burk plot of activity of partially purified amylase from the hepatopancreas of N. granulata using starch or glycogen as substrates. The corresponding activities were measured at pH 5.2 and 30 °C. The values are the average of triplicate assays.

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Figure 1 in Amylase in the hepatopancreas of a euryhaline burrowing crab: characteristics and modulation

Figure 1. (a) Zymogram of amylolytic activity from hepatopancreas extract of N. granulata acclimated to 35 psu. After electrophoresis, the gel was immersed in a starch solution (1%) at pH 6.0 for 90 min and then stained with an iodine/KI solution (10 mM). The gray arrow indicates the major active band (29 kDa). (b) Zymogram of amylolytic activity from the hepatopancreas extract of N. granulata acclimated to low (10 psu) and high (37 psu) salinity. After electrophoresis, the gel was immersed in a starch solution (1%) at pH 6.0 for 90 min and then stained with an iodine/KI solution (10 mM). The gray arrows indicate the bands of 29 and 30 kDa.

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Figures 1–3 in A new key for the species of Ateuchus Weber (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) occurring in Mexico, with a description of the first North American inquiline species from a rodent burrow (Rodentia: Geomydae) and new distribution records

Figures 1–3. Ateuchus tuza sp. nov.; 1, dorsal habitus of holotype; 2, ventral habitus of holotype; 3, wrinkled area at the base of the head of a male.

Fig. 1 in Effect of burrowing cymothoid parasitism on loricariids

Fig. 1. Location of the sampling point for monitoring the ichthyofauna and studying the parasitic interaction of Artystone sp. and loricariids in the Selma stream, which is a tributary of Teles Pires River, Tapajos basin.

Fig. 3 in Effect of burrowing cymothoid parasitism on loricariids

Fig. 3. ANCOVA regression of the length-weight relationship of the hosts Hisonotus chromodontus Britski and Garavello (2007) and Curculionichthys luteofrenatus (Britski and Garavello 2007) with the covariate parasitized (blue points) and not parasitized (red points) by the burrowing cymothoid Artystone sp. in the Selma stream, a tributary of the Teles Pires River, during one year of parasite interaction monitoring. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2. 3 in Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei

Fig. 2. 3-Dimensional models of A) S. scabiei mite survival from laboratory data (Arlian et al., 1984a), and B) the estimated mite survival from GAM fit to the laboratory data (R2 = 0.834).

Fig. 5. A in Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei

Fig. 5. A) Estimated mite survival within burrows across the eastern (low mange prevalence) and western (high mange prevalence) survey areas. B) The relationship between estimated mite survival and the elevation of burrows from the eastern and western areas.

Fig. 4 in Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei

Fig. 4. Relationship of burrow A) length, B) depth, C) elevation, and D) field trip number, to estimated mite survival time within burrow.

Fig. 3 in Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei

Fig. 3. Temporal profiles of A) air temperature, B) relative humidity, and C) estimated mite survival within wombat burrows and outside at the burrow entrances. D) Average estimated mite survival time at burrow entrances and within burrows (n = 33).

Fig. 6 in Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei

Fig. 6. Seasonal variation in estimated mite survival within wombat burrows. Note: in winter, the burrows were sampled with a different method (data loggers) compared to the spring and summer (robotic vehicle, the WomBot).