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FIGURE 23 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 23. Lectotype of Pristocera cambouei, ♂. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Forewing. F. Hind wing. G. Tarsal claws. H. Mesopleuron, lateral view. I. Hypopygium, inner view. J. Genitalia, dorsal view. K. Genitalia, ventral view. L. Labels. Scale bars: 100 µm, except 50 µm for B, G, H and 200 µm for E.

FIGURE 22 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 22. Pristocera levicollis, ♀. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Labels. Scale bars: 500 µm, except 200 µm for B.

FIGURE 21 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 21. Pristocera levicollis, ♂. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Forewing. F. Hypopygium, inner view. G. Genitalia, dorsal view. H. Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 100 µm, except 200 µm for A, C, D, and 500 µm for E.

FIGURE 18 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 18. Pristocera teetsii, ♀. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Labels. Scale bars: 100 µm.

FIGURE 17 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 17. Pristocera teetsii, ♂. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. F. Pronotum, lateral view. G. Mesopleuron, lateral view. H. Forewing. I. Hamuli, hind wing. J. First abdominal spiracle, dorso-lateral view. K. Hypopygium, inner view. L. Genitalia, dorsal view. M. Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 500 µm, except 200 µm for J and 100 µm for C, D, H, K–M.

FIGURE 13 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 13. Pristocera mauricei, ♂. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. F. Pronotum, lateral view. G. Mesopleuron, lateral view. H. Forewing. I. Hamuli, hind wing. J. Hypopygium, inner view. K. Genitalia, dorsal view. L. Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 100 µm.

FIGURE 14 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 14. Pristocera mauricei, ♀. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. E. Labels. Scale bar: 100 µm.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Fig. 2 a–g in When dwarf males and hermaphrodites copulate: first record of mating behaviour in a dwarf male using the androdioecious barnacle Scalpellum scalpellum (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica)

Fig. 2 a–g Penis structure in dwarf males of Scalpellum scalpellum. A hermaphrodite photographed in vivo and carrying dwarf males in the receptacle area on either side of the brood chamber (mantle cavity). b One of the males in close up, revealing the tube-like penis still inside its body. c Another male with the penis already extended for mating; note the length of the penis relative to the small male body; another deeply buried male situated close by. d SEM of dwarf male with penis almost fully extended and showing the side branches. e Tip of the penis furnished with sensory setae; note the central opening. f SEM of dwarf males located symmetrically on either side of the brood chamber; one male with penis extended; note in both d and f how the males are located outside the brood chamber when the mantle valves are fully closed. g SEM of dwarf male fixed when the penis is extended into the brood chamber for mating; the cirri of the hermaphrodite hovering over the male

opennotspecifiedMar 2019View details →

Fig. 2 in COI-based species delimitation in Indochinese Tetraserica chafers reveal hybridisation despite strong divergence in male copulation organs

Fig. 2 Tree from Bayesian inference along with the information about morphospecies assignment (column morphology, paraphyletic morphospecies red), collecting sites (cf. Fig. 1), results from the various methods of species delimitation (columns 3–8, mPTP and GMYC with results for all specimens (all) and for unique haplotypes (ht)) and illustrations of the respective morphospecies' aedeagi. Green boxes indicate

opennotspecifiedMar 2019View details →

Fig. 1 in COI-based species delimitation in Indochinese Tetraserica chafers reveal hybridisation despite strong divergence in male copulation organs

Fig. 1 Map of Southeast Asia showing collecting sites of studied individuals. Numbers refer to Supplement Table 1 and Fig. 2

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Fig. 1 in New information on the evolution of mating behaviour in Sepsidae (Diptera) and the cost of male copulations in Saltella sphondylii

Fig. 1 Evolution of behavioural characters modified from Puniamoorthy et al. (2009) on the phylogenetic tree of Sepsidae based on the molecular data from Puniamoorthy et al. (2008) and Su et al. (2008) (ACCTRAN: black symbols non-homoplasious; open symbols homoplasious changes)

opennotspecifiedOct 2023View details →

Fig. 4 in Is the copulation of silver-washed fritillary inverted? Function of the female genital projection (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Argynnini)

Fig. 4 Photograph (A) and schematic drawing (B) of male and female genitalia in copulation. See Figs. 1 and 2 for abbreviations (o.b = ost.bu)

opennotspecifiedOct 2023View details →

Fig. 3 A. 3D in Is the copulation of silver-washed fritillary inverted? Function of the female genital projection (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Argynnini)

Fig. 3 A. 3D reconstruction of the cornucopia and its related structures during copulation. B. Ditto, with cornucopia transparent. Blue arrowheads indicate broken cornuti; red arrowheads indicate the spines of the uncus penetrating the cornucopia. C. Internal structures of the cornucopia (orange: ductus seminalis; orange arrowhead: opening of ductus seminalis; yellow: muscles). White broken arrows indicate the direction of muscle fibres. Muscles are only reconstructed posterior to the ductus seminalis opening. D. SEM image of the opening of the ductus seminalis (scale = 0.1 mm)

opennotspecifiedOct 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Is the copulation of silver-washed fritillary inverted? Function of the female genital projection (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Argynnini)

Fig. 1 Photograph (A: ostium bursae removed) and schematic drawing (B) of female genitalia (lateral view) of Argynnis paphia. Head comes to left. Red arrowheads indicate copulatory wounds caused by the male cornuti (C), uncus (U), and valva (V). Scale = 1.0 mm. Abbreviations: antr, antrum; bu.co, bursa copulatrix; cor, cornucopia; crp.bu, corpus bursae; du.bu, ductus bursae; du.sml, ductus seminalis; ost.bu, ostium bursae; ovar, ovaria; sin.v, sinus vaginalis; sp, spermatheca; SVIII, 8th sternum

FIGURES 45‑56 in Female monopolization and paternity assurance in South American crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): mating plugs, extra claspers and forced copulation

FIGURES 45‑56: Terminalia of several species of Aracamby. 45, 46, male of undescribed species "A", lateral and ventral respectively; 47, female of same, lateral; 48, 49, 50, male of undescribed species "B" dorsal, ventral and lateral respectively; 51, 52, 53, male of undescribed species "C", lateral, dorsal and ventral respectively; 54, 55, 56, male of Aracamby balneatorius Mello, 1992, dorsal, lateral and ventral respectively. Conventions: IB = inferior bristle of paraproct; SB = superior bristle of paraproct; PC = paraproctal clasper. Figures not to scale.

FIGURES 26‑38 in Female monopolization and paternity assurance in South American crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): mating plugs, extra claspers and forced copulation

FIGURES 26‑38: Dorsal, ventral and lateral views, respectively, of the phallic complex and copulatory papilla of Izecksohniella aimore and Cacruzia bahiana. 26, 27, 28, phallic complex of I. aimore; 29, 30, 31, copulatory papilla of I. aimore; 32, 33, 34, phallic complex of C. bahiana; 35, dorso-distal portion of pseudepiphallus of another specimen showing completely swollen pseudepiphallic parameres (compare with Fig. 32); 36, 37, 38, copulatory papilla of C. bahiana. Conventions: PG = phallic gland; O = outer opening of phallic. Figures not to scale.

FIGURES 39‑44 in Female monopolization and paternity assurance in South American crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): mating plugs, extra claspers and forced copulation

FIGURES 39‑44: 39, 40, spermatophore of Eidmanacris sp. in dorsal and ventral views, showing the specialized neck which functions as a mating plug; 41, detailed side view of spermatophore neck; 42, 43, 44, dorsal, lateral and ventral views of copulatory papilla of same species showing the mating plug inserted in its orifice. Figures not to scale.

FIGURES 14‑25 in Female monopolization and paternity assurance in South American crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): mating plugs, extra claspers and forced copulation

FIGURES 14‑25: Dorsal, ventral and lateral views, respectively, of the phallic complex and copulatory papilla of Vanzoliniella sambophila and of a species belonging to an undescribed genus. 14, 15, 16, phallic complex of V. sambophila; 17, 18, 19, copulatory papilla of V. sambophila; 20, 21, 22, phallic complex of "undescribed genus and species"; 23, 24, 25, copulatory papilla of same. Conventions: PG = phallic gland; O = outer opening of phalic gland. Figures not to scale.

FIGURES 5‑13 in Female monopolization and paternity assurance in South American crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): mating plugs, extra claspers and forced copulation

FIGURES 5‑13: Phallic complex and copulatory papilla of Aracamby sp (undescribed species). 5, 6, 7, phallic complex in dorsal, ventral and lateral views, respectively; 8, tubular pseudepiphallic arms in rear view; 9, idem in dorsal view; 10, 11, copulatory papilla of virgin female in dorsal and lateral views, respectively; 12, 13, copulatory papilla of a female seven days after copulation. Conventions: PsA = pseudepiphallic arm; PsP = pseudepiphallic paramere; PG = phallic gland; PM = "petrified" membrane; O = outer opening of pseudepiphallic gland; FM = flexible membrane". Figures not to scale.

FIGURES 1‑4 in Female monopolization and paternity assurance in South American crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): mating plugs, extra claspers and forced copulation

FIGURES 1‑4: Phallic complex and female terminalia of Adenophallusia naiguatana. 1, 2, 3, phallic complex in dorsal, ventral and lateral views, respectively; 4, female distal abdominal sternites. Conventions: PG = phallic gland; Ct = cement; O = outer opening of phallic gland; SgP = dashed line indicating the position of the subgenital plate prior to its removal; OVIP = basal portion of ovipositor. Figures not to scale.