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113 results for “debt”
Investigating the Point of View of Project Management Practitioners on Technical Debt - A Study on Stack Exchange
<p>Investigating the Point of View of Project Management Practitioners on Technical Debt - A Study on Stack Exchange.</p> <p>Journal of Software Engineering Research and Development (JSERD) 2023.</p> <p> </p>
Heat stress reveals a fertility debt owing to postcopulatory sexual selection
<p>Climates are changing rapidly, demanding equally rapid adaptation of natural populations. Whether sexual selection can aid such adaptation is under debate; while sexual selection should promote adaptation when individuals with high mating success are also best adapted to their local surroundings, the expression of sexually selected traits can incur costs. Here we asked what the demographic consequences of such costs may be once climates change to become harsher and the strength of natural selection increases. We investigated how an evolutionary history of strong postcopulatory sexual selection (sperm competition) affects male fertility under acute adult heat stress. Harnessing the empirical potential of long-term experimental evolution in the seed beetle <em>Callosobruchus</em> <em>maculatus</em>, we assessed the thermal sensitivity of fertility (TSF) in replicated lines maintained for 68 generations under three alternative mating regimes manipulating the opportunity for sexual and natural selection. We find that males evolving under strong sexual selection suffer from increased TSF, and that male success in sperm competition (P2: sperm offense) is genetically correlated to increased TSF. Interestingly, females from the regime under strong sexual selection, who experienced relaxed selection on their own reproductive effort, had high fertility in benign settings but suffered increased TSF, like their brothers. This implies that female fertility and TSF evolved through genetic correlation with reproductive traits sexually selected in males. Paternal but not maternal heat stress reduced offspring fertility with no evidence for adaptive transgenerational plasticity among heat-exposed offspring, indicating that the observed effects may compound over generations. Our results suggest that trade-offs between fertility and traits increasing success in postcopulatory sexual selection can be revealed in harsh environments. This can put polyandrous species under increased risk during extreme heat waves expected under future climate change.</p>
An Exploratory Study on the Occurrence of Self-Admitted Technical Debt in Android Apps
<p>This is the code and dataset that accompanies the study: "<strong>An Exploratory Study on the Occurrence of Self-Admitted Technical Debt in Android Apps</strong>." This study has been accepted for publication at the 2023 International Conference on Technical Debt.</p> <p><strong><em>Following is the abstract of the study:</em></strong></p> <p>Technical debt describes situations where developers write less-than-optimal code to meet project milestones. However, this debt accumulation often results in future developer effort to live with or fix these quality issues. To better manage this debt, developers may document their sub-optimal code as comments in the code (i.e., self-admitted technical debt or SATD). While prior research has investigated the occurrence and characteristics of SATD, this research has primarily focused on non-mobile systems. With millions of mobile applications (apps) in multiple genres available for end-users, there is a lack of research on sub-optimal code developers intentionally implement in mobile apps. </p> <p>In this study, we examine the occurrence and characteristics of SATD in 15,614 open-source Android apps. Our findings show that even though such apps contain occurrences of SATD, the volume per app (a median of 4) is lower than in non-mobile systems, with most debt categorized as Code Debt. Additionally, we identify typical elements in an app that are prone to intentional sub-optimal implementations. We envision our findings supporting researchers and tool vendors with building tools and techniques to support app developers with app maintenance. </p>
Additional Material for Paper: IT Managers' Perspective on Technical Debt Management
<p>This is the additional material for the Paper "IT Managers’ Perspective on Technical Debt Management" submitted to the Journal of Systems and Software.</p> <p>The folder contains the following files:</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li>Consent form - blinded.pdf / Consent form.pdf:<br> The consent form was used to gather the participants' consent to participate in this study.</li> <li>PreliminarySurvey.pdf:<br> The survey was sent to all participants in advance to gather basic statistical data.</li> <li>ParticipantsOverview.pdf / ParticipantsOverview.xslx<br> The overview of all participants was extracted from the preliminary survey. For anonymity reasons, we can not provide the country/language of the participants.</li> <li>InterviewGuide.pdf<br> The interview guide was followed by the interviewers, including all questions and the rationale for questions added before the 2nd iteration.</li> <li>CodeSystem.xlsx<br> All Codes were gathered from the interviews with a short explanation (in Excel to use the grouping function for a better overview).</li> <li>AnalyticMemos_Themes.pdf<br> All free memos were created during the study, including all themes that led to the main concerns described in the paper.</li> <li>Focusgroup-discussion_Themes_slides.pdf<br> The slides were created for the focus group discussion. The participants were introduced to the "main concerns" and asked to comment on these findings.</li> <li>V4C_model.drawio<br> This is the original drawio file of our V4C model, including all diagrams from the paper. Additionally, we provide the complete version of the visibility diagram, which had to be reduced in the paper due to the page limitation. Also, the file contains one more diagram with another example of the model's usage.</li> <li>V4Cmodel.pdf, V4Cmodel_example.pdf, VisibilityOfCausesConsequences.pdf; VisibilityCycles.pdf<br> All diagrams of the paper are in single PDF files.</li> <li>V4CTDmodel+example.pptx<br> A short presentation of the model and an example of its usage in PowerPoint format to immediately use.</li> </ul>
Replication Package for Identifying Self-Admitted Technical Debt in Issue Tracking Systems using Machine Learning
<p>This dataset includes pre-trained word embeddings and a weighted file that can be used to identify self-admitted technical debt (SATD) from issue tracking systems.</p>
An analysis of the impact of domain debt in open-source projects
<p>Datasets related to the thesis paper:</p> <ul> <li><em>original_boa.txt</em> contains the intial output given by <a href="https://boa.cs.iastate.edu/boa/index.php">BOA</a>, while <em>filtered_boa.txt</em> comprises the set of repositories with at most five domain entity packages</li> <li><em>original_seart.txt</em> included data as returned by <a href="https://seart-ghs.si.usi.ch/">SEART</a></li> <li><em>database_structure.sql</em> is the SQL file that may be exploited to perform further analysis on the two datasets</li> <li><em>repos.json</em> contains the final list of repositories, as chosen in the study</li> </ul>
Data from: Carbon debt of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands converted to bioenergy production
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Extinction and ecosystem function debt across dispersal rate and behavior in a heterogeneous metacommunity model
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Heat stress reveals a fertility debt owing to postcopulatory sexual selection
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Extinction debt in local habitats: quantifying the roles of random drift, immigration, and emigration
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Data from: Anthropogenic ecosystem disturbance and the recovery debt
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Supporting data for changing climate reallocates the carbon debt of frequent-fire forests
<p>Ongoing climate change will likely alter the carbon carrying capacity of forests as they adjust to climatic extremes and changing disturbance regimes. Increasing drought frequency and severity are already causing widespread tree mortality events, which can exacerbate the carbon debt that has developed as a result of fire-exclusion. Reducing tree density and surface fuels decreases the risk of high-severity wildfire and may also limit drought-induced mortality by reducing competition. We utilized a long-term thinning and burning experiment in a mixed-conifer forest to investigate the effects of the 2012-2015 California drought on forest carbon dynamics, including the carbon emissions from a second-entry prescribed fire that followed the drought. We assessed differences in carbon stability and drought survival across treatments, with the expectation that both carbon stability and survival probability would increase with increasing treatment intensity (decreasing basal area). Additionally, we analyzed the effects of drought- mortality on second-entry burn emissions and compared emissions for the first and second-entry burns. We did not find a linear relationship between treatment intensity and carbon stability, which was in part driven by varying relationships between growing space and survival across treatments. Drought mortality also increased dead tree and surface fuel carbon in all treatments, which contributed to an increase in second-entry burn emissions for two of the three burn treatments. Our findings suggest that restoration treatments will not serve as a panacea for ongoing climate change and that the carbon debt of these forests will increase as the carbon carrying capacity adjusts to severe drought events. Managing this additional carbon debt with prescribed fire will help reduce the risk of additional mortality from wildfire, but at an increasing carbon cost for forest management. </p>
Data from: Sleep apnea, sleep debt and daytime sleepiness are independently associated with road accidents: a cross-sectional study on truck drivers
Background: Recent research has found evidence of an association between motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) or near miss accidents (NMAs), and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) or its main medical cause, Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). However, EDS can also be due to non-medical factors, such as sleep debt (SD), which is common among professional truck drivers. On the opposite side, rest breaks and naps are known to protect against accidents. Study objectives: To investigate the association of OSA, SD, EDS, rest breaks and naps, with the occurrence of MVAs and NMAs in a large sample of truck drivers. Methods: 949 male truck drivers took part in a cross-sectional medical examination and were asked to complete a questionnaire about sleep and waking habits, risk factors for OSA and EDS. Results: MVAs and NMAs were reported by 34.8% and 9.2% of participants, respectively. MVAs were significantly predicted by OSA (OR= 2.32 CI95%=1.68-3.20), SD (OR=1.45 CI95%=1.29-1.63), EDS (OR=1.73 CI95%=1.15-2.61) and prevented by naps (OR=0.59 CI95%=0.44-0.79) or rest breaks (OR=0.63 CI95%=0.45-0.89). NMAs were significantly predicted by OSA (OR= 2.39 CI95%=1.47- 3.87) and SD (OR=1.49 CI95%=1.27- 1.76) and prevented by naps (OR=0.52 CI95%=0.32- 0.85) or rest breaks (OR=0.49 CI95%=0.29- 0.82). Conclusions: When OSA, SD or EDS are present, the risk of MVAs or NMAs in truck drivers is severely increased. Taking a rest break or a nap appear to be protective against accidents.
Data from: Contrasting habitat and landscape effects on the fitness of a long-lived grassland plant under forest encroachment: do they provide evidence for extinction debt?
1. Habitat loss, fragmentation and transformation threaten the persistence of many species worldwide. Population and individual fitness are often compromised in small, degraded and isolated habitats, but extinction can be a slow process and extinction debts are common. 2. Long-lived species are prone to persist as remnant populations in low quality habitats for a long time, but the population and individual-level mechanisms of extinction debt remain poorly explored so far. 3. We here investigate the mechanisms involved in the long-term persistence of the common grassland specialist, long-lived, clonal plant Aphyllanthes monspeliensis L. (Asparagaceae). after forest encroachment into semi-natural Mediterranean calcareous grasslands in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). For this purpose we assess vegetative (aboveground and belowground) and reproductive plant performance indicators and their habitat and landscape (current and historical) drivers. 4. We confirm the existence of an extinction debt for this species, since current plant frequency is related to historical but not current connectivity, and we also find a positive effect of historical connectivity on seed set. In addition, current tree cover negatively affects individual size and aboveground/belowground biomass ratio, and biotic soil acidification leads to a reduction in the flowering probability of individuals and stems. 5. However, we also find that current connectivity negatively affects flowering and that tree cover enhances seed set. The forestation process, thus, also exerts a positive effect on some fitness traits, probably by providing a moister environment. 6. Synthesis. Habitat loss and deterioration result in a decreased vegetative performance of Aphyllanthes monspeliensis, a grassland specialist, but show contrasting effects on its reproductive performance. However, further forest encroachment would increase light competition and soil acidification, threatening its persistence and promoting the payment of the extinction debt if no conservation measures are taken.
Data from: Extinction debt of a common shrub in a fragmented landscape
1. Environmental stochasticity and low demographic rates may cause delayed extinctions of habitat-specialist species that were initially retained within remnant patches after habitat loss and fragmentation. Detecting such extinction debts opens opportunities to counteract future biodiversity loss, yet knowing the underlying causes of population declines is a basic need for targeting specific guidelines for conservation and restoration (e.g. habitat quantity, quality, or connectivity). 2. Here, we examine the extinction debt in the common Mediterranean shrub Myrtus communis (myrtle) occurring in woodland patches of a highly fragmented region that has lost nearly half of the remnant woodland cover during the last fifty years (1956–2002). 3. We sampled myrtle occurrence in 304 woodland patches and modelled its probability of occurrence in relation to patch size, patch disturbance and woodland cover in the surrounding landscape. In order to test for extinction debt evidence, we tested whether myrtle occurrence is better predicted by past (1956) than by present (2002) woodland cover. 4. We found that the probability of myrtle occurrence is associated with present patch features (size and disturbance) that are linked to causes of individual mortality and/or recruitment collapse. However, it was associated with past – rather than present – woodland cover in the surrounding landscape, proving a still unpaid extinction debt. Specifically, myrtle occurrence is very unlikely in small and highly disturbed patches located in long-term deforested landscapes. 5. Synthesis and applications. Individual longevity of the Mediterranean shrub Myrtus communis (myrtle) can delay local extinctions, but paying the debt is a matter of time, especially considering the elevated susceptibility of small and disturbed populations to environmental stochasticity. However, these populations still offer management opportunities and reducing disturbances and improving habitat quality, especially within small woodland patches, should be a top priority for conservation and restoration.
Technical Debt Awareness: Definitions, Methods, and Metrics
<p>The additional material for the paper "Technical Debt Awareness: Definitions, Methods, and Metrics" comprises the following documents:</p><p> </p><p>* Guideline_to_Use_TD-SAGAT.docx (.pdf)</p><p> A short guideline on how the use the TD-SAGAT method.</p><p>* Semi_SLR_papers.xlsx</p><p> All excluded and included papers of our smei-SLR whit resons for exclusion and extracted data for included papers.</p><p>* Participant_and_Meetings.xslx</p><p> overview of all participants with role and years of experience </p><p> overview of all meetings, we used for analysis</p><p>* Survey_and_Observation_Template_plus_Mappings.xlsx</p><p> survey questions for workshop survey, TD-SAGAT survey and observation protocol</p><p> mapping of all questions and aspects between the surveys and the obersvation aspects</p><p>* SAGAT_for_TD_from_Goals_to_Queries.pdf</p><p> Determination of survey questions by following the SAGAT approach of following the hierarchy of goals, subgoals, decisions, requirements, queries </p><p>* TD-SAGAT_Analysis.xlsx</p><p> analysis data for the TD-SAGAT analysis, incl. chart</p><p>* Observations.xslx</p><p> observation protocols (anonymized) for all observed meetings</p><p> </p>
VulSATDˆ{DS}: a dataset for vulnerabilities and self-admitted technical debt and its replication package
<p>VulSATDˆ{DS} is a dataset of functions in C/C++ extracted from 12 open-source projects and labelled for the existence of self-admitted technical debt (SATD) and vulnerability. It was presented in the paper "VulSATDˆ{DS}: a dataset for vulnerabilities and self-admitted technical debt." This upload contains both the dataset (file: VulSATDDS.zip) and the replication package that allows the recreation of the dataset from its sources (replication.zip).</p>
Technical Debt Dataset from Arcan Pipeline on 2023-11-17T07:39:28.107423+00:00
The dataset of the study "A continuous open source data collection platform for architectural technical debt assessment.
Additional material for paper: Technical Debt Game - Enabling Discussions about Technical Debt
<div>This is an overview of the additional material for the paper "Technical Debt Game - Enabling Discussions about Technical Debt" submitted to the conference "TechDebt 2025":</div> <div> </div> <div>* ENGameManualDigital.pdf</div> <div> Instructions on how to play the TechDebt Game, including details and explanation on how the game relates to the reality of dealing with technical debt.</div> <div> </div> <div>* ENShortInstruction.pdf</div> <div> Instructions on how to play the TechDebt Game, shortened to the minimum and without details/examples and without explanation on how the game relates to the reality of dealing with technical debt.</div> <div> </div> <div>* ENPrintversion.pdf</div> <div> Gameboard, cards, scoreboard, etc., to print out and play the game offline. The Game must be augmented with two dice, two game stones, and multiple tiles in two different colors. Instead of tiles, one can also use cut-out paper tiles or taller game stones.</div> <div> </div> <div>* Introduction guide for game master.pdf</div> <div> When explaining the game to participants, the game masters, i.e., researchers, followed this guideline.</div> <div> </div> <div>* Survey Printversion - TD Game.pdf</div> <div> Print-version of the online survey each player filled out after the game.</div> <div> </div> <div>* Survey_analysis.xlsx</div> <div> Analysis of the survey results, including tables for:</div> <div>- AllResults: overview of all results</div> <div>- questions: list of all questions</div> <div>- AHA moments: explanations for each AHA-moment</div> <div>- sample 1 and 2: analysis of demographic results</div> <div>- comments game: analysis of the open question regarding feedback on the game</div> <div>- comments attitude + behavior: analysis of the open question regarding attitude and behavior changes</div> <div>- Data AHAmoments: Results of the AHA-moments per player</div> <div>- Data all Players (Vis.): summarized data and visualization for all players</div> <div>- Data per category: AHA-moment's results ordered by stakeholder category</div> <div>- Reality&Insights p. cat. (Vis.): sums for new real-life connections ("had this AHA moment, but is not new") and new insights ("had this AHA moment and is new") per player for each stakeholder category</div> <div>- Data <B|TJ|TS>-Player (Vis.): summarized AHA-moments and visualization for each stakeholder category</div> <p> </p>
Establishing Technical Debt Management - A Five-Step Workshop Approach and an Action Research Study
<div> <div>The additional material for the paper "Establishing Technical Debt Management - A Five-Step Workshop Approach and an Action Research Study" comprises the following documents:</div> <div> </div> <div>* Guideline_to_Use_TD-SAGAT.docx (.pdf)</div> <div> A short guideline on how to use the TD-SAGAT method.</div> <div>* SAGAT_for_TD_from_Goals_to_Queries.pdf</div> <div> Determination of survey questions by following the SAGAT approach of following the hierarchy of goals, subgoals, decisions, requirements, and queries </div> <div>* WIKI page on technical debt.pdf</div> <div> The teams' wiki page on TD management written by the TD manager</div> <div>* AzureTDTickets_Template.pdf</div> <div> Screenshot of the backlog's TD item template as presented in the paper for better readability.</div> <div>* OverviewOfActionCycles_ExtendedTable5.xlsx</div> <div> Table 5 (Overview of actions cycles with workshop topics, TD activities, actions taken, and learning) as an Excel sheet with additional information on actions and learning, which we did not put into the paper</div> <div> </div> <div>* Workshops/workshop_slides/TDMGuide_<x>_Workshop.pptx</div> <div> Slides for each of the six workshops </div> <div>* Workshops/workshop_slides/TDMGuide_0_InitTalk_35Min_EN.pptx</div> <div> The initial one-hour introduction into the TD topic (~40 min. talk + 20 min. for a short discussion) </div> <div> </div> <div>* Workshops/workshop_flipcharts/WS<No.>_<explanation>.jpg</div> <div> Six anonymized flipchart photos to give an impression of the workshops, particularly of the kick-off workshop (other workshops made less use of flipcharts).</div> <div> Translations are directly included in the photos, except for ...</div> <div>* Workshops/workshop_flipcharts/WS1_Topic Cache - Translation.txt</div> <div> Translation of the German topic cache in an extra file, as there were too many topics to translate in the photo</div> <div> </div> <div>* Workshops/Workshop Agendas.pdf</div> <div>Agendas for the kick-off workshop and a general agenda for further workshops, each with a detailed agenda for workshop moderators and a rough agenda for participants.</div> <div> </div> <div>* Workshops/ TD_Energy_Matrix.xlsx</div> <div> Matrix where participants mark their own, the teams, and the companies' (assumed) level of willingness to invest in a TDM versus their (assumed) evaluation of TDM's importance. Used in kickoff workshop</div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div>* Evaluations/Backlog_Evaluations_and_Figures.xlsx</div> <div>- Backlog data from the 5th workshop (for 6th workshop, we used the PowerBI Visualization instead)</div> <div>- Evaluation of this data comprising </div> <div>- priority calculations based on priority risk and </div> <div>- priority calculations based on priority risk based on ROI</div> <div> </div> <div>* Evaluations/Meetings_Overview_Observations_Evaluation_Figures.xlsx</div> <div>- Overview of all meetings plus information on length, participants, whether a video exists and was used for evaluation</div> <div>- Filled out observation protocols from different meetings</div> <div>- Summation, evaluations, and resulting figures</div> <div> </div> <div>* Evaluations/TD-SAGAT_Survey_and_SurveyResults_Figures.xlsx</div> <div>- Survey questions for TD-SAGAT plus results</div> <div>- Evaluation plus figures</div> <div> </div> <div>* Evaluations/Workshop_Survey_and_SurveyResults_Figures.xlsx</div> <div>- Survey questions for Workshops plus results</div> <div>- Evaluation plus figures</div> <div> </div> <div>* Evaluations/Kickoff_Survey_and_SurveyResults.xlsx</div> <div>- Survey questions for Kickoff Workshops (incl. questions on current TDM process) plus results</div> <div>- Evaluation in Workshop_Survey_and_SurveyResults_Figures.xslx</div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div>* Visualizations/V<No.>_<adopted|mockup>_<explanation>.png</div> <div>- "adopted" visualizations are similarly presented in the paper in Fig. 2.</div> <div>- "mockup" visualizations were presented during the workshops but not adopted in this form. </div> <div>If a respective "adopted" visualization for this No. exists, the visualisation was replaced by a more suitable one. </div> <div>If no respective "adopted" visualization for this No. exists, the visualisation was discarded.</div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div>* Visualizations/Dashboard <Manager|Team>.png</div> <div>- shows the dashboard mockups for the manager and the team, respectively. </div> <div>Visualizations presented in the dashboards that were not adopted by the team were removed or replaced by the improved visualizations in the final dashboard versions.</div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> </div>
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