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99 results for “host preference”
Preference, performance, and chemical defense in an endangered butterfly using novel and ancestral host plants
<p>Adoption of novel host plants by herbivorous insects can require new adaptations and may entail loss of adaptation to ancestral hosts. We examined relationships between an endangered subspecies of the butterfly <i>Euphydryas editha </i>(Taylor's checkerspot) and three host plant species. Two of the hosts (<i>Castilleja hispida, Castilleja levisecta</i>) were used ancestrally while the other, <i>Plantago lanceolata</i>, is exotic and was adopted more recently. We measured oviposition preference, neonate preference, larval growth, and secondary chemical uptake on all three hosts. Adult females readily laid eggs on all hosts but favored <i>Plantago </i>and tended to avoid <i>C. levisecta. </i>Oviposition preference changed over time.<i> </i>Neonates had no preference among host species, but consistently chose bracts over leaves within both <i>Castilleja </i>species. Larvae developed successfully on all species and grew to similar size on all of them unless they ate only <i>Castilleja </i>leaves (rather than bracts) which limited their growth. Diet strongly influenced secondary chemical uptake by larvae. Larvae that ate <i>Plantago </i>or <i>C. hispida </i>leaves contained the highest concentrations of iridoid glycosides, and iridoid glycoside composition varied with host species and tissue type. Despite having largely switched to a novel exotic host and generally performing better on it, this population has retained breadth in preference and ability to use other hosts.</p>
Data from: Pathogens manipulate the preference of vectors, slowing disease spread in a multi-host system
The spread of vector‐borne pathogens depends on a complex set of interactions among pathogen, vector, and host. In single‐host systems, pathogens can induce changes in vector preferences for infected vs. healthy hosts. Yet it is unclear if pathogens also induce changes in vector preference among host species, and how changes in vector behaviour alter the ecological dynamics of disease spread. Here, we couple multi‐host preference experiments with a novel model of vector preference general to both single and multi‐host communities. We show that viruliferous aphids exhibit strong preferences for healthy and long‐lived hosts. Coupling experimental results with modelling to account for preference leads to a strong decrease in overall pathogen spread through multi‐host communities due to non‐random sorting of viruliferous vectors between preferred and non‐preferred host species. Our results demonstrate the importance of the interplay between vector behaviour and host diversity as a key mechanism in the spread of vectored‐diseases.
Data from: Specificity, rank preference and the colonization of a non-native host plant by the Melissa blue butterfly
Animals often express behavioral preferences for different types of food or other resources, and these preferences can evolve or shift following association with novel food types. Shifts in preference can involve at least two phenomena: a change in rank preference or a change in specificity. The former corresponds to a change in the order in which hosts are preferred, while a shift in specificity can be an increase in the tendency to utilize multiple hosts. These possibilities have been examined in relatively few systems that include extensive population-level replication. The Melissa blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa, has colonized exotic alfalfa, Medicago sativa, throughout western North America. We assayed host preferences of 229 females from 10 populations associated with novel and native hosts. In four out of five native-associated populations, a native host was preferred over the exotic host, while preference for a native host characterized only two out of five of the alfalfa-associated populations. Across all individuals from alfalfa-associated populations, there appears to have been a decrease in specificity: females from these populations lay fewer eggs on the native host and more eggs on the exotic relative to females from native-host populations. However, females from alfalfa-associated populations did not lay more eggs on a third plant species, which suggests that preferences for specific hosts in this system can potentially be gained and lost independently. Geographic variation in oviposition preference in L. melissa highlights the value of surveying a large number of populations when studying the evolution of a complex behavioral trait.
Data from: Beyond preference and performance: host plant selection by monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus
The connection between adult preferences and offspring performance is long-standing issue in understanding the evolutionary and ecological forces that dictate host associations and specialization in herbivorous insects. Indeed, decisions made by females about where to lay their eggs have direct consequences for fitness and are influenced by interacting factors including offspring performance, defence, and competition. Nonetheless, in addition to these attributes of the offspring, a female's choices may be affected by her own prior experience. Here we examined oviposition preference, larval performance, and the role of learning in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, which encounters diverse milkweed host species across its broad range and over the course of migration. Monarch females consistently preferred to oviposit on Asclepias incarnata subspecies pulchra. This plant, however, was associated with poor caterpillar growth, low sequestration of toxins, and the highest plant defences (latex and trichomes). We examined flexibility in this apparently maladaptive preference by testing the impact of previous experience and competition on preference. Experience laying on an alternative plant species enhanced preference for that species in contrast to A. i. pulchra. In addition, presence of a (competing) conspecific caterpillar on A. i. pulchra had a strongly deterrent effect and reversed host plant preferences. Thus, monarch butterflies exhibit preferences contrary to what would be expected based on offspring development and sequestered defences, but their preferences are altered by learning and competition, which may allow butterflies to shift preferences as they encounter diverse milkweeds across the landscape. Learning and perception of threats (i.e., competition or predation) may be critical for most herbivorous insects, which universally experience heterogeneity among their potential host plants.
Data from: Standing genetic variation in host preference for mutualist microbial symbionts
Many models of mutualisms show that mutualisms are unstable if hosts lack mechanisms enabling preferential associations with mutualistic symbiotic partners over exploitative partners. Despite the theoretical importance of mutualism-stabilizing mechanisms, we have little empirical evidence to infer their evolutionary dynamics in response to exploitation by non-beneficial partners. Using a model mutualism—the interaction between legumes and nitrogen-fixing soil symbionts—we tested for quantitative genetic variation in plant responses to mutualistic and exploitative symbiotic rhizobia in controlled greenhouse conditions. We found significant broad-sense heritability in a legume host's preferential association with mutualistic over exploitative symbionts and selection to reduce frequency of associations with exploitative partners. We failed to detect evidence that selection will favour the loss of mutualism-stabilizing mechanisms in the absence of exploitation, as we found no evidence for a fitness cost to the host trait or indirect selection on genetically correlated traits. Our results show that genetic variation in the ability to preferentially reduce associations with an exploitative partner exists within mutualisms and is under selection, indicating that micro-evolutionary responses in mutualism-stabilizing traits in the face of rapidly evolving mutualistic and exploitative symbiotic bacteria can occur in natural host populations.
Data from: Host stress hormones alter vector feeding preferences, success, and productivity
Stress hormones might represent a key link between individual-level infection outcome, population-level parasite transmission, and zoonotic disease risk. Although the effects of stress on immunity are well known, stress hormones could also affect host–vector interactions via modification of host behaviours or vector-feeding patterns and subsequent reproductive success. Here, we experimentally manipulated songbird stress hormones and examined subsequent feeding preferences, feeding success, and productivity of mosquito vectors in addition to defensive behaviours of hosts. Despite being more defensive, birds with elevated stress hormone concentrations were approximately twice as likely to be fed on by mosquitoes compared to control birds. Moreover, stress hormones altered the relationship between the timing of laying and clutch size in blood-fed mosquitoes. Our results suggest that host stress could affect the transmission dynamics of vector-borne parasites via multiple pathways.
Aphid-induced phytochemicals in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss. afflicting host preference and bionomics of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)
<p>Bionomics of an insect and metabolic flux of the host plant are important tools to decipher the status of plant resistance against insect species. This study illuminates vital information on aphid-induced levels of phytochemicals in the siliquae<em> </em>of <em>Brassica juncea</em> cultivars and their effect on host selection and population growth parameters of <em>Lipaphis erysimi</em>. The current study unveiled that the siliquae preference, intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), gross reproductive rate (GRR) and net reproductive rate (R0) were significantly lower on Pusa Mustard 27, DRMR 150-35, RLC 3, NRCHB 101, Pusa Mustard 26 and Pusa Mustard 25. However, mean generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) of <em>L. erysimi</em> were significantly longer (P<0.001) in these genotypes. These cultivars were also found with elevated levels of aphid-induced phytochemicals and their associated enzymes, except in a few cases. Total antioxidants, FRAP, chlorophyll A, total chlorophyll, AO, catalase, PAL and myrosinase were found to contribute 49.18 to 85.30% variation for siliquae preference and bionomics of <em>L. erysimi</em> on the test <em>B. juncea</em> cultivars. The study revealed that phenols, antioxidants, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, total carotenoids, AO, APX, PAL, TAL and myrosinase had significant and negative direct consequences on the siliquae preference and bionomics, thus can be exploited as biochemical markers to identify sources of resistance against <em>L. erysimi</em>. Further, DRMR 150-35, NRCHB 101, RLC 3, Pusa mustard 26, RH 749, and Pusa Mustard 27 were found with greater aphid-induced defence phytochemicals and detrimental effects on the host selection and bionomics of <em>L. erysimi</em>, thus can be deployed in <em>Brassica</em> improvement program.</p>
Innate preference hierarchies coupled with adult experience, rather than larval imprinting or transgenerational acclimation, determine host plant use in Pieris rapae
The evolution of host range drives diversification in phytophagous insects, and understanding the female oviposition choices is pivotal for understanding host specialization. One controversial mechanism for female host choice is Hopkins' host selection principle, where females are predicted to increase their preference for the host species they were feeding upon as larvae. A recent hypothesis posits that such larval imprinting is especially adaptive in combination with anticipatory transgenerational acclimation, so that females both allocate and adapt their offspring to their future host. We study the butterfly <i>Pieris rapae</i>, for which previous evidence suggests that females prefer to oviposit on host individuals of similar nitrogen content as the plant they were feeding upon as larvae, and where the offspring show higher performance on the mother's host type. We test the hypothesis that larval experience and anticipatory transgenerational effects influence female host plant acceptance (no-choice) and preference (choice) of two host plant species (<i>Barbarea vulgaris</i> and <i>Berteroa incana</i>) of varying nitrogen content. We then test the offspring performance on these hosts. We found no evidence of larval imprinting affecting female decision-making during oviposition, but that an adult female experience of egg laying in no-choice trials on the less-preferred host <i>Be. incana</i> slightly increased the <i>P. rapae</i> propensity to oviposit on <i>Be. incana</i> in subsequent choice trials. We found no transgenerational effects on female host acceptance or preference, but negative transgenerational effects on larval performance, because the offspring of <i>P. rapae</i> females that had developed on<i> Be. incana</i> as larvae grew slower on both hosts, and especially on <i>Be. incana</i>. Our results suggest that among host-species preferences are guided by hard-wired preference hierarchies linked to species-specific host traits and less affected by larval experience or transgenerational effects, which may be more important for females evaluating different host individuals of the same species.
Evolution of parasitoid host preference and performance in response to an invasive host acting as evolutionary trap
<p>The invasion of a novel host species can create a mismatch in host choice and offspring survival (performance) when native parasitoids attempt to exploit the invasive host without being able to circumvent its resistance mechanisms. Invasive hosts can therefore act as evolutionary trap reducing parasitoids' fitness and this may eventually lead to their extinction. Yet, escape from the trap can occur when parasitoids evolve behavioural avoidance or a physiological strategy compatible with the trap host, resulting in either host-range expansion or a complete host-shift. We developed an individual based model to investigate which conditions promote parasitoids to evolve behavioural preference that matches their performance, including host-trap avoidance, and which conditions lead to adaptations to the unsuitable hosts. The model was inspired by solitary endo-parasitoids attacking larval host stages. One important aspect of these conditions was reduced host survival during incompatible interaction, where a failed parasitization attempt by a parasitoid resulted not only in death of her offspring but also in host killing. This non-reproductive host mortality had a strong influence on the likelihood of establishment of novel host-parasitoid relationship, in some cases constraining adaptation to the trap host species. Moreover, our model revealed that host-search efficiency and genetic variation in host-preference play a key role in the likelihood that parasitoids will include the suboptimal host in their host range, or will evolve behavioural avoidance resulting in specialization and host-range conservation, respectively. Hence, invasive species might change the evolutionarily trajectory of native parasitoid species, which is important for predicting biocontrol ability of native parasitoids towards novel hosts.</p>
Ontogenetic Shifts in Behavior and Host-Plant Preference of a Tropical Clown Grasshopper
<p>This repository contains all the data and scripts necessary to perform the analyses of the study</p>
Transgenerational inheritance of learned preferences for novel host plant odors in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
<p>Many phytophagous insects have strong preferences for their host plants, which they recognize via odors, making it unclear how novel host preferences develop in the course of insect diversification. Insects may learn to prefer new host plants via exposure to their odors and pass this learned preference to their offspring. We tested this hypothesis by examining larval odor preferences before and after feeding them with leaves coated with control and novel odors and by examining odor preferences again in their offspring. Larvae of the parental generation developed a preference for two of these odors over their development. These odor preferences were also transmitted to the next generation. Offspring of butterflies fed on these new odors chose these odors more often than offspring of butterflies fed on control leaves. In addition, offspring of butterflies fed on banana odors had a significant naïve preference for the banana odors in contrast to the naïve preference for control leaves shown by individuals of the parental generation. Thus, butterflies can learn to prefer novel host plant odors via exposure to them during larval development and transmit these learned preferences to their offspring. This ability potentially facilitates shifts in host plant use over the course of insect diversification.</p>
Figure 6 in Nesting habits of the Japanese foliage spider, Cheiracanthium japonicum (Araneae: Miturgidae): host plant preference based on the physical traits of plant leaves
Figure 6. Differences in the nest size among all types examined by the Tukey test. A solid line indicates a range of 95% confidence intervals. If the interval crosses zero, the difference between the nest types is not significant. On the contrary, if the interval does not cross zero, the difference is significant. The nest types are abbreviated as follows: S1, season's first nest; S2, season's second nest; S3, season's third nest; S4, season's fourth nest; S5, season's fifth nest; M, mating nest; B, breeding nest.
Figure 5 in Nesting habits of the Japanese foliage spider, Cheiracanthium japonicum (Araneae: Miturgidae): host plant preference based on the physical traits of plant leaves
Figure 5. Relationship between the nest size and the nest type (n = 167). The nest types are abbreviated as follows: S1, season's first nest; S2, season's second nest; S3, season's third nest; S4, season's fourth nest; S5, season's fifth nest; M, mating nest; B, breeding nest.
Figure 4 in Nesting habits of the Japanese foliage spider, Cheiracanthium japonicum (Araneae: Miturgidae): host plant preference based on the physical traits of plant leaves
Figure 4. Principal component analysis bi-plot of relationships between the four physical traits of a leaf and the nest type (n = 133). Physical traits are shown by vectors. Each plot represents a nest type: square: season's first nest; diamond: season's second nest; solid square: season's third nest; circle: season's fourth nest; solid circle: season's fifth nest; triangle: mating nest; solid triangle: breeding nest. Plots with similar physical traits are formed into three groups (A, B and C) surrounded by lines.
Figure 2 in Species status of two colour morphs of Eupelmus vesicularis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) as revealed by allozyme electrophoresis, morphometric and host preference data
Figure 2. Scaterplots of pairs of variables for Eupelmus vesicularis light colour and dark colour forms. Note: All measurements in mm.
Figure 4 in Species status of two colour morphs of Eupelmus vesicularis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) as revealed by allozyme electrophoresis, morphometric and host preference data
Figure 4. Enzyme electromorphs of Eupelmus vesicularis light colour form (left) and dark colour form (right). Notes: The direction of current flow is indicated by +; the specimen loading point is shown by an arrow.
Figure 3 in Species status of two colour morphs of Eupelmus vesicularis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) as revealed by allozyme electrophoresis, morphometric and host preference data
Figure 3. Plot of the first two factors from the principal component analysis of the log-transformed raw measurements.
Figure 1 in Species status of two colour morphs of Eupelmus vesicularis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) as revealed by allozyme electrophoresis, morphometric and host preference data
Figure 1. Measurements of forewing rudiment and hind tibia for morphometric analysis of Eupelmus vesicularis (female). Notes: ti3L, hind tibia length; waL, forewing apical part length; wbL, forewing base length.
FIGURES 15–26. Handianus spp., calling signal oscillograms. 15–17, 21–23―H. eurotiae, 18–20, 24–26―H in An enigma of Handianus Ribaut, 1942 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae Athysanini): identical host preferences and male calling signals in two morphologically distinctive sympatric species
FIGURES 15–26. Handianus spp., calling signal oscillograms. 15–17, 21–23―H. eurotiae, 18–20, 24–26―H. fartilis. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "21–26" are given under the same numbers.
FIGURES 27–29. 27 in An enigma of Handianus Ribaut, 1942 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae Athysanini): identical host preferences and male calling signals in two morphologically distinctive sympatric species
FIGURES 27–29. 27―map of July air temperature in Kazakhstan and adjacent countries of Central Asia, 28―map of annual precipitation in Kazakhstan and adjacent countries of Central Asia, 29―distribution map of Krascheninnikovia ceratoides in Russia and adjacent countries. On each map, collection sites of Handianus eurotiae and H. fartilis are shown by squares and circles, respectively.
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