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622 results for “macaque”
Bonds of bros and brothers: Kinship and social bonding in post-dispersal male macaques
Group-living animals often maintain a few very close affiliative relationships – social bonds – that can buffer them against many of the inevitable costs of gregariousness. Kinship plays a central role in the development of such social bonds. The bulk of research on kin biases in sociality has focused on philopatric females, who typically live in deeply kin-structured systems, with matrilineal dominance rank inheritance and life-long familiarity between kin. Closely related males, in contrast, are usually not close in rank or familiar, which offers the opportunity to test the importance of kinship per se in the formation of social bonds. So far, however, kin biases in male social bonding have only been tested in philopatric males, where familiarity remains a confounding factor. Here, we studied bonds between male Assamese macaques, a species in which males disperse from their natal groups, and in which male bonds are known to affect fitness. Combining extensive behavioural data on 43 adult males over a 10-year period with DNA microsatellite relatedness analyses, we find that post-dispersal males form stronger relationships with the few close kin available in the group than with the average non-kin. However, males form the majority of their bonds with non-kin, and may choose non-kin over available close kin to bond with. Our results show that kinship facilitates bond formation, but is not a prerequisite for it, which suggests that strong bonds are not restricted to kin in male mammals and that animals cooperate for both direct and indirect fitness benefits.
Rhesus Macaque SNP Calls VCFs
<p>Bgzipped vcf and tabix index files of rhesus macaque SNP calls of 150 individuals on the rheMac8 assembly. The samples are all males from the Tulane National Primate Research Center.</p>
Prosocial Decisions in Rhesus Macaques
<p>The spreadsheet contains the performance of animals tested in various experimental conditions of two social studies.</p> <p>Version 2 contains a correction for performance of animal S1 in study 2a that were in the original document partially implemented as percentage of trials rather than number of trial.</p>
Behavioral evidence for memory replay of video episodes in macaque monkeys
<p>Humans recall the past by replaying fragments of events temporally. Here, we demonstrate a similar effect in macaques. We trained six rhesus monkeys with a temporal-order judgement (TOJ) task and collected 5000 TOJ trials. In each trial, they watched a naturalistic video of about 10 s comprising two across-context clips, and after a 2-s delay, performed TOJ between two frames from the video. The monkeys apply a non-linear forward, time-compressed replay mechanism during the temporal-order judgement. In contrast with humans, such compression of replay is however not sophisticated enough to allow them to skip over irrelevant information by compressing the encoded video globally. We also reveal that the monkeys detect event contextual boundaries and such detection facilitates recall by an increased rate of information accumulation. Demonstration of a time-compressed, forward replay like pattern in the macaque monkeys provides insights into the evolution of episodic memory in our lineage</p>
Macaque Cranium
A Macaque cranium from the anthropology department's collections at University of North Carolina at Greensboro, modeled with the permission of Dr. Robert Anemone. Creators: Jordan Crowell and Siera Barlowe, Anthropology majors at University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Hardware: Nikon D90 with Nikkor 18-200 mm f/3.5-5.6 GII Lens Software: Agisoft PhotoScan Professional and Geomagic Wrap 2014 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data from: Hair and plasma cortisol throughout the first three years of development in infant rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta
<p>Cortisol expression has been demonstrated to have variation across development in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). There exists contradictory evidence for the nature of this change, and age at which it occurs, across biological sample types. Consequently, we lack a cohesive understanding for cortisol concentrations across the development of a major human health translational model. We examined hair cortisol concentrations over the first three years of life for 49 mother-reared infant macaques from mixed-sex outdoor units at the California National Primate Research Center. For 48 of these subjects at infancy, one year, and two years, we obtained plasma cortisol samples for: response to a stressor, adjustment to prolonged stress, and response to dexamethasone injection. Hair cortisol concentrations decreased dramatically between three and ten months, followed by relative stability up to the final sampling event at around 34 months of age. Plasma cortisol showed within-year consistency, and consistency between infancy and year one. We document variability in the infant plasma cortisol samples, especially in percent change between samples one and two. Our plasma cortisol results indicate that infants possess the physiological capacity to effectively inhibit the release of cortisol when stimulated, as effectively as later responses in juveniles. Age-related changes in hair cortisol parallel findings indicating a large decline in the weeks following postparturation.</p>
Data from: Hybridization and its impact on the ontogenetic allometry of skulls in macaques
<p><span>The importance of hybridization in morphological diversification is a fundamental topic in evolutionary biology. However, despite accumulated knowledge concerning adult hybrid variations, how hybridization affects ontogenetic allometry is less well understood. Herein, we assessed the effects of hybridization on the postnatal ontogenetic allometry in skulls of a putative hybrid population of introduced Taiwanese macaques (<em>Macaca</em> <em>cyclopis</em>) and native Japanese macaques (<em>M. fuscata</em>). Genomic analyses indicated that the population consisted of individuals with various degrees of admixture, formed by male migration of Japanese to Taiwanese macaques. No marked ontogenetic trajectory angle dissociation was observed in the overall skull shape of hybrids. Transgressive variations in the overall skull shape were observed mainly in non-allometric components. Hybridization collapsed an unknown mechanism found in Japanese macaques that restricts the growth rate of the maxillary sinus (the hollow space in the face), producing hybrids with a mosaic pattern, i.e., the maxillary sinus is as large as that in Taiwanese macaques, although the overall skull shape is intermediate. Our findings suggest that the transgressive variations can be caused by prenatal shape modifications and the lifting of the genetic restriction on the regional growth rate, highlighting the complex genetic and ontogenetic bases underlying hybridization-induced morphological diversification.</span></p>
Data from: Severe enamel defects in wild Japanese macaques
<p>Plane-form enamel hypoplasia (PFEH) is a severe dental defect in which large areas of the crown are devoid of enamel. This condition is rare in humans and even rarer in wild primates. The etiology of PFEH has been linked to exposure to severe disease, malnutrition, environmental toxins, and associated with systemic conditions. In this study, we examined the prevalence of enamel hypoplasia in several populations of wild Japanese macaques (<em>Macaca fuscata</em>) with the aim of providing context for severe defects observed in macaques from Yakushima Island. We found that 10 of 21 individuals (48%) from Yakushima Island displayed uniform and significant PFEH; all 10 specimens were from two adjacent locations in the south of the island. In contrast, macaques from other islands and from mainland Japan have low prevalence of the more common types of enamel hypoplasia and none exhibit PFEH. In Yakushima macaques, every tooth type was affected to varying degrees except for first molars and primary teeth, and the mineral content of the remaining enamel in teeth with PFEH was normal (i.e., no hypo- or hyper mineralization). The aetiology of PFEH might be linked to extreme weather events or high rates of environmental fluoride causing enamel breakdown. However, given that the affected individuals underwent dental development during a period of substantial human-related habitat change, an anthropogenic related etiology seems most likely. Further research on living primate populations is needed to better understand the causes of PFEH in wild primates.</p>
Data from: Social stability via management of natal males in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
<p>Keystone individuals are expected to disproportionately contribute to group stability. For instance, rhesus macaques (<em>Macaca mulatta</em>) who police conflict contribute towards stability. Not all individuals' motivations align with mechanisms of group stability. In wild systems, males typically disperse at maturity and attempt to ascend via contest competition. In a captive system, dispersal is not naturally enabled – individuals attempt to ascend in their natal groups, which can be enabled by matrilineal kin potentially destabilizing group dynamics. We relocated select high-ranking natal males from five groups and assessed group stability before and after. We quantified hierarchical metrics at the individual and group level. After removal, we found significantly higher aggression against the established hierarchy (reversals), indicative of opportunistic attempts to change the hierarchy. Mixed-sex social signaling became more hierarchical, but the strength of this effect varied. Stable structure was not uniformly reached across the groups and alpha males did not all benefit. Indiscriminate natal male removal is an unreliable solution to group instability. Careful assessment of how natal males are embedded within their group is necessary to balance individual and group welfare.</p>
Transcriptional changes in macaques exposed to Sudan virus and treated with a vehicle controls or obeldesivir for 5 or 10 days
<p><span>Normalized Nanostring transcriptomic data (fold2-change- and Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted p-values) were exported as an .xlsx file. Groups include vehicle control (N=3), treated fatal (N=2), and treated survivor subjects administered ODV for 5 (N=3) or 10 days (N=5) compared against a pre-challenge baseline (0 DPI) at each collection timepoint. Any differentially expressed transcripts with a Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) corrected p-value less than 0.05 were deemed significant. ODV, obeldesivir; DPI, days post infection.</span></p>
Social network shrinking is explained by active and passive effects but not increasing selectivity with age in wild macaques
<p>Evidence of social disengagement, network narrowing, and social selectivity with advancing age in several non-human animals challenges our understanding of the causes of social ageing. Natural animal populations are needed to test whether social ageing and selectivity occur under natural predation and extrinsic mortality pressures, and longitudinal studies are particularly valuable to disentangle the contribution of within-individual ageing from the demographic processes that shape social ageing at the population level. Data on wild Assamese macaques (<em>Macaca assamensis</em>) were collected between 2013 and 2020 at the Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. We investigated the social behaviour of 61 adult females observed for 13,270 hours to test several mechanistic hypotheses of social ageing and evaluated the consistency between patterns from mixed-longitudinal and within-individual analyses. With advancing age, females reduced the size of their social network, which could not be explained by an overall increase in the time spent alone, but by an age-related decline in mostly active, but also passive, behaviour, best demonstrated by within-individual analyses. A selective tendency to approach preferred partners was maintained into old age but did not increase. Our results contribute to our understanding of the driver of social ageing in natural animal populations and suggest that social disengagement and selectivity follow independent trajectories during ageing.</p>
Data from: Macaque mothers' responses to the deaths of their infants: evidence for protest grief?
<p>Data were collected on adult female rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. Included is the dataset and the R code used to analyse the data.</p> <p><span>Data variables:</span></p> <p>Date: Date of observation</p> <p>Troop: Troop to which the female belongs</p> <p>Status: Whether the focal individual is bereaved (Bereaved), a control female without an infant (Control), or a control female with an infant (ConMum)</p> <p>Rank: Estimated rank (three categories: Low, Middle, High)</p> <p>ID: Individual code for the female</p> <p>Age: Age in years</p> <p>Diplacement: Time (s) spent in displacement behaviours</p> <p>Feeding: Time (s) spent feeding</p> <p>Rest: Time (s) spent resting</p> <p>Grooming: Time (s) spent grooming</p> <p>Total: Duration (s) of the observation</p> <p>HOUR: hour of the day in which the observation took place</p> <p>Cluster: the group of females observed for the same infant death</p> <p>days_since_start: days since the death of the infant</p>
Developmentally stable representations of naturalistic image structure in macaque visual cortex
<p>Data and analysis code used in <em>Developmentally stable representations of naturalistic image structure in macaque visual cortex</em></p> <div>Gerick M. Lee, C. L. Rodríguez-Deliz, Brittany N. Bushnell, Najib J. Majaj, J. Anthony Movshon, Lynne Kiorpes</div> <div>bioRxiv 2024.02.24.581889; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.24.581889</div> <p>The directory structure includes three .m files, each beginning with the word "repository" - these three files should work out of the box to generate all the figures from the manuscript. </p> <p>1) Download the zip file.</p> <p>2) Navigate to the repository directory in matlab.</p> <p>3) Run the repository of interest.</p>
Gene expression in the lung and liver of SIV-infected macaques.
<p>Analysis of RNA transcripts in the liver and lung of healthy (n=2), SIV infected (n=2) and antiretroviral therapy treated (n=2) rhesus macaques using NovaSeq 6000 flowcell S1 at the Next-Generation Sequencing Platform, Genomics Center (CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Canada). Gene symbols and amounts of transcripts per million (TPM) are listed for each condition.</p>
Data from: Sensitivity to line-of sight in tolerant versus despotic macaques (Macaca sylvanus and Macaca mulatta)
<p>Complex social life is considered important to the evolution of cognition in primates. One key aspect of primate social interactions concerns the degree of competition that individuals face in their social group. To examine how social tolerance versus competition shapes social cognition, we experimentally assessed capacities for flexible gaze-following in more tolerant Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) and compared to previous data from despotic rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Monkeys experienced one of two possible conditions. In the barrier condition, they observed an actor look upwards into an overheard barrier, so they could not directly see the target of the actor's gaze without reorienting. In the no barrier condition, they observed an actor look upwards without a barrier blocking her line-of-sight, so they could observe the target of the actor's gaze by also looking upwards. Both species (N = 58 Barbary macaques, 64 rhesus macaques) could flexibly modulate their gaze responses to account for the demonstrator's line of sight, looking up more often when no barrier was present, and this flexible modulation declined with age in both species. However, neither species preferentially approached to look inside the barrier when their view of the target location was obscured, although rhesus macaques approached more overall. This pattern suggests that both tolerant and despotic macaques exhibit similar capacities to track other's line of sight and do not preferentially reorient their bodies to observe what an actor looks at in this situation. This contrasts with other work indicating that competitive primates are especially adept at some aspects of theory of mind. Thus, it is important to understand both the similarities and differences in the social–cognitive abilities of primates with different social styles.</p>
Control samples for ITS1 Metabarcoding of the Cynomolgus Macaque Intestinal Mycobiome
<p>Library and Sequencing controls used for the Metabarcoding ITS1 analysis of intestinal content of the Cynomolgus Macaque</p> <p> </p>
Multi-omic brain and behavioral correlates of cell-free fetal DNA methylation in macaque maternal obesity models (NMR datasets, maternal plasma and infant brain)
<p>Maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) risk. We utilized integrative multi-omics to examine maternal obesity effects on offspring neurodevelopment in rhesus macaques by comparison to lean controls and two interventions. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) from longitudinal maternal blood-derived cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) significantly overlapped with DMRs from infant brain. The DMRs were enriched for neurodevelopmental functions, methylation-sensitive developmental transcription factor motifs, and human NDD DMRs identified from brain and placenta. Brain and cffDNA methylation levels from a large region overlapping mir-663 correlated with maternal obesity, metabolic and immune markers, and infant behavior. A DUX4 hippocampal co-methylation network correlated with maternal obesity, infant behavior, infant hippocampal lipidomic and metabolomic profiles, and maternal blood measurements of DUX4 cffDNA methylation, cytokines, and metabolites. Ultimately, maternal obesity altered infant brain and behavior, and these differences were detectable in pregnancy through integrative analyses of cffDNA methylation with immune and metabolic factors. </p>
Impact of maternal obesity on the gestational metabolome and infant metabolome, brain, and behavioral development in rhesus macaques
<p>Maternal gestational obesity is associated with elevated risks for neurodevelopmental disorder, including autism spectrum disorder. However, the mechanisms by which maternal adiposity influences fetal developmental programming remain to be elucidated. We aimed to understand the impact of maternal obesity on the metabolism of both pregnant mothers and their offspring, as well as on metabolic, brain, and behavioral development of offspring by utilizing metabolomics, protein, and behavioral assays in a non-human primate model. We found that maternal obesity was associated with elevated inflammation and significant alterations in metabolites of energy metabolism and one-carbon metabolism in maternal plasma and urine, as well as in placenta. Infants born to obese mothers were significantly larger at birth compared to those born to lean mothers. Additionally, they exhibited significantly reduced novelty preference and significant alterations in their emotional response to stress situations. These changes coincided with differences in phosphorylation of enzymes in the brain mTOR signaling pathway between infants born to obese and lean mothers and correlated with the concentration of maternal plasma betaine during pregnancy. In summary, gestational obesity significantly impacted the infant systemic and brain metabolome and adaptive behaviors.</p>
Greater variability in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) endocranial volume among males than females
<p>The greater male variability (GMV) hypothesis proposes that traits are more variable among males than females, and is supported by numerous empirical studies. Interestingly, GMV is also observed for human brain size and internal brain structure, a pattern which may have implications for sex-biased neurological and psychiatric conditions. A better understanding of neuroanatomical variability in nonhuman primates may illuminate whether certain species are appropriate models for these conditions. Here, we tested for sex differences in the variability of endocranial volume (ECV, a proxy for brain size) in a sample 542 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from a large pedigreed free-ranging population. We also examined the components of phenotypic variance (additive genetic and residual variance) to tease apart the potential drivers of sex differences in variability. Our results suggest that males exhibit more variable ECVs, and that this pattern reflects either balancing/disruptive selection on male behaviour (associated with alternative male mating strategies) or sex chromosome effects (associated with mosaic patterns of X chromosome gene expression in females), rather than extended neurodevelopment among males. This represents evidence of GMV for brain size in a nonhuman primate species and highlights the potential of rhesus macaques as a model for sex-biased brain-based disorders.</p>
Data from: Differential effects of early life adversity on male and female rhesus macaque lifespan
<p>Early life adversity predicts shorter adult lifespan in several animal taxa. Yet, work on long-lived primate populations suggests the evolution of mechanisms that contribute to resiliency and long lives despite early life insults. Here, we tested associations between individual and cumulative early life adversity and lifespan on rhesus macaques at the Cayo Santiago Biological Field Station using 50 years of demographic data. We performed sex-specific survival analyses at different life stages to contrast short-term effects of adversity (i.e., infant survival) with long-term effects (i.e., adult survival). Female infants showed vulnerability to multiple adversities at birth, but affected females who survived to adulthood experienced a reduced risk later in life. In contrast, male infants showed vulnerability to a lower number of adversities at birth, but those who survived to adulthood were negatively affected by both early life individual and cumulative adversity. Our study shows profound immediate effects of insults at birth on female infant cohorts and suggests that affected female adults are more robust. In contrast, adult males who experienced harsh conditions early in life showed an increased mortality risk at older ages as expected from hypotheses within the life course perspective. Our analysis suggests sex-specific selection pressures on life histories and highlights the need for studies addressing the effects of early life adversity across multiple life stages.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.