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FIGURES 25, 26 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 25, 26. Microphotographs of spiracles of cleared mature larvae, showing ornamentation of atrial walls and primary tracheal openings. 25. Anthophora melanognatha. 26. Melecta duodecimmaculata.. FIGURE 27. Microphotograph of spiracle of Melecta duodecimmaculata, approximate side view.

FIGURES 11–15 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 11–15. SEM micrographs of first instar of Melecta duodecimmaculata. 11, 12. Head, dorsal and lateral views, respectively. 13. Spiracle with raised rim and well-developed peritreme. 14, 15. Spinulae from head in figure 12 showing diversity of apical structures.

FIGURES 1, 2 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 1, 2. Nesting site of Anthophora melanognatha at Hu Yu, Beijing Province, China. 1. Rock overhang with nesting site in shadow under it to the left of the figures. 2. Close-up of site with J.G.R. and L.D. excavating nests, entrances of which were mostly in the shadow. (Photographs of figs. 1 and 2 by J.S. Ascher.) FIG- URES 3–5. Inner surface of cell closures of Anthophora melanognatha showing egg insertion holes of Melecta duodecimmaculata (arrows). FIGURES 6, 7. Feeding larvae of Melecta duodecimmaculata, 6. Intermediate instar. 7. Last larval instar.

FIGURES 30–33 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 30–33. SEM micrographs of head and antenna of mature larva of Melecta duodecimmaculata, semilateral view. 30. Entire head. 31. Antenna and close-up of apex showing abundant sensillae, respectively. 32. Labiomaxillary apex. 33. Close-up of salivary opening from figure 32, showing apical brushlike filament.

FIGURES 8–10 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 8–10. SEM micrographs of mature oocytes of Melecta duodecimmaculata. 8. Anterior end of oocyte still partly enclosed by follicular tissue, showing micropyle (identified by rectangle). 9. Close-up of micropyle. 10. Anterior end of another oocyte (with micropylar area invaginated, not visible) showing radiating chorionic ornamentation.

FIGURES 43–50 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 43–50. Diagrams of heads, lateral view, and mandibles of mature melectine larvae. 43. Thyreus lieftincki. 44. Thyreus sp. 45–47. Melecta separata callura, and right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively. 48–50. Zacosmia maculata, head and right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 40–42 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 40–42. Right mandible of Xeromelecta californica, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 28, 29 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 28, 29. Microphotographs of cleared mouthparts, right mandible removed, showing left maxilla and labium, approximate frontal view; for explanation of arrows, see text. 28. Anthophora melanognatha. 29. Melecta duodecimmaculata.

FIGURES 19–24 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 19–24. Diagrams of last larval instar of Anthophora melanognatha. 19. Entire larva, lateral view. 20, 21. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. ATP = anterior tentorial pit. 22–24. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 16–18 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 16–18. SEM micrographs of larval head of mature larva of Anthophora melanognatha. 16, 17. Entire head and close-up of antenna showing few sensilla, approximate lateral view. 18. Mouthparts of same, frontal view.

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Figs. 29–33. Exaerete smaragdina, fifth instar. 29. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 30 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Figs. 29–33. Exaerete smaragdina, fifth instar. 29. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 30. Same, posterior view of terminal abdominal segments. 31. Same, dorsal view of posterior part of metathorax and first three abdominal segments. 32. Predefecating, early fifth instar, lateral view. 33. Predefecating, late fifth instar, lateral view. Scale (= 1.0 mm) refers to all figures.

FIGURES 53, 54 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 53, 54. Microphotographs of postdefecating larva of Thalestria spinosa. 53. Right mandible, adoral surface, showing thin but broad apex with fine sharp teeth on upper and lower margins and single larger apical projection. 54. Spiracle on pigmented tubercle, showing pronounced circular primary tracheal opening and concentrically pointing atrial spines as well a circular shape of atrial rim.

FIGURES 46–48 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 46–48. Pupae of Protoxaea gloriosa. 46. Lateral dorsal outline of thorax, anterior end toward left. Mid- and hind tibiae and tarsi of 47. male and 48. female.

FIGURES 49–52 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 49–52. Diagram of postdefecating larva of Thalestria spinosa. 49. Entire larva, lateral view. 50, 51. Head, lateral and frontal views, respectively. 52. Dorsal view of mandible showing apex and projection rising parallel to apex from adoral surface of base.

FIGURES 41–43. Microphotographs. 41 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 41–43. Microphotographs. 41. Right mandibular apex of 4th instar of Protoxaea gloriosa enclosing developing apex of 5th instar. 42. Integument of postdefecating form of Oxaea flavescens showing minute parallel wrinkles that presumably allow integument to shrink as body size reduces with onset of postdefecating form. 43. Spiracle of Protoxaea gloriosa, exterior view, showing oval atrial rim enclosing perpendicular line created by paired lips of primary tracheal opening. FIGURES 44, 45. Microphotographs of spiracle of postdefecating larva of Mesoxaea nigerrima: 44. Outer (exterior) view, again showing: perpendicular line created by lips of primary tracheal opening. 45. Spiracle from the front, with part of surrounding integument removed.

FIGURES 36, 37 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 36, 37. Last larval instars of Mesoxaea nigerrima, lateral view, postdefecating form and predefecating form, respectively.

FIGURES 34, 35 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 34, 35. Last larval instars of Oxaea flavescens, lateral view, postdefecating form and early stage postdefecating form, respectively.

FIGURES 29–32 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 29–32. SEM micrographs of egg of Protoxaea gloriosa. 29. Anterior end showing apical mound of micropyle. 30. Close-up of micropyle. 31. Close-up of pits in micropyle demonstrating texture of chorion. 32. Close-up of partly eclosed egg showing spiculelike structures suggestive of hatching spines (arrows).

FIGURES 20–23 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 20–23. Diagrammatic representations of patterns of simple nests of Protoxaea gloriosa with dimensions and shapes approximated, side view, identified by year of discovery. 20. 1970. With three cells. 21. 1990. With five cells. 22. 1990. With four cells and quarry excavation. 23. 1989. With one cell and quarry excavations; note short blockage of lateral!

FIGURES 2–7 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 2–7. Same area and date as figure 1. 2. Main tunnel of partly excavated nest, approximate side view. White, dry plaster-of-Paris powder marking curved path of open descending tunnel. 3. Excavated nodule containing cluster of four cells (arrows) adhering to one another because of thick walls. 4. Single cell opened perpendicularly to show shape and characteristic shiny, waterproof lining. 5. Cell with upper part removed to view curved egg at center of top surface of provisions, approximate lateral view. 6. Cell with top part removed showing circular wall of cell at midlength with intermediate stage feeding larva on top surface of very moist, orange provisions. 7. More mature larva than in figure 6 with one side of body now submerged while feeding on provisions that have further liquefied.