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140 results for “n2o”
Database to: Effectiveness of soil management strategies for mitigation of N2O emissions in European arable land: A meta-analysis
<p>Database to a meta-analysis studing the effects of adding different organic matter inputs (crop residues, green manure, livestock manure, slurry, digestate, compost or biochar) to soils on N2O emissions. Database consists of over 50 field experiments conducted in 15 European countries. Diverse arable crops, mainly cereals, were cultivated in monoculture or in crop rotations on mineral soils. Cumulative N2O emissions per unit land area were monitored during periods of 30 to 1,070 days in treatments, which received organic matter inputs, alone or in combination with mineral N fertiliser; and in controls fertilised with mineral N. The original results appeared in 46 articles published between 1993 and 2022 in peer-reviewed scientific journals, as well as a project report, and a PhD thesis.</p>
N2O and N2 emission from DE and PA agriculture
<p>N2, N2O, CO2, soil moisture (%), and headspace oxygen (%) data from two corn fields in the northeast US; a coastal site in Delawre and an inland site in Pennsylvania. Emissions were measured using the nitrogen free air recirculation method (NFARM). Measurements were made a three time points over the growing season of 2014 (post-fertilization, mid-season, and pre-harvest) from plots treated with five different of fertilizer treatments (control, urea, manure, compost, and biochar).</p>
N2 and N2O concentrations and fluxes for the six large river networks in China
<p>This dataset is a collation of 4-year direct measurement values of N<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O concentrations and fluxes for the six large river networks in China, along with information on location, hydrological, physical, and chemical conditions of the 56 sampling sites. These data will be very valuable for balancing the regional and global N budget. In addition, the Monte Carlo simulation code for upscaling and analyzing uncertainties are presented here.</p> <p> </p>
Dataset_N2O in the SCS
<p>Dataset for the manuscript “Significant seasonal N<sub>2</sub>O dynamics revealed by multi-year observations in the South China Sea<strong>”</strong></p>
Global soil moisture–atmosphere feedback and N2O emission dataset
<p><span>Soil moisture is essential to microbial nitrogen (N)-cycling networks in terrestrial ecosystems. Studies have found that soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks dominate the changes in land carbon fluxes. </span><span>However, the influence of soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks on the N fluxes changes, and the underlying mechanisms remain highly unsure, leading to uncertainties in climate projections. </span><span>To fill this gap, we utilized in situ observation coupled with gridded and remote sensing data to analyze N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes emissions globally. Here, we investigated the synergistic effects of temperature, hydroclimate on global N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes, as the result of soil moisture–atmosphere feedback impact on N fluxes. We found that soil moisture–temperature feedback dominates land N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by controlling the balance between nitrifier and denitrifier genes. The mechanism is that atmospheric water demand increases with temperature and thereby reduces soil moisture, which increases the dominant N<sub>2</sub>O production nitrifier (containing <em>amoA </em>AOB gene) and decreases the N<sub>2</sub>O consumption denitrifier (containing the<em> nosZ</em> gene), consequently will potential increasing N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. However, we find that the spatial variations of soil–water availability as a result of the nonlinear response of soil moisture to vapor pressure deficit caused by temperature are some of the greatest challenges in predicting future N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. Our data-driven assessment deepens the understanding of the impact of soil moisture-atmosphere interactions on the soil N cycle, which remains uncertain in earth system models. We suggest that the model needs to account for feedback between soil moisture and atmospheric temperature when estimating the response of the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions to climatic change globally, as well as when conducting field-scale investigations of the response of the ecosystem to warming.</span></p>
Data from: Nitrifier controls on soil NO and N2O emissions in three chaparral ecosystems under contrasting atmospheric N inputs
<p>Nitrogen saturation theory predicts high rates of atmospheric N deposition can increase ecosystem N availability and stimulate ecosystem N losses via soil nitric oxide (NO; an air pollutant at high concentrations) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O; a strong greenhouse gas) emissions. However, it remains unclear whether theories developed in mesic ecosystems apply to drylands, where plant and soil N availability are not always coupled in dry soils. NO and N<sub>2</sub>O are often produced in soils during the oxidation of ammonia by ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) or ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) during nitrification. AOB are thought to emit more NO and N<sub>2</sub>O during nitrification than AOA and may be favored in N-rich relative to N-limited environments, suggesting high rates of atmospheric N deposition might produce positive feedback sending more of the N to the atmosphere. To assess how high rates of atmospheric N deposition affect AOB- and AOA-derived N trace gas emissions, we selectively inhibited AOA and AOB nitrifiers and measured NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from soils collected from three dryland sites exposed to relatively low (3.8 kg ha<sup>-1 </sup>= Low N) or high (11.8 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> = High N1; 15.6 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> = High N2) rates of atmospheric N inputs. We found that while the High N2 deposition site had the lowest AOA:AOB ratio (2.33 ± 0.57), consistent with expectations, this site did not emit the most NO and N<sub>2</sub>O. Rather, AOA emitted between 21–78% of the NO from our sites, with higher AOA-derived NO emissions from relatively coarse-textured soils in the Low N deposition site. In addition to nitrification, denitrification also contributed to NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, especially in the Moderate N deposition site (where denitrification-derived NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were 2.0 – 3.7 time greater than the other sites), which had finer textured soils that may favor denitrification. Interactions between soil texture and N availability, therefore, appears to be the primary mechanism determining whether atmospheric N deposition is retained in the ecosystem or reemitted to the atmosphere as NO or N<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
Congo Basin forest soil CO2, CH4 and N2O flux data.
<p><span>Tropical forests play an important role in the greenhouse gas exchange between biosphere and atmosphere. Despite holding the second largest tropical forest globally, the Congo basin is generally understudied and ground based greenhouse gas flux data are lacking. In this study, high frequency measurements spanning of sixteen months from automated and manual soil chambers are combined, to characterize spatio-temporal variability in soil greenhouse gas fluxes from a lowland tropical forest in Yangambi, in the Congo Basin. </span></p>
Data from: Spatial variation of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes across topographical positions in tropical forests of the Guiana Shield in Ecosystems
<p>Data from: Spatial variation of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes across topographical positions in tropical forests of the Guiana Shield in Ecosystems</p>
Plant traits of grass and legume species for flood resilience and N2O mitigation
<p>Flooding threatens the functioning of managed grasslands by decreasing primary productivity and increasing nitrogen losses, notably as the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). Sowing species with traits that promote flood resilience and mitigate flood-induced N2O emissions within these grasslands could safeguard their productivity while mitigating nitrogen losses.</p> <p>We tested how plant traits and resource acquisition strategies could predict flood resilience and N2O emissions of 12 common grassland species (eight grasses and four legumes) grown in field soil in monocultures in a 14-week greenhouse experiment.</p> <p>We found that grasses were more resistant to flooding, while legumes recovered better. Resource-conservative grass species had higher resistance, while resource-acquisitive grasses species recovered better. Resilient grass and legume species lowered cumulative N2O emissions. Grasses with lower inherent leaf and root δ13C (and legumes with lower root δ13C) lowered cumulative N2O emissions during and after the flood.</p> <p>Our results highlight the differing responses of grasses with contrasting resource acquisition strategies, and of legumes to flooding. Combining grasses and legumes based on their traits and resource acquisition strategies could increase the flood-resilience of managed grasslands, and their capability to mitigate flood-induced N2O emissions.</p>
Data from: Nitrification is a minor source of nitrous oxide (N2O) in an agricultural landscape and declines with increasing management intensity
<p>The long-term contribution of nitrification to nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions from terrestrial ecosystems is poorly known and thus poorly constrained in biogeochemical models. Here, using Bayesian inference to couple 25 years of <i>in situ</i> N<sub>2</sub>O flux measurements with site-specific Michaelis-Menten kinetics of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O, we test the relative importance of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O across six cropped and unmanaged ecosystems along a management intensity gradient in the U.S. Midwest. We found that the maximum potential contribution from nitrification to <i>in situ</i> N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes was 13-17% in a conventionally fertilized annual cropping system, 27-42% in a low-input cover-cropped annual cropping system, and 52-63% in perennial systems including a late successional deciduous forest. Actual values are likely to be less than 10% of these values because of low N<sub>2</sub>O yields in cultured nitrifiers (typically 0.04 to 8% of NH<sub>3</sub> oxidized) and competing sinks for available NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> <i>in situ</i>. Most nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O was produced by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) rather than archaea (AOA), who appeared responsible for no more than 30% of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O production in all but one ecosystem. Although the proportion of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O production was lowest in annual cropping systems, these ecosystems nevertheless produced more nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O (higher V<sub>max</sub>) than perennial and successional ecosystems. We conclude that nitrification is minor relative to other sources of N<sub>2</sub>O in all ecosystems examined.</p>
Urbanization can accelerate climate change by increasing soil N2O emission while reducing CH4 uptake
<p><span>Urban land use change has the potential to affect local to </span><span>global biogeochemical carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes</span><span>. We conducted a meta-analysis to 1) assess the effects of urbanization-induced land-use conversion on soil nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) fluxes, 2) quantify direct </span><span>N<sub>2</sub>O</span><span> emission factors (EF<sub>d</sub>) of fertilized urban soils used e.g., as lawns or forests, and 3) identify the key drivers leading to flux changes associated with urbanization. On average, urbanization increases soil </span><span>N<sub>2</sub>O</span><span> emissions by 153%, to 3.0 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, while rates of soil CH4 uptake are reduced by 50%, to 2.0 kg C </span><span>ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup></span><span>. The mean annual </span><span>N<sub>2</sub>O</span> <span>EF<sub>d</sub></span><span> of fertilized lawns and urban forests is 1.4%, suggesting that urban soils can be regional hotspots of </span><span>N<sub>2</sub>O</span><span> emissions. On a global basis, conversion of land to urban greenspaces has increased soil </span><span>N<sub>2</sub>O</span><span> emission by 0.46 Tg </span><span>N<sub>2</sub>O</span><span>-N yr<sup>-1</sup> and decreased soil </span><span>CH<sub>4</sub></span><span> uptake by 0.58 Tg </span><span>CH<sub>4</sub></span><span>-C yr<sup>-1</sup>. Urbanization-driven changes in soil </span><span>N<sub>2</sub>O</span><span> emission and CH4 uptake are associated with changes in soil properties (bulk density, pH, total N content and C/N ratio), increased temperature, and management practices, especially fertilizer use. Overall, our meta-analysis shows that urbanization increases soil </span><span>N<sub>2</sub>O</span><span> emissions and reduces the role of soils as a sink for atmospheric </span><span>CH<sub>4</sub></span><span>. These effects can be mitigated by avoiding soil compaction, reducing fertilization of lawns, and restoring native ecosystems in urban landscapes.</span></p>
Unaccounted N2O source to the atmosphere from agriculture through groundwater denitrification and use for irrigation
<p>Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), a potent greenhouse gas, is produced in cultivated soils and this production is enhanced by the application of reactive nitrogen in the form of fertilizers. Part of fertilizers applied is not taken up by crops, leading to their accumulation in the groundwater where they can evolve into N<sub>2</sub>O through nitrification/denitrification. Based on chemical and isotopic measurements of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) and N<sub>2</sub>O in Indian groundwater, we report for the first-time evidence for the widespread occurrence of denitrified NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and of high concentrations of N<sub>2</sub>O (>2000% of saturation). The accumulation of N<sub>2</sub>O is high in regions where groundwater is intensely abstracted for irrigation, releasing this accumulated N<sub>2</sub>O into the atmosphere. Using annual mean groundwater abstraction for irrigation in India, which is the highest in the globe, we estimated that 0.06 to 20 GgN<sub>2</sub>O/y is effluxed to the atmosphere, which adds 0.1 to 20% of the N<sub>2</sub>O flux emitted by agricultural soils in India. This so far unidentified source around the globe may thus contribute significantly to the imbalance in the global N<sub>2</sub>O budget.</p>
Concentrations and isotope ratios of N2O and related substrates with hydrographical data obtained in the eastern Indian Ocean in November, 2018
<p>A spreadsheet that includes data presented in the following publication.</p> <p>Sakae Toyoda, Kotaro Terajima, Naohiro Yoshida, Chisato Yoshikawa, Akiko Makabe, Fuminori Hashihama, and Hiroshi Ogawa, Extensive Accumulation of Nitrous Oxide in the Oxygen Minimum Zone in the Bay of Bengal, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, accepted for publication on August 8, 2023.</p>
Data from: Nitrification is a minor source of nitrous oxide (N2O) in an agricultural landscape and declines with increasing management intensity
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Plant traits of grass and legume species for flood resilience and N2O mitigation
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Divergent terrestrial responses of soil N2O emissions to different levels of elevated CO2 and temperature
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Soil properties shape the heterogeneity of denitrification and N2O emissions across large-scale flooded paddy soils
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Data from: Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from subsurface soils of agricultural ecosystems
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A global meta-analysis of yield-scaled N2O emissions and its mitigation efforts for maize, wheat, and rice
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N2O and CO2 fluxes and related environmental conditions in response to manure and synthetic fertilization treatments, with and without a urease inhibitor
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