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FIG. 3 in Diversity and taxonomic implications of glands and trichomes in the genus Matthiola W.T.Aiton (Anchonieae; Brassicaceae) in the Flora Iranica area

FIG. 3. — SEM images of inner sepal indumentum in Matthiola W.T.Aiton: A, M. chenopodiifolia Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; B, M. alyssifolia (DC.) Bornm. (same in inner sepal); C, M. chenopodiifolia Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; D, M. tomentosa Bél., outer sepal indumentum; E, M. longipetala (Vent.) DC.; F, M. tomentosa Bél.. Scale bars: 500 µm. The arrows show 2-4-rayed (C, E, F).

Fig. 7 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 7. Ornamentations on the growth bands in extant spinicaudatans species of Cyzicus Audouin, 1837, Ozestheria Schwentner, Just, and Richter, 2015, and Diestheria longinqua Chen in Zhang et al., 1976. A. Carapace of Ozestheria pilosa (Rogers, Thaimuangphol, Saengphan, and Sanoamuang, 2013), from Thailand (after Rogers et al. 2013: fig. 3A). B. Cyzicus gifuensis (Ishikawa, 1895), from Anhui, China, NIPG Cr.121, male; ornamentation in the ventral part of the carapace (B1) and near the ventral margin of carapace (B2); radial lirae along the lower margin of each growth band (B3). in ornamentations might suggest a close affinity between The carapaces of the family Limnadiidae are thin and hermaphroditic Cyzicus and Aquilonoglypta as suggested by lightly mineralized, which commonly resulted in a reticulate Astrop and Hegna (2015). depressiononthecarapacesurface, suchas Eulimnadiatexana The transition pattern from reticulation to lirae in the Packard, 1871 (Astrop 2014). However, the carapace surfaces ventral part of the carapace in the Ozestheria differs from of most species of Eulimnadia are unornamented (smooth the Cyzicus which has the large undeveloped reticulation. surface pattern). This pattern also occurs in Metalimnadia Australian species of Ozestheria had reticulation, granulated serratus Mattox, 1952, Paralimnadia badia (Wolf, 1911) and ornaments, or a combination of punctae and lirae (Timms some Triassic fossil species of Paleolimnadiidae (Table 1). 2018). The ornamentation pattern of O. pilosa was similar The fossil family Palaeolimnadiopsidae is characterized by to species of Diestheriidae, in which transversely enlarged the recurvature of growth lines to form carinate at the posreticulation overlapped on the lirae ornamentation of each terior-dorsal marginal junction of the carapace. This feature growth band of the carapace (Rogers et al. 2013). The larger has also been observed in living species of Limnadopsis. secondary reticulation was likely originated from the in- The ornamentation documented for Palaeolimnadiopsidae tra-cuticular layer rather than the reticulation from procuti- ranged from reticulation to reticulation-lirae combination. cle (Astrop 2014). The ornamentation pattern in Ozestheria However, the ornamentation possessed by Limnadopsis ocsp. (males, Fig. 1A5), including punctae-reticulation-lirae cidentalis Timms, 2009, is nodular (Astrop 2014). Imnadia combination, the transition from reticulation to lirae, and yeyetta Hertzog, 1935, was reported to exhibit punctae ornathe larger undeveloped reticulation, is in line with that of mentation (Astrop 2014). Nevertheless, this pattern was not fossil species Triglypta yabraiensis Wang, 2014 (Wang 2014: mentioned in the original descriptions of the fossil families pl. 2: 2). The close morphological resemblance of ornamen- Paleolimnadiidae, Palaeolimnadiopsidae or Perilimnadiidae. tations and carapace shape suggests that Ozestheria might The phenotypic differentiation of ornamentation pattern is be closely related to Triglypta or Tianzhuestheria. a model to investigate morpho-functional adaptation to some

Fig. 6 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 6. Carapaces and ornamentations of representatives of the extant spinicaudatan family Leptestheriidae. A. Leptestheria kawachiensis Uéno, 1927, from Hubei, China, NIGP Cr. 101, male, lateral view; left valve, oval outline (A1); growth bands in the upper part of carapace with wide radial fringes pattern (A2). B. Eoleptestheria ticinensis (Balsamo-Crivelli, 1859), from Jiangsu, China, NIGP Cr. 61, male, lateral view; right valve, oval outline (B1); growth bands in the ventral part of carapace with shallow fringes pattern, never developing reticulation or punctae between fringes (B2); details of ventral growth bands with shallow fringes pattern separated with smooth surface (B3, B4).

Fig. 4 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 4. Ornamentations on the growth bands in the extant spinicaudatan branchiopod Eulimnadia sp. and the extant laevicaudatan branchiopod Lynceus sp. A, B. Eulimnadia sp., from Jiangxi, China. A. NIGP Cr. 161, male, carapace in lateral view. B. NIGP Cr. 162, female, unornamented area near the ventral margin. C, D. Lynceus sp., from Heilongjiang, China. C. NIGP Cr. 173, male, carapace in lateral view. D. NIGP Cr. 174, female, isogonal reticulate ornamentation in the valve.

Fig. 3 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 3. Ornamentations on the growth bands of carapace of the extant spinicaudatan branchiopod Eocyzicus orientalis Daday, 1913, from Xinjiang, China. A. NIGP Cr. 1, male, ornamentation in the upper to middle parts of the carapace (A1), reticulate ornaments in the ventral part of the carapace (A2), dense pilosity on the growth lines near the edge of the carapace (A3). B. NIGP Cr. 2, female, ornamentation in the upper to middle parts of the carapace (B1), rows of nodular ornaments in the ventral part of the carapace (B2), stout setae on the growth lines near the edge of the carapace (B3).

Fig. 2 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 2. Ornamentation on the growth bands of carapaces of the extant spinicaudatan branchiopod Cyzicus sp., from Jilin, China. A. NIGP Cr. 141, male, ornamentation in the larval valve (A1), in the middle part of the carapace (A2), large reticulation and the radial lirae along the lower margin of the growth band (A3). B. NIGP Cr. 142, female, ornamentation in the larval valve (B1) and in the middle part of the carapace (B2), weakly ornamented area near the ventral margin (B3).

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Figure 1 in Selenogonus narinoensis Stirton, 1947 (Tayassuidae, Cetartiodactyla, Mammalia): taxonomic status and paleobiogeographic implications

Figure 1. Platygonus cf. marplatensis MGN 931 (IGM p002118). (a) Lateral view of the portion of vertical ramus of the left hemimandible; (b) m3 partially preserved. Platygonus marplatensis MMP-S Type 25. (c) Lateral view.

Fig. 3 in Mitophylogeny of Pangasiid Catfishes and its Taxonomic Implications for Pangasiidae and the Suborder Siluroidei.

Fig. 3. Detailed PhyML-phylogeny based on the analysis of the partial cox1 sequences (551 bp) showing the detailed relationships of the family Pangasiidae and related families (Austroglanididae, Ictaluridae, and Cranoglanididae). In total, 83 sequences, including 81 from Pangasius and Pangasianodon and 2 outgroup sequences from the order Gymnotiformes, were included (Table S3). The alignment was performed by MAFFT (Katoh and Standley 2013), curated by BMGE v1.12 (Criscuolo and Gribaldo 2010), the tree was reconstructed in PhyML 3.3 (Guindon et al. 2010) using a maximum likelihood method and 1000 bootstrap resamplings, and the output Newick tree was extracted and visualized using FigTree v1.4.4 (Rambaut 2018). The basal nodes of the Pangasiidae and two sister groups (Pangasianodon and (Pangasius + Helicophagus + Pseudolais)) are shown by arrows. The Pangasius mekongensis, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, and Pangasius krempfi sequences in this study are bolded. The taxonmisidentified sequences were added with a question mark at the end. The taxa from Pangasiidae were shortened and those from other related families were presented with their full names. The abbreviations of the isolates are given in brackets, including the geographical origin or voucher records of each sequenced specimen (where available), which were retrieved from the previous studies (Karinthanyakit and Jondeung 2012; Tran and Duong 2019; Schedel et al. 2022). The country of origin or where the sample was reported is given in full or in brackets, if available. Accession numbers are given at the end of each sequence label. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site.

Fig. 2 in Mitophylogeny of Pangasiid Catfishes and its Taxonomic Implications for Pangasiidae and the Suborder Siluroidei.

Fig. 2. PhyML-phylogeny of the order Siluriformes, including 32 catfish families (117 sequences) of three suborders, Siluroidei, Loricarioidei, and Diplomystoidei based on the complete concatenated nucleotide sequences of all 13 mitochondrial protein coding genes (about 11,408 bp in length) (Table S2). Two sequences of Gonorynchiformes were used as an outgroup. The alignment was performed by MAFFT (Katoh and Standley 2013), curated by BMGE v1.12 (Criscuolo and Gribaldo 2010), the tree was reconstructed in PhyML 3.3 (Guindon et al. 2010) using a maximum likelihood method and 1000 bootstrap resamplings, and the output Newick tree was extracted and visualized using FigTree v1.4.4 (Rambaut 2018). The nodal bootstrap support values (shown at each node) were interpreted from the concurrently constructed tree using the above MAFFT-BMGE alignment by MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018). The basal nodes of the three suborders (Diplomystoidei, Loricarioidei, and Siluroidei) as well as the two major "Big Asia" and "Big Africa" groups (background highlighted) are shown by arrows. The Pangasius mekongensis, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, and Pangasius krempfi sequences in this study are indicated by stars and with the associated families' background highlighted. The taxa were presented with their full names. The abbreviations of the isolates are given in brackets, including the geographical origin or voucher records of each sequenced specimen (where available), which were retrieved from the previous studies (Saitoh et al. 2003; Nakatani et al. 2011; Kappas et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2021; Schedel et al. 2022). The country of origin or geographical regions where the sample was reported are given in full name, if available. Accession numbers are given at the end of each sequence label. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site.

Fig. 1. A in Mitophylogeny of Pangasiid Catfishes and its Taxonomic Implications for Pangasiidae and the Suborder Siluroidei.

Fig. 1. A schematic circular map of the mitochondrial genome of three Mekong River pangasiid catfishes catfishes in Vietnam, Pangasius mekongensis, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, and Pangasius krempfi, and the OL origin site of the light (L) strand's replication. A, The circular map and gene abbreviations were generated by the MitoAnnotator software in the MitoFish database (http://mitofish.aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp/annotation/ input.html). Protein-coding genes (PCGs) are denoted by two capital letters or full names, and transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) are marked with threeletter amino-acid abbreviations. The heavy (H) strand is indicated by the outer line of the circle and the light (L) strand by the inner line. The D-loop (control region) is located between tRNAPro and tRNAPhe. The pangasiid photos were taken by the authors from the naturally caught fish on site. B, A schematic presentation of the stem-loop secondary structure of the OL origin site in mitogenomes of three pangasiid species based on the RNAfold predicted structure with the lowest free energy (http://rna.tbi.univie.ac.at/cgi-bin/RNAWebSuite/RNAfold.cgi). On the L-strand, between the two flanking tRNAs (trnN (c) and trnC (c)), there is a conserved stem (hairpin) formed by 9-nucleotide (nt) base-pairing and ending with a loop of 9 nt (in Pmek and Phyp) and 10 nt (in Pkre).

Fig. 4 in Mitophylogeny of Pangasiid Catfishes and its Taxonomic Implications for Pangasiidae and the Suborder Siluroidei.

Fig. 4. Detailed PhyML-phylogeny based on the analysis of the partial cytB sequences (634 bp) showing the detailed relationships of the family Pangasiidae and related families (Austroglanididae, Ictaluridae, and Cranoglanididae). In total, 80 sequences, including 78 from Pangasius and Pangasianodon and 2 outgroup sequences from the order Clupeiformes, were included (Table S3). The alignment was performed by MAFFT (Katoh and Standley 2013), curated by BMGE v1.12 (Criscuolo and Gribaldo 2010), the tree was reconstructed in PhyML 3.3 (Guindon et al. 2010) using a maximum likelihood method and 1000 bootstrap resamplings, and the output Newick tree was extracted and visualized using FigTree v1.4.4 (Rambaut 2018). The basal nodes of the Pangasiidae and two sister groups (Pangasianodon and (Pangasius + Helicophagus + Pseudolais)) are shown by arrows. The Pangasius mekongensis, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, and Pangasius krempfi sequences in this study are bolded. The taxonmisidentified sequences were added with a question mark at the end. The taxa from Pangasiidae were shortened and those from other related families were presented with their full names. The abbreviations of the isolates are given in brackets, including the geographical origin or voucher records of each sequenced specimen (where available), which were retrieved from the previous studies. The country of origin or where the sample was reported is given in full or in brackets, if available. Accession numbers are given at the end of each sequence label. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site.

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Fig. 6 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 6. Oral surface of the diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (MUA. 1024020); Middle Ordovician, Stita, Algeria. A. Four peri-orals (PO1, PO3, PO4, and PO6) between four circum-orals (CO1, CO2, CO4, and CO5), peristome partially covered by small subtriangular oral cover plates biseries, diplopore-bearing polygonal thecal plates immediately surrounding the peristome, hydropore over PO1 and PO6; in external view. B. Surface showing numerous diplopores. Photographs (A1, B1), coloured interpretations (A2, B2) of both surfaces illustrating names using circumorals and periorals (Paul 1973, 2017); in internal view. B–E ambulacral designations in Carpenter's system. Scale bars 5 mm.

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Fig. 4 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 4. Diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (MUA. 1023001); Middle Ordovician, Stita, Algeria. A. Photograph of latex cast of external mould showing spines, tubercles, and the appearance of imbricate plates. B. Camera lucida drawing, note three generations of plates. Scale bars 2 mm.

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Fig. 3 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 3. Original reconstruction of the diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (see Termier and Termier 1959; Kesling 1968). Scale bar 10 mm.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomic implications of morphometric analysis of earless seal limb bones

Fig. 4. Results of PCA for the femur measurement data, including extant and fossil earless seal taxa. A. PC1 vs. PC2. B. PC3 vs. PC4.

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic implications of morphometric analysis of earless seal limb bones

Fig. 3. Results of PCA for the humerus measurement data, including extant and fossil earless seal taxa. A. PC1 vs. PC2. B. PC3 vs. PC4.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic implications of morphometric analysis of earless seal limb bones

Fig. 1. Measurements of the earless seal humerus (A) and femur (B) used in morphometric analysis exemplified by Erignathus barbatus (USNM 16116). In anterior (A1, B2), posterior (A2, B1), medial (A3), and proximal (A4) views. Abbreviations: DCF, distance between condyles; DDDC, diameter of diaphysis at deltopectoral crest; DN, diameter of the neck of the femur; GAP, distance between head of humerus and deltopectoral crest; HHF, height of the head of the femur; HHH, height of head of humerus; HPS, height of the patellar surface; HTL, height of capitulum; HTS, height of trochlea; ITW, intertrochlear width of the femur; LDC, length of deltopectoral crest; LGTF, length of the greater trochanter; LLF, length of the lateral side of the femur; LLCF, length of the lateral condyle; LMCF, length of the medial condyle; MLF, length of the femur on the medial side; PIT, depth of coronoid fossa; SUP, length of supinator ridge; TLH, total length of humerus; WCF, width across condyles; WDC, width of deltopectoral crest; WDEF, maximum width of distal diaphysis; WDEH, maximum width of distal epiphysis; WDF, minimum width of diaphysis; WDH, minimum width of diaphysis; WHH, width of humeral head; WLCF, width of lateral condyle; WMCF, width of medial condyle; WPDH, width of proximal epiphysis, humeral head to lesser tubercle; WPEF, maximum width of proximal diaphysis; WTA, width of trochlea in anterior view; WTD, width of trochlea and capitulum in posterior view.

Fig. 2 in Taxonomic implications of morphometric analysis of earless seal limb bones

Fig. 2. Results of PCA for the combined dataset of both humeral and femoral measurement data, for extant earless seal taxa. A. PC1 vs. PC2. B. PC3 vs. PC4.

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Fig. 9 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 9. Species of the genus Pachycrommium Woodring, 1928, under UV light. A. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30476 (Faullummel coll.), Chaussy, Val d'Oise, France, Lutetian, in ventral view. B. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30874 (Faullummel coll.), Fontenay−en−Vexin, Eure, France, Lutetian, in ventral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. C. Pachycrommium acuminatum, MNHN A25003 (Faullummel coll.), Chaussy, in dorsal view. D. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A25004 (Faullummel coll.), VilliersSaint−Frédéric, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in apical view. E. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30479 (Faullummel coll.), Chaussy, in ventral view. F. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30875 (Faullummel coll.), Fontenay−en−Vexin, in ventral (F1) and dorsal (F2) views. G. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30872 (Faullummel coll.), Fontenay−en−Vexin, in ventral (G1) and dorsal (G2) views. H. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30873 (Faullummel coll.), Fontenay−en−Vexin, in ventral (H1) and dorsal (H2) views. I. Pachycrommium eburnoides (Grateloup, 1847), MNHN A30405 (Faullummel coll.), Saint−Paul−lès−Dax, Landes, France, Burdigalian, in ventral (I1) and apical (I2) views. J. Pachycrommium eburnoides (Grateloup, 1847), MNHN A30411 (Cossman coll.), Dax, Landes, France, Early Miocene, in detailed view of the first whorls (J1) and apical (J2) view. K. Pachycrommium eburnoides (Grateloup, 1847), MNHN A30410 (Cossmann coll.), Dax, in ventral (K1), dorsal (K2), and apical (K3) views. Scale bars for all 10 mm, except 5 mm (I3, J2), 2 mm (J1). Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).