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FIGURE 1 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 1 Morphology of the studied femora of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus UOPB 00143 (A-D), and Nicrosaurus sp. SMNS 4381/2 (E-G), and the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae UOPB 00122 (H-K). A, E and H in lateral view; B, F and I in medial view; C, G and J in proximal view; D and K in distal view. The arrows point to the histological plane of sectioning. Scale bars represent 5 cm for each specimen.

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Figure 1 in First record of Poecilochirus necrophori (Acari: Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) from Turkey and its importance in forensic acarology

Figure 1. Poecilochirus necrophori (Deutonymph) A. Dorsal viewl, B. Ventral view (scale bars = 500 µm), C. Sclerotized transverse sternal bands (scale bar = 50 µm), D. Cheliceral digitus fixus (scale bar = 40 µm).

Figures 27–28 in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 27–28: Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., pedipalp movable (27a–27b) and fixed (28a–28b) fingers under UV light. Figures 27a–28a. Male holotype. Figures 27b–28b. Female paratype.

Figures 13–14 in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 13–14: Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., sternites under UV light. Figure 13. Male holotype. Figure 14. Female paratype.

FIGURE 4 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 4 Histological growth of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus on the example of the humerus UOPB 00145 (A-D) and the Nicrosaurus sp. femur SMNS 4381/2. Pictures A, C, E-F and H were taken under normal transmitted light and pictures B, D and G were taken under polarized light. Scale bars represent 1 cm for specimens A and E, 500 micrometres for specimens B-C, F-H and 100 micrometres for specimen D. Abbreviations: eb = endosteal bone, ec = erosion cavity, hpfb = higher organized parallel-fibered bone, LAG = Line of Arrested Growth, lpfb = lower organized parallel-fibered bone, mc = medullary cavity, mrl = multiple resting lines, pos = primary osteon, sos = secondary osteon, svc = simple vascular canal, tr = trabecular region.

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Figure 2 in First record of Poecilochirus necrophori (Acari: Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) from Turkey and its importance in forensic acarology

Figure 2. Poecilochirus necrophori (Deutonymph) on its phoront Nicrophorus vespillo (from the marten (Martes sp.) carcass).

Figures 7–8 in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 7–8. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., tergites of female paratype (7) and male holotype (8) and under UV light.

Figures 1–4 in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 1–4: Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., habitus under white light. Figures 1–2. Male holotype in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views. Figures 3–4. Female paratype in dorsal (3) and ventral (4) views. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figures 23–26 in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 23–26: Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., chelicera in dorsal (23, 25) and ventral (24, 26) views under UV light. Figures 23–24. Male holotype. Figures 25–26(change). Female paratype.

FIGURE 7 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 7 Growth pattern of the sectioned aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae humeri (A: UOPB 00135, B: UOPB 00120, C: UOBS 02496, D: UOBS 02363, E: UOBS 01906, F: UOPB 00136, G: UOPB 00142, H: UOPB 00121, I: UOBS 02828, and J: UOPB 00137). Half of the picture is taken under normal transmitted light and the other picture half is taken under polarized light. Please note, that the normally transmitted picture does not show informative histological features. The coloured bars show preserved and counted cycles (zone and annulus). Specimen A-B and H preserve four growth cycles, specimen C, E, G, and I preserve three growth cycles, specimen D and J preserve two growth cycles and specimen F preserved six growth cycles. The arrows in specimens A-C, E, and H-J indicate sub-cycles. Humeri are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.

FIGURE 3 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 3 Mid-diaphyseal cross-sections of all sectioned specimens showing the bone microanatomy of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus femora (A: UOPB 00143, B: UOPB 01026, C: UOBS 03370 and humerus (D: UOPB 00145), and Nicrosaurus sp. femur (E: SMNS 4381/2), the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae femora (F: UOPB 00122, G: UOPB 00123) and humeri (H: UOPB 00135, I: UOPB 00120, J: UOBS 02496, K: UOBS 02363, L: UOBS 01906, M: UOPB 00136, N: UOPB 00142, O: UOPB 00121, P: UOBS 02828, and Q: UOPB 00137). Taxa are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.

FIGURE 6 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 6 Growth pattern of the sectioned phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus femora (A: UOPB 00143, B: UOPB 01026, C: UOBS 03370) and humerus (D: UOPB 00145) and Nicrosaurus sp. (E: SMNS 4381/2). Half of the picture is taken under normal transmitted light and the other picture half is taken under polarized light. Please note, that the normally transmitted picture does not show informative histological features. The coloured bars show preserved and counted cycles (zone and annulus). Specimen A preserves five growth cycles, specimen B, C and D preserve six growth cycles, and specimen E preserves four growth cycles. Taxa are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.

Figures 29–46 in A new monotypic genus and species from China Langxie feti gen et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figures 29–46. Langxie feti gen. et sp. n., pedipalp segments of male holotype (29–37) and female paratype (38–46) under UV light. Chela, dorsal (29, 38), external (30, 39) and ventral (31, 40) views. Patella, dorsal (32, 41), external (33, 42) and ventral (34, 43) views. Femur and trochanter, dorsal (35, 44), external (36, 45) and ventral (37, 46) views. The trichobothrial pattern is indicate in Figures 30–33, 35, 39–42, 44 (red circles).

Figures 859–864 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 859–864. Analysis of cuticular fluorescence. Figure 859. Histogram of fluorescence intensities, I (arbitrary units), in DD DD configuration, of dissected and exuvial carapaces of 9 species in 5 families. Error bars: standard deviations of single carapaces. Figure 860. Histogram comparing relative fluorescence intensities in DV, VD, and VV configurations, normalized to I DD. Figure 861. Bivariate scatter plot of I I vs. I (I normalized) for the data in Fig. 859. Figure 862. Histogram of cyan (505 nm) attenuation of dissected and exuvial DV VD VV DD sclerites of 12 species in 5 families. Figures 863–864. Histograms of model estimates of UV (863) and cyan fluorescence (864) transmission coefficients of three cuticular layers, α and β (hyaline exocuticle, HX), α and β (inner exocuticle, IX), and αEC and β EC (endocuticle, EC), X X IX IX for 5 species in 4 families. Lower transmission coefficients correspond to greater UV attenuation. Calculations assume that HX and IX have the same coefficients in exuvia and dissected cuticle, and that the epicuticle is transparent at all wavelengths.

Figures 865–882 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 865–882. UV fluorescence of Chaerilidae. Figures 865–873. Chaerilus hofereki. UV fluorescence images of isolated carapace in external and internal viewing/ UV illumination configurations (865–868), and right pedipalp chela, external view (869); 20 μm sections of cuticle, tergite V (870–873), under transmitted white light (870, 872) and UV fluorescence (871, 873). Figures 874–882. Chaerilus variegatus. Fluorescence images of isolated carapace in external and internal viewing/ UV illumination configurations (874–877); and right pedipalp chela, external view (878); 30 μm sections of cuticle, tergite III (879–880) and chela manus, proximal internal surface (881–882), under transmitted white light (879, 881) and UV fluorescence (880, 882). Fluorescence of cuticle sections (871, 873, 880, 882) is displayed in color to show wavelength difference in Fig. 880. For normalized species comparison, display brightness of Figs. 874–877 were scaled up to approximately match the two DD intensities (874 & 865). In Fig. 878, display brightness was not upscaled. Scale bars: 2 mm (865–868, 874–877, 869, 878), 50 μm (870, 872, 879, 881). Abbreviations as in Figs. 693–721, 823–842..

Figures 823–842 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 823–842. External and internal fluorescence of scorpion cuticle. UV fluorescence images of isolated carapaces in external and internal viewing/ UV illumination configurations: Centruroides sculpturatus, ♀ dissected (823–826) and ♀ exuvium (827–830); Hottentotta jayakari, ♂ dissected (831–834); Hadrurus arizonensis ♀ dissected (835–838) and ♂ exuvium (839–842).Abbreviations: DD, dorsal view, dorsal UV illumination (823, 827, 831, 835, 839); DV, dorsal view, ventral UV illumination (824, 828, 832, 836, 840); VD, ventral view, dorsal UV illumination (825, 829, 833, 837, 841); VV, ventral view, ventral UV illumination (826, 830, 834, 838, 842); D = external, V = internal. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Figures 814–822 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 814–822. Block of UV light by scorpion cuticle. Figures 814–815. Excitation of fluorescence in a thin layer of sodium fluorescein solution (25 mM) under coverslip by 405 nm UV laser (20 mW) (814) and block of excitation by carapace of Hadrurus arizonensis (♂ exuvium) (815). Figures 816–821. UV shadows of isolated scorpion sclerites. Images of fluorescence of thin layer of sodium fluorescein solution with collimated UV illumination (395 nm LED) intercepted by carapaces of Hottentotta jayakari (♂ dissected; 816), Smeringurus vachoni (♀ exuvium; 817), Nebo omanensis (♀ exuvium; 818), Paruroctonus becki (♂ exuvium; 819), sternite VII of Teruelius flavopiceus (♀ dissected; 820), and rectangular block of aluminum metal (821). Scale bars: 2 mm. Figure 822. Histogram comparing percentage UV attenuation estimated from sclerite shadows for 12 species in 5 families, including both exuvia (light cyan bars) and dissected sclerites (dark cyan bars).

Figures 805–813 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 805–813. Nonlocal emission of fluorescence and optical waveguide effects in scorpion cuticle. Figures 805–807. Spatial distribution in microscope focal plane of UV epi-illumination. Transverse intensity profiles (805) calibrated by imaging fluorescence emission from uniform thin layer (~20 μm) of sodium fluorescein solution (25 mM) under coverslip, for wide-field (806, magenta line) and localized spot (807, blue line) illumination. Viewed with 20X objective. Scale bar: 200 μm (806–807). Figures 808–810. Fluorescence emission from Type F sensillum from external movable finger of right pedipalp chela of Barbaracurus yemenensis ♂. Curvilinear profiles of fluorescence intensity along sensillum (808), normalized to UV excitation intensity profiles along curve. Fluorescence images under wide-field UV illumination (809) and UV spot illumination (810). Arrows indicate apical tip emission. Dry specimen, viewed with 40X objective (N.B.: twice the magnification of Figs. 805–807). Scale bar: 100 μm (809–810). Figures 811–813. Linear transverse profiles of fluorescence intensity (811) from fragment

Figures 722–751. Type F in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 722–751. Type F sensilla as fluorescence waveguides. Figure 722. Model of Type F sensillum as fluorescence-trapping cylindrical shell optical waveguide. Symbols: λ ex, UV excitation wavelengths; λ em, fluorescence emission wavelengths; Θ, angle of incidence with total internal reflection at air interface; Φ, angle of incidence with total internal reflection at air interface, and refraction at sensillum lymph interface; n 1, refractive index of cuticle; n 3, refractive index of sensillum lymph; d, shell thickness. See text for explanation of numbered steps. Figures 723–724. Type F sensillum from external fixed finger of left pedipalp chela, Androctonus crassicauda ♂, fluorescence images under uniform UV illumination (723) and UV spot illumination restricted to proximal half (724). Arrows indicate apical tip emission. Scale bar: 5 μm. Figures 725–749. Type F sensilla with apical tip fluorescence emission under UV excitation, from movable fingers of 25 species in seven scorpion families: Anuroctonidae (744), Bothriuridae (725), Buthidae (726–737), Chactidae (738), Hormuridae (739, 741–742), Scorpionidae (740, 743), and Vaejovidae (745–749). Scale bars: 20 μm. Figures 750–751. Type F sensilla with apical tip fluorescence emission under UV excitation, on distal external surfaces of right pedipalp chela movable fingers of Nebo omanensis ♂ (750) and Diplocentrus whitei ♂ (751) (Diplocentridae).

Figures 677–692 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence

Figures 677–692. Trapping and escape of fluorescence in scorpion cuticle. Figure 677. Model of cuticle as fluorescence-trapping planar optical waveguide. Symbols: λ ex, UV excitation wavelengths; λ em, fluorescence emission wavelengths; Θ, angle of incidence with total internal reflection; Θ a, critical angle, air interface; Θ h, critical angle, hemolymph interface. Illustrated fluorophore is 4-methylumbelliferone (Frost el. al., 2001). See text for explanation of numbered steps. Figures 678–679. Grosphus hirtus ♂, metasoma III, ventral (678) and right lateral (679) views. Figure 680. Nebo omanensis ♂, right pedipalp chela, external view. Figure 681. Heteroctenus junceus ♂, sternite III stridulatory area. Figure 682. Parabuthus pallidus ♂, metasoma I dorsal stridulatory area. Figures 683–684. Apistobuthus pterygocercus ♀, metasoma III. Spiniform granules, right dorsolateral carina (683), and right ventrosubmedian carina (684), ventral views. Figure 685. Hottentotta jayakari ♂, metasoma III, anterior peduncle, dorsal view. Figure 686. Orthochirus glabrifrons ♂, tergite V, clavate granules and lattice microstructure, tangential view, posterior margin. Figure 687. Paravaejovis confusus ♂, carapace. Figure 688. Neobuthus amoudensis ♀, tergite II. Figure 689. Lychas obsti ♂, carapace. Figure 690. Teruelius olgae ♂, right pedipalp chela, manus, external view, with area of water layer contact under glass slide (bright central patch). Figures 691–692. Androctonus crassicauda ♀, right pedipalp chela, manus, external view, without (691) and with (692) areas of glass contact. Horizontal white arrows: areas of glass contact (692); vertical white arrows: ruptured cuticle (691–692). UV fluorescence (678–692). Scale bars as indicated.