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986 results for “exchange”
Data from: An experimental evolution study confirms that discontinuous gas exchange does not contribute to body water conservation in locusts
The adaptive nature of discontinuous gas exchange (DGE) in insects is contentious. The classic "hygric hypothesis", which posits that DGE serves to reduce respiratory water loss (RWL), is still the best supported. We thus focused on the hygric hypothesis in this first ever experimental evolution study of any of the competing adaptive hypotheses. We compared populations of the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) that underwent ten consecutive generations of selection for desiccation-resistance with control populations. Selected locusts survived 36% longer under desiccation stress but DGE prevalence did not differ between these and control populations (~75%). Evolved changes in DGE properties in the selected locusts included longer cycle and interburst durations. However, in contrast to predictions of the hygric hypothesis, these changes were not associated with reduced RWL rates. Other responses observed in the selected locusts were higher body water content when hydrated and lower evaporative water loss rates. Hence, our data suggest that DGE cycle properties in selected locusts are a consequence of an evolved increased ability to store water, and thus an improved capacity to buffer accumulated CO2, rather than an adaptive response to desiccation. We conclude that DGE is unlikely to be an evolutionary response to dehydration challenge in locusts.
Data from: Stochastic faunal exchanges drive diversification in widespread Wallacean and Pacific island lizards (Squamata: Scincidae: Lamprolepis smaragdina)
Aim: Widespread species found in disturbed habitats are often expected to be human commensals. In island systems, this association predicts that dispersal will be mediated by humans. We investigated the biogeographical relationships among populations of a widespread tree skink that inhabits coastal forest and human-cultivated plantations in Southeast Asia. We sought to determine whether populations of the emerald tree skink, Lamprolepis smaragdina, dis- persed via mechanisms that were not human-mediated ('natural' dispersal) or whether dispersal was mediated by humans. The latter scenario predicts low levels of genetic differentiation across a species' range, coupled with a genetic signature of recent range expansion. Location: Southeast Asia, the Philippines, Wallacea and the south-western Pacific. Methods: We analysed sequences of mitochondrial DNA from 204 samples collected throughout the range of this species. We use phylogenetic and popu- lation genetic methods to distinguish between predicted geographical patterns of genetic variation that might indicate natural or human-mediated dispersal. Results: In contrast to predictions derived from similar studies of taxonomy and natural history, we found L. smaragdina to be characterized by highly structured and seemingly geographically stable mitochondrial gene lineages. Main conclusions: Our results demonstrate a novel pattern of widespread species distribution, never before observed in vertebrates of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Although this widespread and highly dispersive species is capable of long-distance dispersal, and has a clear history of over-water dispersal, it exhibits sharp genetic differentiation across its range. Our results suggest that random waif dispersal has been a pervasive ongoing phenomenon throughout the evolutionary history of this species.
Data from: The early history of Annonaceae (Magnoliales) in Southeast Asia suggests floristic exchange between India and Pan-Indochina by the late Oligocene
The collision between India and Eurasia in the mid‐Palaeogene facilitated terrestrial floristic exchange. However, due to the complexity of this geological event and scarcity of fossil record, the plant migration patterns between the two plates are still highly debated. In this study, we focus on the Oligocene floristic exchange between India and Pan‐Indochina mainly based on a carpological study of Annonaceae, an emblematic family unique in its pantropical distribution and frugivore‐based dispersal strategy. A new seed species, Anonaspermum orientalis sp. nov., is described from the upper Oligocene Yongning Formation of Guangxi, southern China. The species represents the earliest known occurrence of this family in Pan‐Indochina. The specimens are characterized by ovate–elliptic seed shape, thicker seed testa, two‐lobed organization, lamelliform rumination and an obvious cone‐like plug. The palaeobiogeographical reconstruction of Annonaceae indicates that the most parsimonious dispersal scenario for the annonaceous taxon from the late Oligocene of China is the Out‐of‐India route, in parallel with other plant genera inferred to have migrated between India and Pan‐Indochina during that period.
Data from: Vascular patterns in iguanas and other squamates: blood vessels and sites of thermal exchange
Squamates use the circulatory system to regulate body and head temperatures during both heating and cooling. The flexibility of this system, which possibly exceeds that of endotherms, offers a number of physiological mechanisms to gain or retain heat (e.g., increase peripheral blood flow and heart rate, cooling the head to prolong basking time for the body) as well as to shed heat (modulate peripheral blood flow, expose sites of thermal exchange). Squamates also have the ability to establish and maintain the same head-to-body temperature differential that birds, crocodilians, and mammals demonstrate, but without a discrete rete or other vascular physiological device. Squamates offer important anatomical and phylogenetic evidence for the inference of the blood vessels of dinosaurs and other extinct archosaurs in that they shed light on the basal diapsid condition. Given this basal positioning, squamates likewise inform and constrain the range of physiological thermoregulatory mechanisms that may have been found in Dinosauria. Unfortunately, the literature on squamate vascular anatomy is limited. Cephalic vascular anatomy of green iguanas (Iguana iguana) was investigated using a differential-contrast, dual-vascular injection (DCDVI) technique and high-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomography (μCT). Blood vessels were digitally segmented to create a surface representation of vascular pathways. Known sites of thermal exchange, consisting of the oral, nasal, and orbital regions, were given special attention due to their role in brain and cephalic thermoregulation. Blood vessels to and from sites of thermal exchange were investigated to detect conserved vascular patterns and to assess their ability to deliver cooled blood to the dural venous sinuses. Arteries within sites of thermal exchange were found to deliver blood directly and through collateral pathways. The venous drainage was found to have multiple pathways that could influence neurosensory tissue temperature, as well as pathways that would bypass neurosensory tissues. The orbital region houses a large venous sinus that receives cooled blood from the nasal region. Blood vessels from the nasal region and orbital sinus show anastomotic connections to the dural sinus system, allowing for the direct modulation of brain temperatures. The generality of the vascular patterns discovered in iguanas were assessed by firsthand comparison with other squamates taxa (e.g., via dissection and osteological study) as well as the literature. Similar to extant archosaurs, iguanas and other squamates have highly vascularized sites of thermal exchange that likely support physiological thermoregulation that "fine tunes" temperatures attained through behavioral thermoregulation.
Data from: Cavity-mediated collective spin-exchange interactions in a strontium superradiant laser
Laser-cooled and quantum degenerate atoms are being pursued as quantum simulators and form the basis of today's most precise sensors. A key challenge toward these goals is to understand and control coherent interactions between the atoms. We observe long-range exchange interactions mediated by an optical cavity, which manifest as tunable spin-spin interactions on the pseudo spin-½ system composed of the millihertz linewidth clock transition in strontium. This leads to one-axis twisting dynamics, the emergence of a many-body energy gap, and gap protection of the optical coherence against certain sources of decoherence. Our observations will aid in the future design of versatile quantum simulators and the next generation of atomic clocks that use quantum correlations for enhanced metrology.
Data from: Woody plant biomass and carbon exchange depend on elephant-fire interactions across a productivity gradient in African savanna
Elephants and fire are individually well-known disturbance agents within savanna ecosystems, but their interactive role in governing tree-cover dynamics and savanna–forest biome boundaries remains unresolved. Of central importance are the mechanisms by which elephants vs. fire affect tree biomass and cover, and how – over long time periods – both factors interact with rainfall and soils to govern tree biomass and carbon dynamics. Here, we evaluated the response of woody vegetation to 56 years of fire manipulation in South Africa's Kruger National Park, with three fire regimes (annual, triennial and unburned) replicated across a productivity gradient and subject to two periods of contrasting elephant abundances (generated by the cessation of culling in 1994). Higher fire frequencies had a negative effect on woody biomass in the low-elephant period, but this effect was weak to negligible in the high-elephant period as the difference among fire treatments diminished. Moreover, elephants removed increasing amounts of woody biomass as productivity increased across study sites, but fire did not. We infer that elephant-induced tree mortality could overcome increases in woody-plant productivity, while fire-induced mortality alone could not. Elephants caused woody-plant carbon to shift from a sink to a source; this effect was independent of fire treatment, with highest rates of net carbon removal in the wettest and most productive site. Synthesis. Our results reveal a context-dependent interaction between fire and elephants as disturbance agents in savanna: the influence of fire on woody plants was sensitive to the abundance of elephants and diminished with increased plant productivity. In contrast, elephants were capable of shifting landscapes from relatively dense woodland to open savanna, even in unburned sites, and exerted strong impacts irrespective of site conditions and plant productivity.
Museomics for reconstructing historical floristic exchanges: Divergence of Stone Oaks across Wallacea
<p>Natural history collections and tropical tree diversity are treasure troves of biological and evolutionary information, but its accessibility is impeded by several properties. DNA in historical specimens generally occurs in a highly fragmented state, complicating the recovery of high-grade genetic material for scientific studies. Our understanding of hyperdiverse, wide-spread tree assemblages suffers from patchy information on distributions, phenology and paucity of diagnostic characters. This prohibits rapid identification and the strengthening of taxonomic frameworks and in turn, delay the application of downstream conservation actions. Congruently, a sizeable component of botanical collections are sterile, eluding identification and slowing down progress in systematic treatments. With rapid advances in genomics and bioinformatic approaches to biodiversity research, museomics is emerging as a new field breathing life into natural collections built up over centuries. </p> <p>Using MIGseq (multiplexed ISSR genotyping by sequencing), we generated 10,000s of short loci for both freshly collected and museum specimens (aged >100 years) of Lithocarpus, a widespread tropical tree genus endemic to the Asian tropics. Loci recovery from museum and recent samples was unaffected by age and preservation history of the study material, underscoring the reliability and flexibility of the MIGseq approach.</p> <p>Phylogenomic inference and biogeographic reconstruction across insular Asia highlights repeated divergence, migration and diversification patterns between continental Lithocarpus and islands species. Results indicate that co-occurring insular species at the extremity of the distribution range are not monophyletic, raising the possibility of multiple independent dispersals along the outer edge of Wallacea. This suggests that dispersal of large seeded tree genera throughout Malesia and across Wallacea may have been less affected by large geographic distances and the presence of marine barriers than generally assumed. </p> <p><span>We demonstrate the utility of </span><span>MIGseq </span><span>in museomic studies using non-model taxa and present the first range-wide genomic assessment of </span><span>Lithocarpus</span><span> and tropical Fagaceae as a proof-of-concept. Our study shows the potential for developing innovative genomic approaches to improve the capture of novel evolutionary signals using valuable natural history collections of hyperdiverse taxa.</span><span> </span></p>
Data from: Optimal nutrient exchange and immune responses operate in partner specificity in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis
The relationship between reef-building corals and phototrophic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium is fundamental to the functioning of coral reef ecosystems. It has been suggested that reef corals may adapt to climate change by changing their dominant symbiont type to a more thermally tolerant one, although the capacity for such a community shift is potentially hindered by the compatibility of different host-symbiont pairings. Here we combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to characterize the molecular, cellular, and physiological processes that underlie this compatibility, with a particular focus on Symbiodinium trenchii, an opportunistic, thermally tolerant symbiont that flourishes in coral tissues after bleaching events. Symbiont-free individuals of the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida (commonly referred to as Aiptasia), an established model system for the study of the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis, were colonized with the "normal" (homologous) symbiont Symbiodinium minutum and the heterologous S. trenchii. Analysis of the host gene and metabolite expression profiles revealed that heterologous symbionts induced an expression pattern intermediate between the typical symbiotic state and the aposymbiotic state. Furthermore, integrated pathway analysis revealed that increased catabolism of fixed carbon stores, metabolic signaling, and immune processes occurred in response to the heterologous symbiont type. Our data suggest that both nutritional provisioning and the immune response induced by the foreign "invader" are important factors in determining the capacity of corals to adapt to climate change through the establishment of novel symbioses.
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Vibrational Energy Exchange Between Nanodiamond and N-butylpyridinium Tetrafluoroborate Ionic Liquid
<p>Nanofluids are composed of certain nanoscale object immersed in the molecular or ionic liquid. Nanofluids generally exhibit higher thermal conductivities, as compared to conventional fluids. Therefore, they are interesting to applications, in which thermal conductivity is a cornerstone. Hereby, molecular dynamics simulations were used to study an energy exchange in one of the possible nanofluids: N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate based solution of nanodiamonds. The data are given in the form of energy components versus time and atomistic trajectories versus time at a number of temperatures. The simulations were conducted in the constant energy ensemble to avoid efects of temperature coupling and pressure coupling. The dataset possesses both research and educational values.</p>
PROBLEMS IN THE PROCESS OF INFORMATION EXCHANGE IN COMMUNICATION
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Replication Package for Automating Technical Debt Management: Insights from Practitioner Discussions in Stack Exchange
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Leaf, stem, and root stable carbon isotope ratios and gas exchange data for 452 plants
<p>This dataset contains a compilation of stable carbon isotope ratios in leaves, stems, and roots for tree saplings and associated gas exchange data. It was used in a book chapter to test whether the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the ratio of intercellular to ambient carbon dioxide concentrations differs between leaves and woody tissues. The book chapter is entitled 'Carbon isotope effects in relation to CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation by tree canopies' authored by Lucas A. Cernusak and Nerea Ubierna. It is part of the book entitled 'Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings' edited by Rolf T. Siegwolf, J. Renee Brooks, John Roden, and Matthias Saurer. The publisher of the book is Springer International Publishing, with publication in April 2022.</p>
Investigating gas-exchange performance between wheat landraces and commercial varieties
<p>Improvement of photosynthetic traits in crops to increase yield potential and crop resilience has recently become a major breeding target. Synthetic biology and genetic technologies offer unparalleled opportunities to create new genetics for photosynthetic traits driven by existing fundamental knowledge. However, large "gene bank" collections of germplasm comprising of historical collections of crop species and their relatives offer a wealth of opportunities to find novel allelic variation in the key steps of photosynthesis, to identify new mechanisms and to accelerate genetic progress in crop breeding programs. Here we explore the available genetic resources in food and fibre crops, strategies to selectively target allelic variation in genes underpinning key photosynthetic processes and deployment of this variation via gene editing in modern elite material.</p>
Technical Debt on Agile Projects: Managers' point of view at Stack Exchange
<p>Technical Debt on Agile Projects: Managers’ point of view at Stack Exchange</p> <p>XXI Simpósio Brasileiro de Qualidade de Software (SBQS '22), Nov 07--10, 2022, 2022, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil.</p>
Dynamic Covalent Michael Acceptors to Penetrate Cells: Thiol-Mediated Uptake with Tetrel-Centered Exchange Cascades, Assisted by Halogen-Bonding Switche
<p>Original data</p> <p>1. Synthesis and Characterization</p> <p>Compounds <strong>7</strong>, <strong>9</strong>, <strong>10</strong>, <strong>11</strong>, <strong>13</strong>, <strong>14</strong>, <strong>16</strong>, <strong>33</strong>, <strong>34</strong>, <strong>36</strong></p> <ul> <li>Lab Book Page; <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR; IR; HRMS</li> </ul> <p>Compound <strong>10 </strong>Stability Test</p> <ul> <li>Lab Book Page</li> <li>UV-Vis Absorption Spectra of <strong>10</strong> and <strong>41</strong> in PBS</li> <li>UV- Vis Absorption Spectra of <strong>10</strong> in Buffer After 72 h</li> <li>Kinetics 10 h in PBS; and in AMPSO Buffer</li> </ul> <p>Compound <strong>22</strong></p> <ul> <li>Lab Book Page</li> </ul> <p>Compounds <strong>47</strong>, <strong>48</strong>, <strong>53</strong>, <strong>55</strong>, <strong>56</strong></p> <ul> <li>Lab Book Pages; <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR; IR</li> </ul> <p>2. Automated High-Content High-Throughput Screening</p> <ul> <li>Lab Book Pages and Data</li> </ul> <p>2.1. Inhibitor Screening with OPS Reporter</p> <p>2.2. Cellular Uptake of MAC Reporters</p> <p>2.3. Inhibitor Screening with MAC and CTO Reporters</p> <p>3. Protein Uptake</p> <p>3.1. Preparation and Cellular Uptake of Streptavidin Complexes</p> <ul> <li>Lab Book Page and Data</li> </ul>
EXCHANGE RATE INFLUENCE ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM CIS COUNTRIES
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Figure 2 in Interannual Variability of Water Exchange Anomalies Between the Northern, Middle and Southern Caspian Based on Satellite Altimetry Data
Figure 2. Position of the 133 and 209 tracks of the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1/2/3 satellites on water area of the Caspian Sea and coordinate axes for calculation water exchange across these tracks. Dashed lines show geographic division of the Caspian Sea on three parts.
Figure 2 in Paclobutrazol reduces growth and increases chlorophyll indices and gas exchanges of basil (Ocimum basilicum)
Figure 2. Plant height (A), number of leaves (B), stem diameter (C), leaf dry mass (D), stem dry mass (E), inflorescence dry mass (F) and total dry mass (G) of basil plants (Ocimum basilicum var. Cinnamon) under paclobutrazol application.
Figure 3 in Paclobutrazol reduces growth and increases chlorophyll indices and gas exchanges of basil (Ocimum basilicum)
Figure 3. Leaf mass ratio (A), stem mass ratio (B), inflorescence mass ratio (C) and robustness quotient (D) of basil plants (Ocimum basilicum var. Cinnamon) under paclobutrazol application.
Data and code supplementing article "Impact of estuarine exchange flow on multiple tracer budgets in the Salish Sea" submitted to the Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.