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FIGURE 10 in A taxonomic study on Chrysotus Meigen (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from southwest China: descriptions of eleven new species belonging to the redefined C. laesus - group

FIGURE 10. Chrysotus trapezinus sp. nov. (A) male terminalia, left lateral view; (B) male first flagellomere, lateral view.

FIGURE 9 in A taxonomic study on Chrysotus Meigen (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from southwest China: descriptions of eleven new species belonging to the redefined C. laesus - group

FIGURE 9. Chrysotus pallidus sp. nov. (A) male terminalia, left lateral view; (B) male first flagellomere, lateral view; (C-D) female terminalia (C, dorsal view; D. lateral view). Abbreviations: cerc, cercus; St, sternite; Tg, tergite.

FIGURE 5 in A taxonomic study on Chrysotus Meigen (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from southwest China: descriptions of eleven new species belonging to the redefined C. laesus - group

FIGURE 5. Chrysotus biprojicienus sp. nov., (A) male terminalia, left lateral view; (B-C) female terminalia (B, dorsal view; C. lateral view).

FIGURE 4 in A taxonomic study on Chrysotus Meigen (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from southwest China: descriptions of eleven new species belonging to the redefined C. laesus - group

FIGURE 4. Chrysotus apicicaudatus sp. nov., (A) male terminalia, right lateral view; B-C. female terminalia; (B) dorsal view; C. lateral view).

FIGURE 3 in A taxonomic study on Chrysotus Meigen (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from southwest China: descriptions of eleven new species belonging to the redefined C. laesus - group

FIGURE 3. Chrysotus anshunus sp. nov. (A) male terminalia, left lateral view; (B) male first flagellomere, lateral view.

FIGURE 2 in A taxonomic study on Chrysotus Meigen (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from southwest China: descriptions of eleven new species belonging to the redefined C. laesus - group

FIGURE 2. Chrysotus agraulus sp. nov., male terminalia, left lateral view. Abbreviations: apgon, arms of postgonite; appgon, anterior process of postgonite; cerc, cercus; ejap, ejaculatory apodeme; hyp, hypandrium; lel, lateral epandrial lobe; ph, phallus; peap, posterior epandrial angular projection; sur, surstylus; vpe, ventral projection of epandrium.

FIGURE 61 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 61. Dendrogram of similarity analysis of morphological (length of the flagellomere 1) and molecular characters (a subset of binary coded parsimony informative nucleotide positions of ITS sequences). Agglomerative clustering (unweighted centroids) of specimens`similarity data (Manhattan distance used). Specimens identified by genitalia structure.

FIGURE 62 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 62. Variable positions of 3' end of ITS1 (about 350–400 bp), which might serve as a barcoding marker for E. longicornis species group. The closest outgroup in the dataset (E. immersa group) is also shown. Among duplicate sequences within this region, only one is shown and the number of duplicates is given. This ITS1 region is downstream of a repetitive region (consisting of 10–12 T nucleotides within E. longicornis group), which hinders sequencing. Apomorphic characters for species are shown within boxes. Note that there are no apomorphies for E. tridens (even within complete ITS1 and ITS2). For E. basalis, there is a single apomorphy (shown here) within complete ITS1 and ITS2 sequences. Because only one specimen of E. alpina, E. loktini, and E. minuta has been sequenced, the indicated apomorphies for these species are tentative. There are no sequences of this region yet available for E. mongolica.

FIGURES 59–60 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURES 59–60. Head of E. basalis in dorsal view: 59, specimen (08-32a) with normally sized compound eyes; 60, specimen (BU95-01a) with small eyes. Note the differences in length of head behind the eyes due to differences in size of the eyes.

FIGURES 21–28 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURES 21–28. Empria basalis: 21, three developing eggs (white arrows) in the stem of Geum rivale; 28, last instar larva. Empria alpina: 22, inflated larva at ZMH. Empria longicornis: 23, last instar larva. Empria tridens: 24, a larva collected (29.VI 2006, Czech Republic) and reared to adult by Jan Macek from Rubus fruticosus among about hundred other E. tridens larvae which did not have supraspiracular flecks (image courtesy of Jan Macek); 25, last instar larva (06-05a); 26, last instar larva (07- 04a). Empria alector: 27, last instar larva.

FIGURE 20 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 20. Barcoding analysis of mitochondrial sequences (complete COI, 2 partial tRNA, 1 complete tRNA, and non-coding regions) using only the closest outgroup (alignment length 1695 bp). NJ tree based on Kimura two-parameter distances, pairwise deletion. Bootstrap proportions below 70% are not shown. AUT, Austria; BEL, Belgium; CHE, Switzerland; DEU, Germany; Est, Estonia; FRA, France; ITA, Italy; JPN, Japan; NOR, Norway; RUS, Russian Federation; SVK, Slovakia; SWE, Sweden. al, E. alector; alp, E. alpina; bas, E. basalis; fletch, E. fletcheri; jap, E. japonica; lokt, E. loktini; long, E. longicornis; trid, E. tridens.

FIGURE 15 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 15. GM analyses (9 landmarks) of penis valves. First principal component (PC1) is on the x-axis, third principal component (PC3) on the y-axis. Only E. basalis and E. tridens are shown. Specimens discussed in the text, are indicated by their ID numbers, and ex ovo reared specimens are circled.

FIGURES 47–52 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURES 47–52. Penis valves of Empria longicornis group: 47, E. japonica; 48, E. longicornis; 49–50, E. tridens; 51, E. alector; 52, E. basalis.

FIGURES 36–39 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURES 36–39. Lancets (valvulae 1) / lancet (valvula 1) and lance (valvula 2) of Empria longicornis group: 36, E. alpina, lancet; 37, E. mongolica, lancet; 38, E. minuta, lancet; 39, E. loktini (holotype), lancet and lance.

FIGURES 9–11 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURES 9–11. Landmarks (LMs) used in geometric morphometric (GM) analyses of penis valves and ovipositors, and some linear measurements: 9, landmarks (black circles: 1, base of the dorso-apical tooth of valviceps; 2, apical-most part of teethrow of valviceps; 4, basal-most part of teethrow of valviceps; 5, tip of dorso-basal part of valviceps; 7, dorsal joint between valvura and valviceps; 8, ventral joint between valvura and valviceps), semi-landmarks (white circles: 3, midway between landmarks 2 and 4; 6, midway between landmarks 5 and 7; 9, junction of valvular duct and ventral edge of penis valve; 10, tip of basal part of valvura), and linear measurements (LM1-LM7 as the "length of valviceps", LM7-LM10 as the "length of valvura", and LM1-LM10 as the "length of penis valve") of penis valves; 10, linear measurements of the basal-most serrula-bearing annulus of the valvula 1 (horizontal arrow, distance between dorso-basal parts of the serrulae; vertical arrow, distance from dorso-basal part of the serrula to the dorsal joint between two annuli); 11, landmarks (black circles) of the valvula 1.

FIGURE 16 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 16. Phylogeny of ITS sequences reconstructed using BAli-Phy (GTR+4Γ substitution model). Duplicate sequences were removed prior to analyses and are not shown. Clades with posterior probabilities (PP) less than 0.9 were collapsed. The support values shown for maximum likelihood (ML) and MrBayes analyses are from analyses based on manual alignment using Empria immersa group as the only outgroup. The same ML and MrBayes analyses using BAli-Phy alignment gave very similar support values. Support values less than 50% (bootstrap, ML) or 0.9 (posterior probability, MrBayes) are indicated with "-". al, E. alector; alp, E. alpina; bas, E. basalis; jap, E. japonica; lokt, E. loktini; long, E. longicornis; trid, E. tridens.

FIGURE 19 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 19. Phylogeny of mitochondrial sequences (complete COI and 3 partial tRNA) using MrBayes (GTR+4Γ model) and including all outgroup species (alignment length 1651 bp, non-coding and ambiguously aligned tRNA regions were excluded). Clades with posterior probabilities (PP) less than 0.90 have been collapsed. Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis (GTR+4Γ substitution model) produced nearly identical topology (few topological differences between Bayesian and ML analyses were not significantly supported, i.e. less than 0.9 PP and 0.7 BP). Bayesian and ML analyses using E. immersa and E. fletcheri as the only outgroups produced identical topologies with only slight differences in clade support values. al, E. alector; alp, E. alpina; bas, E. basalis; jap, E. japonica; lokt, E. loktini; long, E. longicornis; trid, E. tridens.

FIGURES 29–35 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURES 29–35. Empria konowi Dovnar-Zapolskij, 1929: 29, locality label of the lectotype; 30, determination label of the lectotype; 31, locality label of the paralectotype; 32, determination label of the paralectotype. Empria gussakovskii Dovnar- Zapolskij, 1929: 33, locality label of the lectotype; 34, determination label of the lectotype. Poecilosoma tridens Konow, 1896: 35, locality label of the Empria tridens (Konow, 1896) lectotype (image courtesy of SDEI).

FIGURE 14 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 14. GM analyses (10 landmarks) of penis valves and the relative length of flagellum. First principal component (PC1) is on the x-axis, relative length of flagellum (sum of lengths of flagellomeres 1–5 divided by head breadth) on the y-axis. Specimens discussed in the text, are indicated by their ID numbers, and ex ovo reared specimens are circled.

FIGURE 13 in Empria longicornis species group: taxonomic revision with notes on phylogeny and ecology (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

FIGURE 13. GM analyses (25 landmarks) of valvula 1 and the relative length of flagellum of 5 species. First principal component (PC1) is on the x-axis, relative length of flagellum (sum of lengths of flagellomeres 1–4 divided by head breadth) on the yaxis. Specimens discussed in the text, are indicated by their ID numbers.