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FIGURE 3 in A trunk-nesting form of the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) restricted to a single host species Corymbia tessellaris (Myrtaceae), with some comparisons to the ground-nesting form

FIGURE 3 The orientation of egg masses and nests of O. lunifer: (a) tree-hugger egg masses, (b) ground-nester egg masses, (c) tree-hugger nests, and (d) ground nests. Dashed line is the mean orientation.

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FIGURE 1 in Confirming the identity of the Hypogeococcus species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) associated with Harrisia martinii (Labour.) Britton (Cactaceae) in Australia: implications for biological control

FIGURE 1 The different morphological features of the Australian Hypogeococcus: Panels (a) and (b) show that the abdominal region has three circuli (1–3); panel (c) shows that the head region has two antennae (4), numerous slender capitate setae (5), and numerous multilocular pores (6); panel (d) shows the presence of numerous slender capitate setae (5) and numerous multilocular pores (6) in the abdominal region; panels (e) and (f) show that the posterior ventral area possess numerous multilocular pores (6) and numerous conical setae (7); panels (g) and (h) show the foreleg (8) with the curvature attachment point, mid-leg (9) and hindleg (10), both with attachment points ending in a bifurcation. These characters are consistent with Hypogeococcus pungens s.s.

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FIGURE 1 in Biological control of weeds in Australia: the last 120 years

FIGURE 1 Number of weed biological control agent releases per decade (known deliberate releases only).

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FIGURE 2 in Biological control of weeds in Australia: the last 120 years

FIGURE 2 Releases of plant pathogens per decade for weed biological control (known deliberate releases only).

FIGURE 2 in Comparative performance of a multi-locus barcoding approach to enhance taxonomic resolution of New Zealand mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

FIGURE 2 The statistical parsimony network showing the genetic relationships between Culex asteliae (n = 3), Culex pervigilans (n = 15) and Culex rotoruae (n = 3) based on their (a) COI sequences and (b) ITS2 sequences derived from the current study. Each COI/ITS2 singleton sequence is represented by one circle with size proportional to their frequency. The colours refer to the mosquito species to which each individual belongs. Small white circles connecting coloured circles indicate 'missing' or hypothetical singletons. The line linked two circles indicates one basepair difference on the sequence.

FIGURE 1 in Comparative performance of a multi-locus barcoding approach to enhance taxonomic resolution of New Zealand mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

FIGURE 1 The phylogenetic relationships of New Zealand endemic and exotic mosquito species based on (a) COI and (b) ITS2 sequences using maximum likelihood method. Anopheles annulipes was outgroup taxon for both trees. Only bootstrap support values greater than 50% is present at branches on the tree. The sequences collected for the current study and derived from New Zealand endemic, introduced or recently eradicated species are highlighted in bold. The specimens collected outside of New Zealand were highlighted by underlines. The complete phylogenetic trees of New Zealand endemic and exotic mosquito species based on COI and ITS2 sequences are available in Figure S3.

FIGURE 1 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)

FIGURE 1 First page of field notebook number 156. This trip was conducted from Port Augusta to Norseman, Western Australia, by Ken Key, Murray S Upton and Jim Balderson from 28/9/1963 to 23/10/1963. Plant specimens were identified by Nancy T Burbidge. On 28th of September, they started from Mildura, took Arumpo road at a vehicle odometer 6827 and travelled 6 mi to reach 6833. Site description and general observations for collection at stop 6833: Flat with sparse belah and Callitris robusta to 25 ft on pale brown sandy loam with?Cassia sp. abundant to 8 ft and regrowth. Ground layer of Bassia spp. and Kochia spp. to 6 in. and occasional Kochia?pyramidata to 2 ft barley grass and succulents drying off, considerable bare ground. Return. Grasshoppers collected at this site: Cratilopus sp. 1, Chortoicetes terminifera, Caperrala sp. 1 (j.), Apotropis vittata (j.).

FIGURE 4 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)

FIGURE 4 Comparison of survey consistency among different surveyors. (a) Between-site distance maintained by different lead surveyors. (b) The total number of grasshoppers recorded per site by different lead surveyors. Numbers in the middle of boxplot show median value. (c) Seasonal variation in the number of species counted per site by different lead surveyors. (d) Proportion of total surveys conducted in each season by different surveyors. Values on pie charts show the number of surveys conducted by each surveyor. Seasons are indicated by colours.

FIGURE 3 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)

FIGURE 3 Spatial bias in historic grasshopper surveys in Western Australia and Tasmania (inset). (a) Thiessen polygon network drawn based on survey sites as centre of each polygon, showing the intensity of survey activity; the smaller polygons, the more intensive the survey activity because each polygon represents a sampling site. Colours in the background represent bioregions. (b) Bioregions bias: Positive scores indicate positive survey bias (higher survey effort than expected from a random allocation) and vice versa. Bars on right side of vertical dash line represent Tasmania. Bioregions were abbreviated as: AvWh, Avon Wheatbelt; BL, Ben Lomond; Ca, Carnarvon; CeKi, Central Kimberley; CeRa, Central Ranges; Co, Coolgardie; Da, Dampierland; EsPl, Esperance plains; F, Furneaux; Ga, Gascoyne; GeSa, Geraldton Sandplains; GiDe, Gibson Desert; GrSaDe, Great Sandy Desert; GrViDe, Great Victorian Desert; Ha, Hampton; JaFo, Jarrah Forest; K, King; LiSaDe, Little Sandy Desert; Ma, Mallee; Mu, Murchison; NoKi, Northern Kimberley; Nu, Nullarbor; OrViPl, Ord Victoria Plain; Pi, Pilbara; SwCoPl, Southwest Coastal Plain; Ta, Tanami; TCH, Tasmanian Central Highlands; TNM, Tasmanian Northern Midlands; TNS, Tasmanian Northern Slopes; TSE, Tasmanian South East; TSR, Tasmanian Southern Ranges; TW, Tasmanian West; ViBo, Victorian Bonaparte; Wa, Warren; Ya, Yalgoo.

FIGURE 2 in Developing a database of Australian grasshopper occurrences from historic field survey notebooks spanning 54 years (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Morabidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Tetrigidae)

FIGURE 2 Grasshopper species count and survey effort in Western Australia and Tasmania (inset) per 50-km grid cells. Only records with both genus and species (either confirmed based on formal taxonomy for genus and species or putative taxonomy used for genus or species) names were included in these analyses. (a) Species richness (total number of recorded species per cell); (b) total number of survey sites per cell; (c) for each cell, the average number of species per survey site. No survey was conducted in white cells. Bioregions were abbreviated as: Ca, Carnarvon; CeKi, Central Kimberley; Co, Coolgardie; Da, Dampierland; EsPl, Esperance Plains; Ga, Gascoyne; Ha, Hampton; Nu, Nullarbor; Pi, Pilbara; SwCoPl, Southwest Coastal Plains; ViBo, Victorian Bonaparte.

Figure 14 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 14. Schematic map showing the Cretaceous (red dots) and Cenozoic (yellow dots) occurrences of platyrhinids and zanobatids. The orange, blue and green colours mark the modern areal distribution of the living species of Platyrhina, Platyrhinoidis and Zanobatus, respectively (data from Last et al. 2016).

Figure 3 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 3. Specimens of †Eoplatyrhina bolcensis (Heckel, 1851) comb. nov. from the Monte Postale site. A, MGP-PD 26279C; B, original historical plate of the specimen MGP-PD 26279C, illustrated by Achille de Zigno (1813–1892). Photo: courtesy of Universit̀a degli Studi di Padova; C, specimen MGGC 7449; D, MGGC 7449 under ultraviolet light. Scale bars = 100 mm.

Figure 11 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 11. Comparative strict consensus trees from parsimony analyses run in PAUP showing the hypothetic relationships of †Eoplatyrhina gen. nov. and †Plesiozanobatus gen. nov. (in bold) among batoids. A, consensus tree of total dataset with suprascapular coding according to Compagno (1999) and to Da Silva et al. (2018); B, consensus tree of total dataset with suprascapular coding according to Compagno (1999) and Da Silva et al. (2018) with the exclusion of character 85 and excluding Heterodontus + Squalus (-HS). Dashed line from Hexanchidae represents a polytomy recovered in CH, compared to DS. Grey inset indicates the section of the tree with most variability, as it relates to the position of Rajidae. Numbers above branches reflect the Bremer support. Closed circles = Torpediniformes; open circles = Platyrhindae; closed triangle = Zanobatidae; open triangle = Myliobatiformes + Zanobatidae; upside-down open triangle = Myliobatiformes; closed rectangles = Rajiformes; open rectangles = Sclerorhynchoidea; open diamond = Rhinopristiformes; open J = Jurassic batoids. See Table 1 for all tree statistics and see Supplemental material, File 1, Fig. S1 for all characters mapped in support of tree B.

Figure 6 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 6. †Eoplatyrhina bolcensis (Heckel, 1851) comb. nov. from the Monte Postale site. A, close-up of the pelvic girdle and fins in MGGC 7449; B, the same area under ultraviolet light; C, detail of one of the claspers. Abbreviations: ax, axial cartilage; cl, clasper; pf, pelvic fin radials; pub, puboischiadic bar; vc, vertebral centra. Scale bars: A, B = 50 mm; C = 10 mm.

Figure 10 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 10. †Plesiozanobatus egertoni (De Zigno, 1876) comb. nov. from the Pesciara site. A, dermal denticles from the tail of MCSNV IG.43347; B, thorns from the tail of MCSNV IG.43347; C, thorns from the scapular region of MCSNV VII.B.80. Scale bars: A = 400 µm; B, C = 1 mm.

Figure 10 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 10. Incipient protuberance development in Pleistocene to modern Trilobatus sacculifer. A–L, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (A, D, F, J, spiral view; B, E, G, K, umbilical view), in B note lobate sac-like chamber, in E note thin final sac-like chamber with different wall texture appearance relative to rest of test; C; detail of wall texture including spine holes; H, detail of two incipient protuberances; I, contrasting wall texture appearance in thinner final sac-like chamber with smooth topography, and penultimate chamber with well-developed sacculifer-like texture and spine holes; L, detail of wall texture showing raised spine bases); M, Barbados, Caribbean Sea, specimen cultured after plankton net collection (umbilical view; reproduced from Brummer et al. 1987, pl. 1, fig. 14); N, Barbados, Caribbean Sea, specimen cultured after SCUBA dive collection (umbilical view; reproduced from B́e et al. 1982, fig. 12); O, P, Barbados, Caribbean Sea, specimens cultured after SCUBA dive collection (umbilical view; note multiple incipient protuberances; reproduced from of Hemleben et al. 1987, pl. 2, figs 11, 12). Scale bars = 100 Lm, except close-up images (I–L) where scale bars = 20 Lm.

Figure 13 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 13. Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (Schubert, 1910). A–O, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (A, C, E, G, I, K, M–O, spiral view, in K note infilled apertures; B, D, F, H, J, umbilical view); L, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/03/104–106 cm (spiral view; infilled apertures); P, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/04/127–129 cm (spiral view; infilled apertures). Scale bars = 200 Lm.

Figure 9 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 9. Morphological variation in the final sac-like chamber(s) of Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877). A–G, I, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (A, B, I, spiral view, in A note elongated sac-like chamber; C–G, umbilical view, in D note kummerform sac-like chamber, in F note large, asymmetrical aperture with surrounding imperforate area); H, J–P, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (H, J–N umbilical view, in J note lobate sac-like chamber, in K note kummerform sac-like chamber, in L–N note two sac-like chambers; O, P, spiral view; note three sac-like chambers); Q, R, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (cross sectional view of wall, showing relict spines embedded within wall and chamber layers). Scale bars: A–P = 100 Lm; Q, R = 20 Lm.

Figure 7. Typical Trilobatus immaturus and intergradation with Trilobatus quadrilobatus. A–K in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 7. Typical Trilobatus immaturus and intergradation with Trilobatus quadrilobatus. A–K, Trilobatus immaturus (LeRoy, 1939); L–N, Trilobatus quadrilobatus (d'Orbigny, 1846). A–C, I–K, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic, 11H/04/ 50–52 cm (A, B, umbilical view; C, detail wall texture and infilled pores; I, spiral view; J, detail of final chamber wall texture; compare with K, detail of penultimate chamber where primary wall texture is obscured by thick gametogenic calcite); D–H, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (D, detail of wall texture and imperforate lip on first supplementary aperture; E, H, umbilical view; F, G, spiral view). L–N, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (L, spiral view; M, umbilical view; N, detail of wall texture including clear spine holes). Scale bars = 100 Lm, except for close-up images C, D, J, K, N, where scale bars = 20 Lm.

Figure 6. Typical Trilobatus trilobus and intergradation with Trilobatus immaturus. A–O in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 6. Typical Trilobatus trilobus and intergradation with Trilobatus immaturus. A–O, Trilobatus trilobus (Reuss, 1850); P, Trilobatus immaturus (LeRoy, 1939). A–K, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (A, D, E, G, I, spiral view, in D note no spine holes are visible due to gametogenic calcite; B, F, H, J, K, umbilical view, in F note thick gametogenic calcite obscuring sacculifer-type wall texture on penultimate chamber; C, detail of coarse sacculifer-type wall texture and abundant spine holes at intersections of interpore ridges); L, M, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic, 11H/04/50–52 cm (umbilical view); N, O, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (N, umbilical view; O, detail of gametogenic calcite, no spine holes visible). P, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (umbilical view; note final chamber not dominant over previous chambers, compare with A–O). Scale bars = 100 Lm, except for close-up images C and O, where scale bars = 20 Lm.