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FIGURE 2 in Leprose and leproid lichens of the Galapagos, with a particular focus on Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) and Septotrapelia (Pilocarpaceae)

FIGURE 2. Galapagos leprose and leproid lichen species that occasionally bear apothecia; a–b Abundantly sorediate thalli of Brigantiaea leucoxantha s.l.; a Overview of the granular sorediate (leproid) thallus with rusty orange, lecanorine apothecia with olive orange, yellowish pruinose disk; photograph of fresh, humid material in the field (Bungartz 5602; scale 2 mm); b Close-up of the heavily granular sorediate thallus with few bright orange apothecia; herbarium material (Bungartz 3473; scale 2 mm); c Overview of the granular sorediate (leproid) thallus of Catillochroma pulverea with deep brownish to blackened apothecia (Bungartz 3964; scale 2 mm); d Overview of the brownish beige granular sorediate (leproid) thallus of Pyrrhospora quernea with deep reddish brown biatorine-lecideine apothecia; fertile material collected in California (Bungartz 8078; scale 4 mm); Galapagos material (not pictured) has so far only been found sterile; e Leproid thallus of Lecanora sp.; the fuzzy appearance of the granulose soredia caused by terpenoid crystals forming in the herbarium; the main thallus almost entirely dissolved; fertile material not known from Galapagos (Aptroot 65410; scale 0.5 mm); f Leproid thallus of Vainionora aemulans formed almost entirely by granular soredia; the main thallus almost entirely dissolved; fertile material not known from Galapagos (Aptroot 65060; scale 0.8 mm).

FIGURE 5 in Leprose and leproid lichens of the Galapagos, with a particular focus on Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) and Septotrapelia (Pilocarpaceae)

FIGURE 5. Galapagos species of Lepraria of the finkii-type sensu Lendemer 2011; a A thin layer of fine granules of Lepraria achariana growing on basaltic rock (Ertz 11579; scale 1 mm); b–c Lepraria finkii. b Cottony, 'fluffy'thallus aspect with some lobate tendencies but not forming distinct thallus lobes (Aptroot 64491; scale 0.5 mm); c Close-up of thalline granules with some protruding hyphae (Aptroot 63825; scale 1 mm); d Growth aspect of Lepraria aff. incana (Bungartz 3934; scale 0.5 mm); e–f Lepraria lendemeri. e Thallus granules developing on a fine weft of hyphothalline strands (Aptroot 63825, scale 0.5 mm). f Close-up of thalline granules with some protruding hyphae (Nugra 47, scale 1 mm).

FIGURE 1 in Leprose and leproid lichens of the Galapagos, with a particular focus on Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) and Septotrapelia (Pilocarpaceae)

FIGURE 1. af Galapagos leprose and leproid lichens with brightly colored pigments; a–b Chaenotheca chloroxantha; a Overview of the granular leproid thallus; photograph of fresh material in the field, whitish to pale yellow pruina covering apothecial stalks intensifying with storage in the herbarium (Bungartz 8509; scale 1.5 mm); b Close-up of the thallus; stalked ('calicioid') apothecia with bright yellow pruina (vulpinic acid) confined to the stalks (Clerc 08-361; scale 1 mm); c powdery, dusty leprose thallus of Psilolechia lucida; close-up of bright neon green thallus grains (Aptroot 65143; scale 0.4 mm); d powdery, dusty leprose thallus of Chrysothrix xanthina; close-up of bright lemon yellow thallus grains (Bungartz 8832; scale 0.6 mm); e–f Chrysothrix galapagoana (scale bars 1 mm); e General thallus aspect of coarse almost subsquamulose leproid granules (Bungartz 9756; scale 2 mm); f Close-up of subsquamulose leproid granules with budding soredia (Bungartz 5256; scale 1 mm).

FIGURE 4 in Leprose and leproid lichens of the Galapagos, with a particular focus on Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) and Septotrapelia (Pilocarpaceae)

FIGURE 4. Galapagos species of Septotrapelia; a–e S. usnica; a Leprose thallus composed of dispersed granules with some tendency to aggregate, larger granules secondarily budding off soredia (Bungartz 8443; scale 1 mm). b Fertile thallus of pseudocorticate, aggregated granules with ±tendency to become subsquamulose; apothecial initial (arrow), mature apothecia (a) and large aggregated apothecia (ag) (Kalb s.n., Lichenes Neotropici, Fasc. XV; scale 2 mm); c–e Section of an apothecium (Kalb s.n., Lichenes Neotropici, Fasc. XV); c Overview of the apothecium with exciple, hymenium and hypothecium (scale 100 µm); d Exciple and hymenium with ascus (arrow; scale 50 µm); e 3-septate ascospores (scale 25 µm); f Septotrapelia sp. 1; granules growing on plant debris (Bungartz 8183, scale 1.5 mm).

FIGURE 6. Galapagos Lepraria species with pannaric acid 6-methylester. a–b in Leprose and leproid lichens of the Galapagos, with a particular focus on Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) and Septotrapelia (Pilocarpaceae)

FIGURE 6. Galapagos Lepraria species with pannaric acid 6-methylester. a–b Lepraria vouauxii; a Insular thalli delimited by a blackened, necrotic zone where merging surrounding ±damaged, grayish thalli of Lepraria finkii (Aptroot 65476 A—L. vouauxii, Aptroot 65476 B—Lepraria finkii; scale 3 mm); b Close-up of the thallus of compact thalline granules with a brownish beige pseudocortex, and damaged parts exposing a whitish 'medulla" inside; closely packed together, but not forming the characteristic crisped lip otherwise typical of the xerophila-type (Aptroot 65666; scale 1 mm); c–d Lepraria tenella; c Overall growth aspect (Bungartz 8214; scale 3 mm). d Close up of the pseudopodetia with pseudocorticate granules (Bungartz 4857; scale 1 mm).

FIGURE 3 in Leprose and leproid lichens of the Galapagos, with a particular focus on Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) and Septotrapelia (Pilocarpaceae)

FIGURE 3. Galapagos lichen thalli with pseudisidia; a Leprose thallus of Herpothallon granulare with granular 'pseudisidia' developing on fibrous hypothallus strands (Nugra 889; scale 5 mm); b–d Syncesia leprobola; b Thallus densely covered in pinkish pseudisidia (ecorticate, isidioid outgrowths); the thallus along the margin often aggregating into 'rhizomorphic' thallus strands (which are not exclusive to Syncesia rhizomorpha!), and clearly delimited by a deep brown arachnoid hypothallus (Bungartz 5021; scale 2.5 mm); c Densely pseudisidiate thallus; the only areas not covered in pseudisidia are regions where immature pseudothecia begin to develop (Bungartz 4810; scale 2 mm); d Densely pseudisidiate thallus with mature pseudothecia (Bungartz 8213; scale 1 mm).

FIGURE 6. Cora cyphellifera. A in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 6. Cora cyphellifera. A. Specimen in the field (holotype). B. Lobe underside showing cyphelloid hymenophores (holotype). C. Aspect of habitat at type locality in Ecuador. Scale in A–B = 10 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 10. Dictyonema aeruginosulum (holotype). A. Thallus with projections. B. Thallus surface enlarged showing filaments. C. Hymenophore. Scale = 1 mm.

FIGURE 7. Cora inversa. A in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 7. Cora inversa. A. Specimen in the field showing irregular-fuzzy lobe margins and clusters of trichomes projecting from lower surface (Colombia, Lücking 33340). B. Lobes enlarged showing marginal soredia (Colombia, Lücking 33308). C. Lobe underside showing arachnoid surface (Colombia, Lücking 25902). Scale in A–B = 10 mm, in C = 1 mm.

FIGURE 5. Cora byssoidea. A in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 5. Cora byssoidea. A. Aspect of typical habitat in the Colombian paramo near Bogotá. B. Lobe enlarged showing arachnoidbyssoid upper surface (holotype). C. Lobe underside showing hymenophore with strongly involute margins (holotype). Scale in B–C = 1 mm.

FIGURE 14. A in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 14. A. Dictyonema schenkianum (isotype of Laudatea schenkiana: S). B. D. diducens (holotype: BM). C. D. caespitosum (holotype of Laudatea caespitosa: S). D. D. irrigatum (holotype of Corticium irrigatum: PC). E. D. phyllophilum (holotype of D. sericeum f. phyllophilum: W). F. D. aff. irrigatum (Costa Rica, Lücking s.n.: F). Scale in A, C = 1 mm, in B, F = 10 mm, in D = 5 mm.

FIGURE 4. Cora aspera. A in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 4. Cora aspera. A. Specimen in the field (Colombia, Lücking 33332). B. Lobe enlarged showing rough upper surface (holotype). C. Lobe underside showing hymenophore with slightly involute, smooth margins (holotype). Scale in A–B = 10 mm, in C = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Cora arachnoidea. A in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 3. Cora arachnoidea. A. Specimen in the field (Colombia, Lücking 32700). B. Lobe enlarged showing tomentose upper surface (holotype). C. Lobe underside showing hymenophore with involute, byssoid margins (Venezuela, Hernández 1782). Scale in A, C = 5 mm, in B = 1 mm.

FIGURE 9. Cora strigosa. A in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 9. Cora strigosa. A. Aspect of typical habitat in the Peruvian Andes near Machu Picchu. B. Lobe enlarged showing strigose upper surface (holotype). C. Lobe underside showing hymenophore with finely arachnoid surface (holotype). Scale in B = 5 mm, in C = 1 mm.

FIGURE 13. A in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 13. A. Dictyonema irpicinum (holotype: PC). B. D. ligulatum (Papua New Guinea, Sands 1918: BM). C. D. excentricum (isotype: PC). D–F. D. spongiosum (D, syntype: PC; E–F, Guatemala, Lücking 25561: F). Scale in A = 5 mm, in B–D, F = 10 mm, in E = 50 mm.

FIGURE 2. Cora spp. A–B in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 2. Cora spp. A–B. Cora glabrata (lectotype of Thelephora glabrata in UPS). C. Cora bovei (isotype in NY). D–F. C. reticulifera. D. Lobe underside with hymenophore (isotype in BM). E. Lobe showing upper side (Ecuador, Cole 123). F. Lobe underside with hymenophore (Ecuador, Lücking 26201). Scale in A–C = 5 mm, in D, F = 1 mm, in E = 10 mm.

FIGURE 1. Cora pavonia. A in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 1. Cora pavonia. A. Specimen in the field (Colombia, Lücking s.n.). B. Lobe underside enlarged showing hymenophore with involute margins (Venezuela, Hernández 1778). C. Part of the lectotype of Ulva montana (≡ Thelephora pavonia) in BM showing undulate lobe surface and underside with hymenophore. Scale in A = 10 mm, in B–C = 1 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 11. Dictyonema metallicum (Ecuador, Lücking 26203). A–B. Specimen in the field. C. Thallus surface enlarged showing filaments. Scale = 1 mm.

FIGURE 8. Cora squamiformis. A in Ten new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Dictyonema and Cora (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a key to all accepted genera and species in the Dictyonema clade

FIGURE 8. Cora squamiformis. A. Specimen in the field (Colombia, Lücking s.n.). B. Specimen with strongly bent and sinuose margins (Colombia, Lücking s.n.). C. Specimen in the herbarium (holotype). Scale in A = 10 mm, in B–C = 5 mm.