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1,663 results for “shells”
Shell Pin (2157a22-3)
**Columella shell ear pin** Location: Nununyi mound (31Sw3), Swain County, North Carolina. Period: Mississippian, probably Qualla phase (AD 1400-1700). Material: marine shell. Dimensions: length, 140.0 mm; width, 24.0 mm; thickness, 20.4 mm. Notes: Catalog no. 2157a22, specimen 3. North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Abigail Gancz. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
The girl with the Conch Shell
The girl with the Conch Shell (1864 or 1873), made by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (1827 - 1875), Nye Carlsberg Glyptotek (Copenhagen, Denmark). Made by Memento Beta. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Engineering the Compositional Architecture of Core-Shell Upconverting Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles for Optimal Luminescent Donor in Resonance Energy Transfer: The Effects of Energy Migration and Storage
<p>Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between single molecule donor (D) and acceptor (A) is well understood from fundamental perspective and is widely applied in biology, biotechnology, medical diagnostics and bio-imaging. However, the reliability of molecular FRET measurements can be affected by numerous artefacts which eventually hamper quantitative and reliable analysis, mostly due to issues with the donor and acceptor molecules. Lanthanide doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have demonstrated their suitability as alternative donor species. Nevertheless, while they solved most disadvantageous features of organic donor molecules, such as photo-bleaching, spectral cross-excitation and emission bleed-through, the fundamental understanding and practical realizations of bio-assays with UCNP donors remain challenging. Among others, the actual donor ions in individual donor UCNPs are the numerous activator ions randomly distributed in the nanoparticle at various distances to acceptors anchored on the nanoparticle surface. Further, the power dependent, complex energy transfer upconversion and energy migration between sensitizing and activating lanthanide ions within UCNPs complicate the decay based analysis of <strong><em>D</em></strong>-<strong><em>A</em></strong> interaction. In this work, the assessment of designed virtual core-shell nanoparticle (VNP) models led us to the new designs of UCNPs, such as …@Er, Yb@Er, Yb@YbEr, which were experimentally evaluated as donor nanoparticles and compared to the simulations. Moreover, the specific properties of lanthanide-based upconversion motivated us to analyze not only steady-state luminescence and luminescence decay responses of both the UNCP donor and the sensitized acceptor, but also the effects of their luminescence rise kinetics upon RET was discussed in newly proposed disparity measurements. The presented studies help to understand the role of energy-transfer and energy migration between lanthanide ion dopants (due to their concentration and spatial distribution) and how the architecture of core-shell UCNPs affects their performance as FRET donors to organic acceptor dyes.</p>
[Raw data collection] - Granular skeleton optimisation and influence of the cement paste content in bio-based oyster shell mortar with 100% aggregate replacement
<h1>Raw data collection</h1> <h2>Associated paper information</h2> <p>- Year: 2024 <br>- Journal: Sustainability <br>- DOI/link: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062297 <br>- Title: Granular skeleton optimisation and influence of the cement paste content in bio-based oyster shell mortar with 100% aggregate replacement <br>- Authors: Ana Cláudia Pinto Dabés Guimarães (1,2), Olivier Nouailletas (3), Céline Perlot (2,3,4) and David Grégoire (1,3,4,*) <br>- Affiliation: <br> (1) Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, LFCR, Anglet, France, <br> (2) Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, SIAME, Anglet, France, <br> (3) Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, ISA BTP, Anglet, France, <br> (4) Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France, <br> * Correspondence: david.gregoire@univ-pau.fr</p>
Figure 1 in Shell size differences in Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) between natural and urban environments
Figure 1. Map of the sampling localities in Georgia.
Spatiotemporal changes in riverine input into the Eocene North Sea revealed by strontium isotope and barium analysis of bivalve shells
<p>Extended data and calculations belonging to this study are summarized in the supplementary material. These supplements contain the following supplementary data files: </p> <ul> <li>Supplementary material: supplementary Figure S1</li> <li>Supplementary data 1: Element and isotope data for each individual shell</li> <li>Supplementary data 2: <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr salinity variability reconstruction</li> <li>Supplementary data 3: Stratigraphy for sampling locations</li> <li>Supplementary data 4: <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr data for recent oyster shells</li> <li>Supplementary data 5: Extended strontium isotope data</li> </ul>
Bifunctional upconverting luminescent-magnetic FeS2@NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ core@shell nanocomposites with tunable luminescence for temperature sensing†
<p>Advanced optically active materials have experienced significant development in recent years. Light-emitting materials combined with materials that exhibited magnetic properties result in bifunctional materials with an expanded range of capabilities and applications. New functionalities as a result of the core@shell structure enable interactions with the light and the external magnetic field as well. Continuous progress in materials science leads to innovations that enhance data storage and transmission, bioimaging, sensing, optical thermometry, and other applications crucial to advanced technology. In this research, we have focused on the optimization of the synthesis of a nano-sized FeS<span>2</span> material as an optically active, magnetic component of the core, and NaYF<span>4</span>:Yb<span>3+</span>,Er<span>3+</span> nanoparticles (NPs) as a temperature sensitive, up-conversion (UC) luminescence part of the shell. The synthesized core@shell type nanocomposite (NC) material FeS<span>2</span>@NaYF<span>4</span>:Yb<span>3+</span>,Er<span>3+</span> exhibits simultaneously the unique features of the core and shell components. The recorded UC emission spectra under 975 nm laser excitation show the possibility of tuning the UC luminescence color with the application of a highly absorbing FeS<span>2</span> component in the composite material. Moreover, the magnetic properties of the FeS<span>2</span> core nanoparticles and the synthesized NC were compared to confirm the potential application of the NC as a novel bifunctional luminescent-magnetic sensing platform. For both materials the luminescence color changed with the increasing laser power density, allowing color-tunable light generation. Additionally, optical temperature sensing properties of the NPs and NC were compared, resulting in a very high relative temperature sensitivity of <span>∼</span>2.0% K<span><span>−</span>1</span> for both materials.</p>
Fig. 5 in A New Cleaning Method for Accurate Examination of Freshwater Gastropod Shell Specimens Covered with Iron-rich Deposits
Fig. 5. Aperture-closing method using kneaded eraser.
Upconverting Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media: Not a Dead-End Road. Avoiding Degradation by Using Hydrophobic Polymer Shells
<p>Dataset of https://zenodo.org/record/5793193#.YcCAcWjMJPY</p>
Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide levels alter growth rates and shell composition in the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa
<p>We investigated the effects of 60-d exposure to end-of-the-century projections for seawater temperature (+3 °C) and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> (+500 µatm) on growth, mineralogy, and organic content of shells and scutes in juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa </em>clams. The provided excel file contains tables supplying the following raw datasets:</p> <p>(1) Concentrations of trace minerals (Data_Minerals) in shells and scutes</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Type</strong> - type of skeletal material sampled (New: newly-formed, Old: older-growth, Shell: shell, Scute: scute).<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>SampleMass_mg</strong> - mass (in mg) of powdered skeletal material analyzed.<br> <strong>X_ppb</strong> - concentration (in parts per billion) of element X (Mg: Magnesium, Si: Silica, P: Phosphorus, K: Potassium, Mn: Manganese, As: Arsenic, Sr: Strontium, Ba: Barium, Ca: Calcium) in the sample.<br> <strong>X_mmol_kg-1</strong> - concentration (in mmol kg<sup>-1</sup>) of element X in the sample.<br> <strong>XCaRatio_mmol_mol-1</strong> - ratio of the concentrations of element X (in mmol) and calcium (in mol).<br> <strong>BaCaRatio_µmol_mol-1 </strong>- ratio of the concentrations of barium (in µmol) and calcium (in mol).</p> </blockquote> <p>(2) Morphometric characteristics (Data_Morphometry) of shells/scutes</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>X_pre_mm</strong> - measurement value (in millimeters) prior to exposure to experimental treatments (APM: anterior-posterior margin or shell length, DVM: dorsal-ventral margin or shell height, OrnamentationMaxWidth: maximum width of the shell across the scutes, Width: shell width).<br> <strong>X_pre_g</strong> - measurement value (in grams) prior to exposure to experimental treatments (WetMass: whole animal wet mass).<br> <strong>X_post_mm</strong> - measurement value (in millimeters) after 60-d exposure to experimental treatments.<br> <strong>X_post_g</strong> - measurement value (in grams) after 60-d exposure to experimental treatments.<br> <strong>X_gain_mm</strong> - change in measurment value (in millimeters) over the course of the 60-d experiment.<br> <strong>X_gain_%change</strong> - change in measurment value over the course of the 60-d experiment as a percentage of the initial, pre-exposure value (i.e., % change).</p> </blockquote> <p>(3) Organic content (Data_Organics) of shells</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>X-newgrowth_weight%</strong> - concentration of element X (Nitrogen, Carbon, or Hydrogen) as a percentage of the weight of sample analyzed in newly-formed shell.<br> <strong>X-oldgrowth_weight% </strong>- concentration of element X as a percentage of the weight of sample analyzed in older-growth shell.</p> </blockquote> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions in power generation using palm kernel shell
<p>Although the Japanese feed-in tariff was introduced to expand renewable energy, leading to the expansion of palm kernel shell (PKS) use, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction effect is evaluated using the limited life-cycle of PKS, focusing on processes after PKS generation point. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the life-cycle GHG emissions of power generation using PKS. We targeted two PKS-firing power plants as these are the first two instances of the use of PKS in power plants in Japan. A system boundary was established to cover palm plantation management in Indonesia and Malaysia, as both power plants import PKS from these countries. The GHG emissions were derived from land-use change, palm plantation, oil extraction, PKS transportation, and power plants. Six scenarios were examined for the emissions based on the type of land-use change and the existence of biogas capture in oil extraction. CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from PKS combustion were also calculated by assuming that carbon neutrality was lost because of cultivation abandonment. The GHG emissions in one scenario, where the plantations were replanted and continuously managed and no biogas capture implemented in oil extraction, exhibited an average of 0.134 kg-CO<sub>2</sub>eq/kWh reduction in a plant in Kyushu District, and 0.043 kg-CO<sub>2</sub>eq/kWh reduction in a plant in Shikoku District for liquid natural gas-fired steam power generation, respectively. More than 65% of life-cycle GHG emissions originate from biogas generated during oil extraction; thus, biogas capture is an effective strategy to reduce current emissions. In contrast, in the case of accompanying land-use change or collapse of carbon neutrality, the emissions considerably exceeded those of fossil fuels. These findings indicated that the FIT fails to consider the risk of increased emissions or further substantial emission reductions. Therefore, the feasibility of FIT application to PKS needs to be re-established by evaluating the entire PKS life-cycle. </p>
Specimen alignment with limited point-based homology: 3D morphometrics of disparate bivalve shells (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
<p>Supplemental data and code for Edie, Collins, and Jablonski, Specimen alignment with limited point-based homology: 3D morphometrics of disparate bivalve shells (Mollusca: Bivalvia).</p>
Data set for the shells excavated at the Liang Abu site (East Kalimantan, Indonesia)
<p>Data set for the 2431 shell excavated at the Liang Abu site (East Kalimantan, Indonesia).</p>
Rigid Shell Rolling on a Dimpled Bowl-shaped Rigid Surface Example 2
<p>The computations use zero-mass particles--the first use of such particles in nonrelativistic classical mechanics—to perform these animations.</p> <p>The four animation files deal with simulations for Cases A, B, C, and D of Example 2, in the above-mentioned paper in the Special Issue. Each file shows an animation for 25 s of the shell rolling on the surface, without slipping. Each animation shows the dimpled surface and the complex motion of the shell as it finds its path over the dimpled surface.</p> <p>The different cases (A to D) relate to the different orientations of the non-uniform shell at the start of the animation with respect to the surface. At the beginning of each animation the shell is shown for a few extra seconds so that its initial orientation can be observed. The location of the point on the sphere that touches the surface at the start of the animation is the same for all the 4 different animations; the initial velocity of the geometric center of the shell is also the same in all the animations.</p> <p>As seen, the motion of the non-uniform shell and the path it takes on the surface is highly sensitive to its orientation at the start of the animation with respect to the surface. The motion is slowed in these animations so that the extremely complex motion of the shell can be seen better.</p> <p>For details of each case (A to D) see the paper.</p>
Core-shell structured chitosan-polyethylenimine nanoparticles for gene delivery: Improved stability, cellular uptake, and transfection efficiency
<p>Gene therapy has emerged as a promising treatment option for various acquired and inherited diseases. The delivery of nucleic acids relies on so-called vectors that condense and encapsulate their cargo, generating stable nano-sized particles. Especially non-viral gene delivery systems are of increasing interest. However, accomplishing therapeutic levels of transgene expression and limited tolerability of these systems remain a challenge. Therefore, we investigate in the present study the improvement of nucleic acid delivery using depolymerized chitosan – polyethylenimine DNA core complexes (dCS-PEI/DNA). These core complexes are further entrapped into a variety of dCS-based shells, functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacers conjugated to ionic moieties (amino or carboxylate groups) and cell penetrating peptides. This modular approach allowed to evaluate the effect of the shell functional components on the physico-chemical particle characteristics and biological effects <em>in vitro</em>. The optimized ternary complex combines a core-dCS-LPEI/DNA complex with a shell consisting of dCS-PEG-COOH, which resulted in improved encapsulation of nucleic acid, accelerated cellular uptake, enhanced transfection efficiency, and superior transfection potency in human hepatoma HuH-7 cells and mouse primary hepatocytes. Effects on transgene expression are confirmed <em>in vivo</em> in wild-type mice following retrograde intrabiliary infusion. After administration to mice of only 100 ng complexed nanovector DNA, ternary complexes induce a high reporter gene signal for three days. We conclude that ternary core-shell structured particles comprising functionalized chitosan are a promising gene delivery technology for both <em>in vitro</em> as well as <em>in vivo </em>applications. The modular design will facilitate the development of chemically modified derivatives.</p>
Stay in shape: assessing the adaptive potential of shell morphology and its sensitivity to temperature in the invasive New Zealand Mud Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum through phenotypic plasticity and natural selection in Europe
<p>Climate change may force organisms to adapt genetically or plastically to new environmental conditions. Invasive species show a remarkable potential for rapid adaptation. The ovoviviparous New Zealand mud snail (NZMS), <em>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</em>, has successfully established across Europe with two clonally reproducing mitochondrial lineages since its arrival in the first half of the 19th century. Its remarkable variation in shell morphology was shown to be fitness relevant. We investigated the effects of temperature on shell morphology across eleven populations from Germany and the Iberian Peninsula in a common garden across three temperatures. We analysed size and shape using geometric morphometrics. For both, we compared reaction norms and estimated heritabilities. For size, the interaction of temperature and haplotype explained about 50% of the total variance. We also observed more genotype by environment interactions indicating a higher degree of population differentiation than in shape. Across the three temperatures, size followed the expectations of the temperature-size rule, with individuals growing larger in cold environments. Changes in shape may have compensated changes in size affecting space for brooding embryos. Heritability estimates were relatively high. As indicated by the very low coefficients of variation for clonal repeatability (<em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>), they can probably not be compared in absolute terms. However, they showed some sensitivity to temperature, in haplotype t more so than in z, which was only found in Portugal. The low <em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>-values indicate that genetic variation among European populations is still restricted with low potential to react to selection. A considerable fraction of the genetic variation was due to differences between the clonal lineages. The NZMS has apparently not been long enough in Europe to accumulate significant genetic variation relevant for morphological adaptation. As temperature is obviously not the sole factor influencing shell morphology, their interaction will probably not be a factor limiting population persistence under a warming climate in Europe.</p>
Shell colour diversification induced by ecological release: a shift in natural selection after a migration event
<p><span>Ecological release is often attributed to the rapid adaptive diversification of phenotypic traits. However, it is not well understood how natural selection changes its strength and direction through the process of ecological release. Herein, we demonstrated how shell colour of the Japanese land snail <i>Euhadra peliomphala simodae</i> has diversified via a shift in natural selection due to ecological release after migration from the mainland to an island<i>. </i>This snail's shell colour diversified on the island due to disruptive selection after migration from the mainland. We used trail-camera traps to identify the cause of natural selection on both the mainland and island. We then conducted a mark-recapture experiment while collecting microhabitat use data. In total, we captured and marked around 1700 snails on the mainland, some of which were preyed upon by an unknown predator. The trail-camera traps showed that the predator is the large Japanese field mouse <i>Apodemus speciosus, </i>and the predatory frequency was higher on the mainland than on the island. However, this predation did not correlate with shell colour. Microhabitat use on the island was more extensive than on the mainland, with snails on the island using both ground and arboreal microhabitats. A Bayesian estimation showed that the stabilising selection on shell colour came from factors other than predation. Our results suggest that the course of natural selection was modified due to ecological release after migration from the mainland, explaining one cause of the phenotypic diversification.</span></p>
The coupling of the hydrated proton to its first solvation shell
<p>This repository contains tabulated raw data for figures 1, 2, and 4 for the manuscript entitled "The coupling of the hydrated proton to its first solvation shell". Also, all necessary inputs and instructions to reproduce the data are provided.</p>
Shell Snuffbox
Material: Shell and Silver. Accession no: DG 018. Current location: [The Hunt Museum](https://www.huntmuseum.com/), [Limerick](https://www.geonames.org/7778675/limerick-city.html). A [snuff-box](http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300196983) made from a shell with silver mounts. [18th Century](http://n2t.net/ark:/99152/p06c6g32vpj). [More](https://www.huntmuseum.com/explore/item/270210a5-6224-3b41-8e96-0660530bddff/?s%3Dshell&pos=1). Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Olivella Shell Bead (71a785-1)
**Olivella shell bead** Location: Town Creek site (31Mg2-3), Montgomery County, North Carolina. Period: Mississippian (AD 1150-1400). Material: marine shell. Dimensions: length, 51.2 mm; width, 21.4 mm; thickness, 17.9 mm. Notes: Catalog no. 71a785 (specimen 1 of 2). North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Abigail Gancz. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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