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5,371 results for “Flow”
The effects of light intensity and flow speed on biogeochemical variability within a fringing coral reef in Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
<p>Global warming and ocean acidification are driving gradual declines in seawater dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH. Predicting how these changes will affect shallow, near-shore environments including coral reefs is challenging due to high natural variability on both spatial (10 m to km) and temporal (diel to seasonal) scales. To make predictions, it is first necessary to identify and quantify the drivers of this natural variability. While significant efforts have been devoted to characterising the influence from metabolic processes on coral reef seawater chemistry, less attention has been devoted to physical processes such as flow speed and light intensity. Here, we measured seawater flow, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) at three reef habitats (reef flat, lagoon, and outflow channel) in a fringing coral reef system in Okinawa, Japan for a duration of 3 weeks in October of 2019. During the study, circulation was primarily wave-driven with mean flow speeds ranging from 14-26 cm/s. Flow direction became increasingly consistent at higher flow speeds, which traced visual patterns in the benthos observed from satellite imagery. Multiple linear regression models of daytime changes in pH and DO versus daily mean flow speed and PAR described 25-74% of the observed variability across all sites while at night, flow speed alone accounted for 35-69% of the observed variability. The results demonstrate that flow speed, trajectory, and PAR play important and variable roles in controlling biogeochemical variability within coral reefs and need to be considered in assessing their vulnerability to global climate change.</p>
Experimental Investigation of the Heat Transfer between Finned Tubes and a Bubbling Fluidized Bed with Horizontal Sand Mass Flow
<p>Data repository for the paper:</p> <p>Thanheiser, S.; Haider, M.; Schwarzmayr, P. Experimental Investigation of the Heat Transfer between Finned Tubes and a Bubbling Fluidized Bed with Horizontal Sand Mass Flow. Energies 2022, 15, 1316. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041316</p>
SSIMS-Flow: UAV image velocimetry workbench - example video #1
<p>Example video #1 for <strong>SSIMS-Flow: UAV image velocimetry workbench</strong> tool (<a href="https://github.com/ljubicicrobert/SSIMS-Flow">Official repository</a>).</p>
Flowing days Derived from CubeSat Imagery and Ground Observations in Hassayampa River (HR), Arizona from 2019-2021 (Water Years)
<p>Flowing days derived from CubeSat imagery and ground observations in Hassayampa River (HR), Arizona from October 2018 to September 2021. This database supports the following paper:</p> <div> <div>Wang, Z., & Vivoni, E. R. (2022). Detecting streamflow in dryland rivers using CubeSats. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, 49, e2022GL098729. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098729">https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098729</a></div> </div> <div> <div> </div> </div> <p>This database includes three folders.</p> <ol> <li>GroundObservations: Ground observations along the HR retrieved from USGS website (https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis) and Flood Control District of Maricopa County using Single Sensor Data Reports tool (https://alert.fcd.maricopa.gov/showrpts_mc.html): <ol> <li><strong>Precip</strong>: Records of daily precipitation amount.</li> <li><strong>Stream</strong>: Records of daily streamflow amount.</li> </ol> </li> <li>GIS: GIS layers used in deriving flowing days. <ol> <li><strong>Subreach</strong>: Shapefiles of nine sub reaches along the HR.</li> <li><strong>Buffer segment</strong>: Buffer zones perpendicular to HR reaches at 90 m resolution. Column ID is sorted in ascending order along the HR.</li> <li><strong>Channel masks: </strong>Channel masks of HR derived from Planet data.</li> </ol> </li> <li>Results <ol> <li><strong>BufferSegment_Flowdays.xlsx:</strong> Days with flow determined using the NIR difference threshold for water years (WY) 2019 to 2021 for each 90 m buffer areas. The relative location of each buffer areas can be found in the Buffer Segment GIS layer. ‘NaN’ suggests no data.</li> </ol> </li> </ol> <div> <div> </div> </div>
In-operando visualization of redox flow battery in membrane-free microfluidic platform
<p>Images are raw data of main figure 1.(B-D) from "In-operando visualization of redox flow battery in membrane-free microfluidic platform"</p>
Bee species differ in pollen deposition curves with consequences for gene flow
<p><em>Premise of the study </em></p> <p>Pollinator foraging behavior can influence pollen dispersal and gene flow. In many plant species a pollinator trips a flower by applying pressure to release its sexual organs. We propose that differences in tripping rate among grooming pollinators could generate distinct pollen deposition curves, the pattern of pollen deposition over successive flowers visited. This study compares the pollen deposition curves of two grooming pollinators, a social bumble bee and a solitary leafcutting bee,<i> </i>with distinct tripping rates on <i>Medicago sativa</i> flowers. We predict a steeper deposition curve for pollen moved by leafcutting bees, the pollinator with the higher tripping rate.</p> <p><em>Methods</em> </p> <p><i>Medicago sativa</i> plants carrying a gene (GUS) whose product is easily detected by staining, were used as pollen donors. After visiting the GUS plants, a bee was released on a linear array of conventional <i>M. sativa</i> plants. The number of GUS pollen grains deposited over successive flowers visited or over cumulative distances were examined. Distinct mixed effect Poisson regression models, illustrating different rates of decay in pollen deposition, were fitted to the pollen data for each bee species.</p> <p><em>Key Results </em></p> <p>Pollen decay was steeper for leafcutting bees relative to bumble bees for both models of flowers visited and cumulative distance, as predicted by their higher tripping rate.</p> <p><em>Conclusions</em></p> <p>This is the first report of a difference in pollen deposition curves between two bee species, both grooming pollinators. Such differences could lead to distinct impacts of bee species on gene flow, genetic differentiation, introgression, and ultimately speciation.</p>
Candidate-species delimitation in Desmognathus salamanders reveals gene flow across lineage boundaries, confounding phylogenetic estimation and clarifying hybrid zones
Dusky Salamanders (genus Desmognathus) currently comprise only 22 described, extant species. However, recent mitochondrial and nuclear estimates indicate the presence of up to 49 candidate species based on ecogeographic sampling. Previous studies also suggest a complex history of hybridization between these lineages. Studies in other groups suggest that disregarding admixture may affect both phylogenetic inference and clustering-based species-delimitation. With a dataset comprising 233 Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) loci sequenced for 896 Desmognathus specimens from all 49 candidate species, we test three hypotheses regarding i) species-level diversity, ii) hybridization and admixture, and iii) misleading phylogenetic inference. Using phylogenetic and population-clustering analyses considering gene flow, we find support for at least 47 candidate species in the phylogenomic dataset, some of which are newly characterized here while others represent combinations of previously named lineages that are collapsed in the current dataset. Within these, we observe significant phylogeographic structure, with up to 64 total geographic genetic lineages, many of which hybridize either narrowly at contact zones or extensively across ecological gradients. We find strong support for both recent admixture between terminal lineages and ancient hybridization across internal branches. This signal appears to distort concatenated phylogenetic inference, wherein more heavily admixed terminal specimens occupy apparently artifactual early diverging topological positions, occasionally to the extent of forming false clades of intermediate hybrids. Additional geographic and genetic sampling and more robust computational approaches will be needed to clarify taxonomy, and to reconstruct a network topology to display evolutionary relationships in a manner that is consistent with their complex history of reticulation. --
Dataset for the paper: "Carbon Aerogel Based Thin Electrodes for Zero-Gap all Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries – Quantifying the Factors Leading to Optimum Performance"
<p>The data in this spreadsheet was used to produce the figures in the paper </p> <p>Andres Parra-Puerto, Javier Rubio-Garcia, Matthew Markiewicz, Zhuo Zheng and Anthony Kucernak</p> <p>Carbon Aerogel Based Thin Electrodes for Zero-Gap all Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries – Quantifying the Factors Leading to Optimum Performance </p> <p>DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202101617 </p> <p>Please cite the above reference if you wish to use this data </p> <p>DOI of this data file is: 10.5281/zenodo.6261512</p>
Visualisation of gradient flow in the 3D SU(2) Georgi-Glashow model
<p>Visualisation of gradient flow applied to a hot configuration containing ’t Hooft-Polyakov<br> monopoles and antimonopoles.</p> <p>Red and blue dots represent positive and negative magnetic monopoles. Isosurfaces of Higgs field expectation value are shown in green and yellow.</p> <p>Simulation was done on a 64^3 lattice at y = 0.03, x = 0.35 and β = 8.<br> Flow begins at ξ = 0 a, and ends at ξ = 4.38 a.</p> <p>Video made with VisIt by Riikka Seppä.<br> Simulation code developed by Lauri Niemi.</p>
Nuclear phylogeography reveals strong impacts of gene flow in big brown bats
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Understanding speciation mechanisms requires disentangling processes that promote and erode population-level divergence. Three hypotheses are raised that contemporary population structure is mainly shaped by refugial divergence, post-glacial gene flow, or combined effects of both. Testing these hypotheses requires range-wide phylogeography and integrative analyses across scales. Here we aim to 1) re-estimate the previously unresolved nuclear phylogeography of a widespread bat; 2) test the above three phylogeographic hypotheses; and 3) inform conservation management under climate change.</p> <p><strong>Location: </strong>North America including Caribbean.</p> <p><strong>Taxon: </strong>The big brown bat (<em>Eptesicus fuscus</em>).</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We collected range-wide samples and genome-wide markers using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. Population structure was analyzed by clustering methods and spatial estimations. Nuclear phylogeography was estimated using tree methods (concatenation and coalescent) and network analyses (TreeMix). Phylogeographic hypotheses were tested by comparing alternative evolutionary scenarios using demographic modeling. Species distribution modeling was used to help identify Pleistocene refugia and predict future range shifts under climate change.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified three populations in the Caribbean, Eastern, and Western North America. The west population further split into three phylogeographic clades in Pacific, Southwestern North America, and Mexico. Discordances among mitochondrial and nuclear topologies reflected strong impacts of gene flow without sex biases. Demographic modeling supported scenarios of historical isolation followed by secondary gene flow and estimated Holocene divergence time. Species distribution was overall continuous during glaciation with possible regional isolation, and northward range shifts were predicted under future climate change.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions: </strong>Our results supported the hypothesis that combined effects of historical isolation and secondary gene flow shaped the contemporary population divergence. We showed that climate change probably triggered the initial divergence and that gene flow has strong impacts on the observed nuclear phylogeography. Our empirical study demonstrates dynamic within-species processes generating the population divergence that predates speciation.</p>
Particle tracks of 3D flow field during the initiation of a fluvial particle (case 6S)
<p>The dataset belongs to experimental work described in the paper "Role of low-order proper orthogonal decomposition modes and large-scale coherent structures on sediment particle entrainment" published in the Journal of Hydraulics Research. The paper has been published as open access: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2020.1869604</p> <p>The dataset consists of particle tracks of the three-dimensional flow field during the entrainment of a fluvial particle of test case 6S.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Multicolor flow cytometry of monocultures and co-cultures of Bacteroides species
<p>Dataset of FCS (Flow Cytometry Standard) files, along with meta-data, related to a flow cytometry analysis of monocultures and co-cultures of <em>Bacteroides </em>species under several different conditions. </p> <p><strong>Data Collection. </strong>This<strong> </strong>dataset accompanies a journal artcle which was published in <em>Frontiers in Microbiology</em> (<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.910390">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.910390</a>). The "Methods and Materials" section in this article fully describes the biological nature of these samples and how the samples were processed for flow analysis and analyzed with flow cytometry. </p> <p><strong>Data Organization. </strong>Dataset includes 1832 samples. See mapping.xlsx and mapping_key.xlsx for list of samples and their meta-data. Folders are formatted as {run_data}_{time_point} and contains only samples belonging to either a run performed on 2018/07/17 or 2018/07/21 for time points of either 0, 24, 48, 72, or 102 hours. </p> <p><strong>Data Analysis. </strong>Code used for manipulating and analyzing these samples is publicly available (<a href="https://github.com/firasmidani/BacteroidesFlowCytometry">https://github.com/firasmidani/BacteroidesFlowCytometry</a>).</p> <p><strong>Data Integrity</strong>. "hardac-hashes.txt" stores the MD5 hashes of the original folders created by the authors prior to uploading data to Zenodo.</p>
Epigenetic induction may speed up or slow down speciation with gene flow: code and data
<p>Speciation is less likely to occur when there is gene flow between nascent species. Natural selection can oppose gene flow and promote speciation if there is variation in ecological conditions among the nascent species' locations. Previous theory on ecological speciation with gene flow has focused primarily on the role of genetic variation in ecological traits, largely neglecting the role of non-genetic inheritance or transgenerational plasticity. <span>Here we present the simulation code and data from</span> models incorporating both genetic and epigenetic inheritance, the latter representing a form of non-genetic inheritance. We investigate the rate of speciation for a population that inhabits two patches, connected by migration, and find that adaptively-biased epigenetic induction can speed up or slow down speciation, depending on the form of the map from genotype and epigenotype to phenotype. While adaptively-relevant epigenetic variation can speed up speciation by reducing the fitness of migrants and hybrids, it can also slow down speciation. This latter effect occurs when the epialleles are able to achieve adaptation faster than the genetic alleles, thereby weakening selection on the latter.</p>
Core-mantle boundary topography data from numerical simulation of instantaneous mantle flow
<p>Calculated CMB topography data for models (a) H0, (b) H0D1, (c) H4, (d) H4P3, (e) H4P6, (f) H4P3D1, (g) H4P3W, and (h) H4P3D1W. Negative (positive) values indicate topographic depression (elevation). See Figure 2 of Yoshida (2008).</p>
Density driven flow in porous media by 3D print_measured data
<p>Density-driven convection in porous media constructed with 3D printed porous blocks were performed. This dataset is the measured total dissolved MEG and flux across the top interface.</p>
Emplacement of massive deposits by sheet flow
<div class="page"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Relatively common to the submarine setting are depositional sequences that begin with a lower erosional boundary, followed in ascending order by a either a graded or an inherently massive basal unit, a relatively coarse parallel laminated unit, a cross laminated unit, a relatively fine parallel laminated unit, and a capping layer of massive mud. These sequences are present in turbidity current, coastal storm and tsunami deposits, and their study is the key to understanding the physical processes governing sediment transport, erosion and deposition in submarine settings, to the reconstruction of global paleoclimate and paleoflow, to the exploration of hydrocarbon reservoirs and to the prediction of natural hazards associated with earthquake and landslide induced tsunamis. A common feature of these deposits is a basal erosional layer underlying a sandy massive unit, i.e. a unit lacking internal structure. Previous studies have shown that these sequences were deposited from waning energy flows, and the mechanism for the emplacement of the basal massive unit is thought to be associated with rapid deposition of suspended sediment. Here we present the results of laboratory experiments specifically designed to test the hypothesis that these massive units can also be emplaced by very intense bedload transport conditions corresponding to what is commonly called sheet flow in the engineering literature.</p> </div> </div> </div>
Gene flow between wild trees and cultivated varieties shapes the genetic structure of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) populations
<p>The sweet chestnut orchards (<em>Castanea sativa</em> Mill.) are traditionally planted in the northern Adriatic region. This study investigates their population structure, as well as the genetic background of three toponymous clonal varieties. Six genomic simple sequence repeat (gSSR) and nine EST-derived SSR (EST-SSR) loci were utilized in this study. We have identified five closely related clones, which represent a singular, polyclonal marron variety, found in all three cultivation areas, acompanied by many hybrids, resulting from the breeding between cultivated and wild chestnuts. </p>
Database with characterization factors for material flow accounting (material footprint) for process-based LCA for ecoinvent 3.7.1 and 3.8 in openLCA
<p>This dataset contains extend material-specific material footprint indicators (raw material input RMI and total material requirement TMR) compiled by Mostert and Bringezu (2019) to process-based LCA in form of the databases ecoinvent 3.7.1 and 3.8 (Wernet et al. 2016) with the openLCA software. The scope of the material flows covered here largely fits to the materials list used for the Mineral Resource Scarcity indicator of the ReCiPe life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method (Huijbregts et al. 2016).</p>
Data from: Maintenance of local adaptation despite gene flow in a coastal songbird
<p class="MsoNormal">Adaptation to local environments is common in widespread species and the basis of ecological speciation. The song sparrow (<em>Melospiza melodia</em>) is a widespread, polytypic passerine that occurs in shrubland habitats throughout North America. We examined the population structure of two parapatric subspecies that inhabit different environments: the Atlantic song sparrow (<em>M. m. atlantica</em>), a coastal specialist; and the eastern song sparrow (<em>M. m. melodia</em>), a shrubland generalist. These populations lacked clear mitochondrial population structure, yet coastal birds formed a distinct nuclear genetic cluster. We found weak overall genomic differentiation between these subspecies, suggesting either recent divergence, extensive gene flow, or a combination thereof. There was a steep genetic cline at the transition to coastal habitats, consistent with isolation by environment (IBE), not isolation by distance (IBD). A phenotype under divergent selection, bill size, varied with the amount of coastal ancestry in transitional areas, but larger bill size was maintained in coastal habitats regardless of ancestry, further supporting a role for selection in the maintenance of these subspecies. Demographic modeling suggested a divergence history of limited gene flow followed by secondary contact, which has emerged as a common theme in adaptive divergence across taxa.</p>
Permeability and groundwater flow dynamics in deep-reaching orogenic faults estimated from regional-scale hydraulic simulations
<p>Input file and porosity and permeability datasets to run the case in Figure 3a.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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