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Efficient globin production during terminal erythropoiesis depends on the synergistic action of TENT5C poly(A) polymerase and LARP4/5

Red blood cell development is a unique process where reduced transcriptome and proteome complexity facilitates vast hemoglobin production. Here, we describe the cooperative role of cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase TENT5C and the poly(A) tail-protecting LARP4/5 RNA-binding proteins in ensuring proper hemoglobin production. TENT5C catalytic mutant knock-in mice display microcytic hypochromic anemia resembling constitutive knockout. TENT5C counteracts gradual globin mRNA deadenylation during erythropoiesis. In the late stages, TENT5C dysfunction leads to globin poly(A) tail shortening and a drastic reduction of mRNA levels in reticulocytes. Proteomic experiments revealed transient but specific association of TENT5C with LARP4/5. Indeed, LARP4/5 depletion leads to downregulation and poly(A) tail shortening of globin mRNAs. Furthermore, lack of TENT5C catalytic activity is accompanied by compensatory upregulation of LARP4/5. Finally, the importance of precise regulation of globin poly(A) tails by deadenylation and re-adenylation is highlighted by the destabilization of TENT5C by CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase CNOT4.  This repository contains supplementary data accompanying related publication. The uploaded files contain following data: <div> Supplementary Data 1 DRS of E14.5 fetal livers, poly(A) profiling statistics.  </div> <div> Supplementary Data 2 (A) All identified proteins in the TurboID assay (B) Overlap between 3 replicates (C) Statistically significant GO terms for overlapping proteins with average specificity > 0.  </div> <div> Supplementary Data 3 (A) Overview of used input and method details used in degronopedia analysis (B) Identified degron motifs (C) Degron conservation (D) Evolutionary conservation of TENT5C aa sequence scored by ConSurf (The table shows the residue variety in % for each position in the query sequence, each column shows the % for that amino acid found in position in the MSA).  </div> <div> Supplementary Data 4 Key resources table.  </div> <div> Supplementary Data 5 Oligonucleotides used in the study.  </div> <div> Supplementary Resource 1 TurboID assay MS/MS raw data, each file in the archive corresponds to a biological replicate of either WT (control) or Tent5c-EGFP.  </div>

Overview of the dependency taxonomy, dependencies from the literature, tools, and benchmarks relationships in Microservice Architecture.

This figure is part of the publication titled "Multivocal Study in Microservice Dependencies".

Exposed area dependent PEC performance of BiVO4 photoanodes for solar water splitting

#Data set of "Exposed area dependent PEC performance of BiVO4 photoanodes for solar water splitting" --- ## GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Data set title: "Exposed area dependent PEC performance of BiVO4 photoanodes for solar water splitting" 2.Authorship:     Name: Christian Robles    Institution: Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castelló, Spain    ORCID: 0000-0003-1166-2950    Name: Laura Montañés    Institution: Institude of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castelló, Spain    ORCID: 0000-0002-1076-013X         Name: Camilo A. Mesa    Institution: Institude of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castelló, Spain    ORCID: 0000-0002-8450-2563    Name: Ana Gutiérrez-Blanco    Institution: Institude of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castelló, Spain    ORCID: 0000-0001-9412-2321    Name: Francisco Fabregat-Santiago    Institution: Institude of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castelló, Spain     ORCID: 0000-0002-7503-1245    Name: Agustín O Alvarez    Institution: Institude of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castelló, Spain     ORCID:0000-0002-0920-5390    Name: Sixto Giménez    Institution: Institude of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castelló, Spain    ORCID: 0000-0002-4522-3174    Email: <sjulia@uji.es> ##FILE DESCRIPTION --------------- ### Figure 1 -Fig1a.txt : Average photocurrent–voltage (J–V) plots measured by back illumination in 0.1 M KPi with 0.1 M Na2SO3 for the different exposed areas. Dark currents are represented as dashed lines. -Fig1b.txt : Chronoamperometry plot measured by back illumination in 0.1 M KPi with 0.1 M Na2SO3 for the three exposed areas. Inset:  BiVO4 photoanodes synthetized by electrochemical deposition and thermal evaporation.  The area was delimited using an epoxy resin. -Fig1c.txt : Average of current–voltage (J–V) plots measured by back illumination in 0.1 M KPi with 0.1 M Na2SO3 for an equal to exposed area of 1 cm2 (black), 0.2 cm2 (green) and a photoanode of 1 cm2 with a reduced exposed area of 0.2 cm2 (blue).  ### Figure 2 -Fig2a.txt : Charge-transfer resistance (Rct) as a function of applied potential extracted from IS. -Fig2b.txt : Capacitance as a function of applied potential extracted from IS. -Fig2c.txt : Series Resistance (Rc) as a function of the applied potential extracted from IS. -Fig2d.txt : Density of surface states (DOS) as a function of applied potential extracted from IS. -Fig2e.txt : IR-chopped chronoamperometry measurements at 1.2 V vs RHE. -Fig2f.txt : Mobility of electrons (blue), diffusion resistance (green) and recombination resistance (red) as function of the exposed area extracted from the fitting of IMPS, IMVS and IMVS. ### Figure S3 -FigS3a.txt : Current–voltage (J–V) plots measured in 0.1 M KPi (red) and 0.1 M KPi with 0.1 M Na2SO3 (blue). -FigS3b.txt : Current–voltage (J–V) plots measured by front illumination (light blue) and back illumination (dark blue) in 0.1 M KPi with 0.1 M Na2SO3. ### Figure S4 -FigS4a.txt : Incident-photon to current efficiency (IPCE) under back illumination measured and 0.1 M KPi with 0.1 M Na2SO3. -FigS4b.txt : optical absorbance  of the BiVO4 photoanode and its obtained bandgap (2.47 eV) extracted from the Tauc plot for a indirect transition. ###Figure S5 -FigS5a.txt : Raman spectra for the 0.2 cm2 exposed area before measuring. Colours represent different spots measured in the same sample. -FigS5b.txt : Raman spectra for the 0.4 cm2 exposed area before measuring. Colours represent different spots measured in the same sample. -FigS5c.txt : Raman spectra for the 1 cm2 exposed area before measuring. Colours represent different spots measured in the same sample. -FigS5d.txt : Raman spectra for the 0.2 cm2 exposed area after measuring. Colours represent different spots measured in the same sample. -FigS5e.txt : Raman spectra for the 0.4 cm2 exposed area after measuring. Colours represent different spots measured in the same sample. -FigS5f.txt : Raman spectra for the 1 cm2 exposed area after measuring. Colours represent different spots measured in the same sample.

Age Dependence of the Occurrence and Architecture of Ultra-Short-Period Planet Systems (public data release)

This file includes key data and column definitions for generating figures in the manuscript. The data were collected and processed from publicly available datasets, including Kepler DR25 and the planetary systems table (https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/), LAMOST DR9 (https://www.lamost.org/), Gaia DR3 (https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/), and The California-Kepler Survey (https://california-planet-search.github.io/cks-website/). Additional data required for the manuscript can also be obtained from these publicly available datasets.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Chinese Reference Population: open-source age-dependent computational phantoms of reference Chinese population

The Chinese Reference Population (CRP) phantoms dataset encompass 30 phantoms available in both voxel and NURBS formats, with age in 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18 years and adult male and female, as well as 4 pregnant women and fetus in early pregnancy, first trimester, second trimester and third trimester. <ul> <li>Voxelized phantoms are accessible in NII format : "XXX.nii", which could be opened in AMIDE software.</li> <li>Excel file containing organ masses and other descriptive information : "CRP_descriptive_Info.xlsx"</li> <li>In the application of F18−FDG dose calculation, organ absorbed doses per unit activity administered is provided in an Excel file : "Application_F18-FDG.xlsx"</li> </ul> All data are stored on Zenodo and can be publicly accessed.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2024View details →

Data, Figures and Codes for "Experimental analyses of pore-size dependent biomineralization in porous media under various flow rate and bacterial density scenarios"

<pre>This repository contains the data, codes and figures for the manuscript "Experimental analyses of pore-size-dependent biomineralization in porous media under various flow rate and bacterial density scenarios". Comments welcome. </pre>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Measuring age-dependent viscoelasticity of organelles, cells and organisms with Time-Shared Optical Tweezer Microrheology

Source data for Nature Nanotechnology, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01830-y

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Cell-cycle dependent DNA repair and replication unifies patterns of chromosome instability

This repository contains the data used to generate the figures in paper: Cell-cycle dependent DNA repair and replication unifies patterns of chromosome instability.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Data & codes for "Changes in abundance and distribution of European forest bird populations depend on biome, ecological specialisation and traits"

<h1>1.    Selection of European forest bird species and classification of their biome preferences</h1> We selected all species that are related to forest and woodland based on two data sources: Storchová & Hořák (2018) and Tobias et al. (2022), resulting in 107 bird species studied (Data S1). We defined forest bird species as those using environments ranging from closed-canopy forests to more open-canopy woodlands (A. Lehikoinen & Virkkala, 2018; Storchová & Hořák, 2018; Tobias et al., 2022). We determined their biome specialisation using breeding distribution centroids and the overall breeding distribution of each of the species, using the global map of terrestrial ecoregions from Olson et al. (2001) and range data from European Breeding Bird Atlas 1 and 2 (Hagemeijer & Blair, 1997; Keller et al., 2020). We categorised species as Mediterranean, temperate, or boreal based on their predominant biogeographic region. We considered species commonly occurring over several biomes as “generalists”. For instance, we reclassified the two typically boreal species Glaucidium passerinum Linnaeus and Strix uralensis Pallas as “generalists” due to significant range expansions into central and southern Europe in recent decades, therefore no longer restricted to the boreal region. For the complete list of species, biome specialisation, traits, and specialisation indices, refer to Data S1. <h1>2.    Changes in abundance and distribution of European forest bird species</h1> We assessed long-term changes in European forest bird populations through two approaches: (i) changes in estimated total European-level species abundance over a 40-year timeframe; and (ii) changes in species spatial distribution over a 30-year timeframe (Fig. 1). We utilized the estimated trends in European-level population size (i.e., the total number of individuals) for each common native European bird species from 1980 to 2017, as reported by Burns et al. (2021). Three species out of the 107 studied forest species were missing in the original manuscript and we used data generated with the same method from 1980 to 2018 from the European assessment, Article 12 (https://nature-art12.eionet.europa.eu/article12/). These abundance trends were calculated by Burns et al. (2021) using multi-sourced annual times series. For each species, they gathered population estimates and trends from each European country as well as European Union (EU)-level population trends. They analysed these data with a Bayesian hierarchical model to reconstruct EU-level smoothed species population time series. The model outputs include an average annual rate of abundance change and an associated 95% credible interval (Burns et al., 2021). Therefore, we did not directly use the average annual rate of abundance change, as this would have led us to consider species with low uncertainty as similar to those with high uncertainty. To account for the uncertainty, we categorised species as (i) declining, i.e., annual rates below one, (ii) increasing, i.e., annual rates above one and (iii) stable, i.e., annual rate whose 95% CI overlap one, i.e., no significant change. To better acknowledge the magnitude of the abundance change, significant changes with rates below 0.98 were labelled as “strongly declining” (i.e., 6.5% of the 107 species), while those above 1.02 were labelled as “strongly increasing” (i.e., 11% of the 107 species). To evaluate the sensitivity of the decision to categorised abundance change data, we also analysed abundance trend as continuous variable (see Supporting Information Fig. S8). To determine changes in species distributions, we used a comparison of species distributions between two periods (i.e., 1985-1988 and 2013-2017) using the European Breeding Bird Atlas 1 and 2 (EBBA 1 & 2; Hagemeijer & Blair, 1997; Howard et al., 2023; Keller et al., 2020). Howard et al. (2023) provided calculations of observed colonisation and extinction areas at a 50 x 50 km resolution across Europe. We measured changes in range as the difference between colonisations and extinctions of each species, with negative values indicating contracting ranges and positive values indicating expanding ranges. Additionally, we calculated the shift in the centre of gravity of the distribution range between the two periods, as a distance (km) along the south-north gradient for each species (Howard et al., 2023). <h1>3.    Trait and specialisation data for European forest bird species</h1> We extracted data for six functional traits from several sources (Table 1). (i) The species temperature index (STI)represents the long-term average temperature within the species’ breeding range (A. Lehikoinen et al., 2021). (ii) Diet data during the breeding season were obtained from Storchová & Hořák (2018), classifying species into binary variables as vertebrate carnivorous, invertebrate carnivorous, and herbivores (combining the leaf and seed eaters). Storchová & Hořák (2018) classified species into a diet category when the corresponding food resource represented at least 10% of the species diet throughout the breeding season. Therefore, one species can be in several categories (i.e., omnivores). (iii) We obtained nesting site data from Pearman et al. (2014), classifying species into binary variables as ground nesters, tree hole nesters, or elevated nesters (> 1 m in a tree or shrub). We also included data on (iv) species dependence on old-growth forests (Data S1; mostly from Fraixedas et al. (2015) and Mönkkönen et al. (2014), if present on both references, we classified them as “1” and if only in one reference as “0.5”), (v) migration distance (Howard et al., 2023), and (vi) body mass (Tobias et al., 2022). Finally, we extracted and developed seven species specialisation indices. (i) We used an overall specialisation index based on multiple traits (i.e., temperature, diet, foraging behaviour and substrate, habitat, and nesting site), and (ii) a nesting specialisation index, both obtained from Morelli et al. (2019). Both indices represent species specialization based on the dispersion of trait preferences for each species: e.g., nesting specialism equal 0 for species that nest in all habitat type and equal 1 for species that nest in only one habitat type). They are both calculated using the Gini index of inequality, which measures overall dispersion across, e.g., all traits for the overall specialization, based on data from Pearman et al. (2014) and Storchová & Hořák (2018). For additional information, see Morelli et al. (2019). We also used (iii) the diet specialisation index, (iv) the species distribution range during the breeding season (hereafter “breeding range area”) and (v) the climatic niche breadth from Reif et al. (2016). The diet specialisation index was calculated as the coefficient of variation for diet preferences for each species, where high values denotes specialized species (Reif et al., 2016). The breeding range area was evaluated as the number of 50-km squares in the distribution maps in Europe occupied by each species during the reproduction period, and is based on EBBA 1 (Hagemeijer & Blair, 1997). The climatic niche breadth was calculated as the difference between the 5% hottest and the 5% coldest mean temperature between April and June in which each species occurs, using EBBA 1 (Hagemeijer & Blair, 1997; Reif et al., 2016). Additionally, (vi) we calculated a broadleaf forest specialisation index based on binary forest habitat preferences (Storchová & Hořák, 2018), assigning values of one for species found only in broadleaf forests; zero for those in coniferous forests, and 0.5 for those found in both. Lastly, (vii) we created a forest specialisation index based on the species habitat preferences (Storchová & Hořák, 2018). The forest specialisation index was calculated as the mean of species affinity across habitats. We used increasing habitat weights along a gradient of tree dominance: open habitats as 1, shrubland as 1.5, woodland as 2 (i.e., species associated with habitats structured by trees in lower density than in forest), forest generalist (found in both coniferous and broadleaf dense forests) as 3, and forest specialist (found only either in coniferous or broadleaf dense forests) as 4. For instance, the index value for species occurring either in shrubland, woodland or both broadleaf and coniferous forests is 2.167. <h1>4.    Data analysis</h1> Data analyses were conducted with R software version 4.4.1. (R Core Team, 2024). Given the non-independence of species due to their genetic relatedness, we accounted for interspecific phylogenetic distance in all models. We constructed the phylogenetic tree for the 107 European forest bird species using ‘rotl’ and ‘ape’ R-packages (Michonneau et al., 2022; Paradis et al., 2023). We used rotl as an interface with the "Open Tree of Life", employing tol_induced_subtree R-function to generate the phylogenetic tree and compute.brlen R-function to set branch lengths using Grafen’s computation. We generated separate phylogenetic trees for boreal (17), temperate (15), Mediterranean (16) and “generalist” (59) species to perform biome-specific analysis (see Supplementary Information, Figs. S1 & S2). To investigate the effects of functional traits and specialisation indices on abundance, range changes, and distribution shift, we used two regression methods. All methods were based on the relationships between a measure of change and a functional trait or specialisation index. Our sample unit is an individual forest bird species (i.e., one value for each species, either abundance or range change, or distribution shift). Abundance change was a categorical variable (i.e., strong decline – decline – stable – increase – strong increase), while range change (i.e., difference between colonisation and extinction) and distribution shift (i.e., south-north shift) were continuous variables. Therefore, to study abundance changes, we used proportional-odds linear mixed effects model using (Phylo)clmm R-function from the ‘ordinal’ R-package (Christensen, 2022). Interspecific phylogenetic relatedness was included as a random effect, reflecting the correlation between species based on phylogenetic distances (see also Hagge et al. (2021) and Seibold et al. (2015)). For distribution changes, we employed phylogenetic generalised least squares regression (PGLS) using the gls R-function from the ‘nlme’ R-package (Pinheiro et al., 2023). The phylogenetic correlation structure was integrated into PGLS using Pagel’s lambda parameter (λ; Pagel (1999)) a widely used measured of phylogenetic signal strength (see, e.g., Hagge et al., 2021; Triviño et al., 2013). Furthermore, we included latitude, a key driver of bird communities at broad scales (Luoto et al., 2007), as a fixed covariable (centroid latitude of the species’ breeding distribution) in all global models (i.e., species from all biomes together), except for the STI model due to strong correlation. For biome-specific analysis, we included latitude only in boreal species models for range change and distribution shift, as it significantly improved model fit (ΔAIC < -2). We did not add latitude for models specific to temperate, Mediterranean, and generalist species since it did not improve model fits (ΔAIC > -2). Additionally, we included breeding range area in range change and distribution shift models, assuming that species with larger ranges would exhibit larger shifts. We scaled predictors to a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 to facilitate effect size comparisons. We adjusted p-values using the Holm method (for n=3) to account for multiple testing of traits and specialisation indices on three response variables.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Inter-annual repeatability and age-dependent changes in plasma testosterone levels in a longitudinally monitored free-living passerine bird

While seasonal trends in testosterone levels are known from cross-cohort studies, data on testosterone inter-annual individual repeatability in wild birds are rare. Also, our understanding of hormonal age-dependent changes in testosterone levels is limited. We assessed plasma testosterone levels in 105 samples originating from 49 repeatedly captured free-living great tits (Parus major) sampled during the nesting to investigate their relative long-term repeatability and within-individual changes. Furthermore, we examined the inter-annual repeatability of condition-related traits (carotenoid- and melanin-based plumage ornamentation, ptilochronological feather growth rate, body mass, and haematological heterophil/lymphocyte ratio) and their relationships to testosterone levels. We show that testosterone levels are inter-annually repeatable in females, with a non-significant pattern in males, both in absolute values and individual ranks (indicating the maintenance of relative status in a population). In males, we found a quadratic dependence of testosterone levels on age, with a peak in midlife. In contrast, female testosterone levels showed no age-dependent trends. The inter-annual repeatability of condition-related traits ranged from zero to moderate and was mostly unrelated to plasma testosterone concentrations. However, males with elevated testosterone had significantly higher carotenoid-pigmented yellow plumage brightness, a trait presumably involved in mating. Showing inter-annual repeatability in testosterone levels, this research opens the way to further understanding the causes of variation in condition-related traits. Based on a longitudinal dataset, this study demonstrates that male plasma testosterone undergoes age-related changes that may regulate resource allocation. Our results thus suggest that, unlike females, male birds undergo hormonal senescence similar to mammals.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Major population splits coincide with episodes of rapid climate change in a forest-dependent bird

Climate change influences population demography by altering patterns of gene flow and reproductive isolation. Direct mutation rates offer the possibility for accurate dating on the within-species level but are currently only available for a handful of vertebrate species. Here, we use the first directly estimated mutation rate in birds to study the evolutionary history of pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). Using a combination of demographic inference and environmental niche modelling, we show that all major population splits in this forest-dependent system occurred during periods of increased climate instability and rapid global temperature change. We show that the divergent Spanish subspecies originated during the Eemian-Weichselian transition 115 – 104 thousand years ago (kya), and not during the last glacial maximum (26.5 - 19 kya), as previously suggested. The magnitude and rates of climate change during the glacial-interglacial transitions that preceded population splits in pied flycatchers were similar to, or exceeded, those predicted to occur in the course of the current, human-induced climate crisis. As such, our results provide a timely reminder of the strong impact that episodes of climate instability and rapid temperature changes can have on species' evolutionary trajectories, with important implications for the natural world in the Anthropocene.

Movements during sleep reveal the developmental emergence of a cerebellar-dependent internal model in motor thalamus

With our eyes closed, we can track a limb's moment-to-moment location in space. If this capacity relied on sensory feedback from the limb, we would always be a step behind because sensory feedback takes time: For the execution of rapid and precise movements, such lags are not tolerable. Nervous systems solve this problem by computing representations—or internal models—that mimic movements as they are happening, with the associated neural activity occurring after the motor command but before the sensory feedback. Research in adults indicates that the cerebellum is necessary to compute internal models. What is not known, however, is when—and under what conditions—this computational capacity develops. Here, taking advantage of the unique kinematic features of the discrete, spontaneous limb twitches that characterize active sleep, we captured the developmental emergence of a cerebellar-dependent internal model. Using rats at postnatal days (P) 12, P16, and P20, we compared neural activity in the ventral posterior (VP) and ventral lateral (VL) thalamic nuclei, both of which receive somatosensory input but only the latter of which receives cerebellar input. At all ages, twitch-related activity in VP lagged behind the movement, consistent with sensory processing; similar activity was observed in VL through P16. At P20, however, VL activity no longer lagged behind movement, but instead precisely mimicked the movement itself; this activity depended on cerebellar input. In addition to demonstrating the emergence of internal models of movement, these findings implicate twitches in their development and calibration through, at least, the preweanling period.

Data for: An implicit split-operator algorithm for the nonlinear time-dependent Schrödinger equation

Data for publication: J. Roulet, J. Vanicek, An implicit split-operator algorithm for the nonlinear time-dependent Schrödinger equation, J. Chem. Phys. 155, 204109 (2021). Contains the data for reproducing the figures in the abovementioned publication.

Data from: Collateral sensitivity interactions between antibiotics depend on local abiotic conditions

Mutations conferring resistance to one antibiotic can increase (cross resistance) or decrease (collateral sensitivity) resistance to others. Antibiotic combinations displaying collateral sensitivity could be used in treatments that slow resistance evolution. However, lab-to-clinic translation requires understanding whether collateral effects are robust across different environmental conditions. Here, we isolated and characterized resistant mutants of Escherichia coli using five antibiotics, before measuring collateral effects on resistance to other paired antibiotics. During both isolation and phenotyping, we varied conditions in ways relevant in nature (pH, temperature, bile). This revealed local abiotic conditions modified expression of resistance against both the antibiotic used during isolation and other antibiotics. Consequently, local conditions influenced collateral sensitivity in two ways: by favouring different sets of mutants (with different collateral sensitivities), and by modifying expression of collateral effects for individual mutants. These results place collateral sensitivity in the context of environmental variation, with important implications for translation to real-world applications.

Spectrum and Temperature Evolution of Lightning Channel and Dependence on Discharge Feature

Temperature is one of the crucial parameters reflecting the energy and current transfer characteristics in the lightning discharge channel. According to the spectra of eight return strokes recorded simultaneously by two high-speed slitless spectrographs with different time resolutions, the spectral-structure and temperature evolution of the return stroke channels over time was quantitatively analyzed. Different from the previous report, one of the spectrographs has recorded the ionic lines in the spectra within approximately 200 microseconds during the return stroke. The ionic line intensity decayed rapidly with time as the current declined, while the atomic line intensity decreased more slowly. The spectral-structure evolution characteristics indicate that the ionic lines in the spectra existed throughout the discharge current process (including the continuing current (CC) stage). Additionally, it further suggests that the ionic line intensities are associated with the discharge currents and that their radiation mechanism is closely related to the collision excitation under the action of strong currents. The temperature calculated using the ionic lines can reflect the thermodynamic properties of the current-carrying channel. The temperature calculated using atomic lines is significantly lower than that calculated using the ionic lines in the same spectrum. The radiation mechanism of the atomic lines differs from that of the ionic lines. Compared with the decay of the ionic-line intensity, the decline of the channel temperature is slower, and there is even a slight increase in the CC stage. This property reflects the effect of the current action integral.

Spectrum and Temperature Evolution of Lightning Channel and Dependence on Discharge Feature

Data from: Differences in sibling cooperation in presence and absence of parental care in a genus with interspecific variation in offspring dependence

The widely spread evolutionary strategy of parental care is considered an important driver of social evolution. While offspring were long thought to primarily interact competitively, recent studies revealed the potential importance of sibling cooperation. Theories suggest that the degree of cooperation in offspring interactions depends on the degree of offspring dependence on parental care: offspring unable to forage on their own should compete more, whereas more independent juveniles may increase the degree of cooperation. In this study, we tested the occurrence of sibling cooperation in the absence of post-hatching care in several burying beetle species exhibiting varying degrees of offspring dependence. To this end, we measured larval growth rate and survival in the presence and absence of pre-hatching care using different brood sizes. We found that sibling cooperation cannot be exclusively explained by offspring dependence on parental care. While only species with more independent larvae cooperated when receiving pre-hatching care, larval cooperation occurred across species in the absence of care. The latter result suggests that sibling cooperation was already present in an early ancestor of the genus Nicrophorus. Overall, these findings give important insights into the transition from facultative to obligate family life.

Context dependent host-symbiont interactions: shifts along the parasitism-mutualism continuum

Symbiotic interactions can shift along a mutualism to parasitism continuum. While there are many studies examining dynamics typically considered to be mutualistic that sometimes shift towards parasitism, little is known about conditions underlying shifts from parasitism towards mutualism. In lake populations, we observed that infection by a microsporidian gut symbiont sometimes conferred a reproductive advantage and other times a disadvantage to its Daphnia host. We hypothesized that the microsporidian might benefit its host by reducing infection by more virulent parasites, which attack via the gut. In a lab study using field-collected animals, we found that spores of a virulent fungal parasite were much less capable of penetrating the guts of Daphnia harboring the microsporidian gut symbiont. We predicted that this altered gut penetrability could cause differential impacts on host fitness depending on ecological context. Using data from field surveys, we found that microsporidian-infected Daphnia hosts experienced a reproductive advantage when virulent parasites were common and a reproductive disadvantage when resources were scarce and virulent parasites were rare. Our findings highlight the importance of considering multiparasite community context and resource availability in host-parasite studies and open the door for future research into conditions driving shifts along parasitism to mutualism gradients.

Tropical Cyclone Characteristics Represented by the Ocean Wave Coupled Atmospheric Global Climate Model Incorporating Wave-Dependent Momentum Flux

This is dataset of global climate model simulation used in the paper "Tropical Cyclone Characteristics Represented by the Ocean Wave Coupled Atmospheric Global Climate Model Incorporating Wave-Dependent Momentum Flux" by Shimura et al. (2021) Followings are the explanation of data file. *** File naming rule ***     {data_group_name}_Exp{experiment_name}_TCnumber{tropical_cyclone_case_number}.nc         data_group_name             - atm             - track         experiment_name             - Wind             - Wave             - SlabO         tropical_cyclone_case_number             - 001             - 002                 ...             - 099             - 100 *** Description on each data group ***          atm: three dimentional atmospheric velocity data         - level: pressure levels for vertical atmospheric data     - longitude: Longitude         - latitude:  Latitude         - velocity_u_component: averaged atmospheric eastward velocity     track: data around tropical cyclone track         - time: UTC time (YYYYMMDDHH)         - longitude_center: Longitude of typhoon center         - latitude_center: Latitude of typhoon center         - central_pressure: typhoon central pressure         - maximum_surface_wind: typhoon maximum surface wind speed         - longitude_sfc: Longitude for surface data around typhoon center         - latitude_sfc: Latitude for surface data around typhoon center         - surface_wind_u_component: surface eastward wind around typhoon         - surface_wind_v_component: surface northward wind around typhoon         - sea_level_pressure: sea level pressure around typhoon         - latent_heat_flux: surface upward latent heat flux         - sensible_heat_flux: surface upward sensible heat flux         - time_atm: UTC time (YYYYMMDDHH) for atmospheric data         - level: pressure levels for atmospheric data         - longitude_atm: Longitude for atmospheric data around typhoon center         - latitude_atm: Latitude for atmospheric data around typhoon center         - velocity_u_component: 3d eastward velocity around typhoon         - velocity_v_component: 3d northward velocity around typhoon

Moonlight influence on quality of nestlings of scops owls depends on paternal coloration

The moon might favour the maintenance of colour polymorphism via disruptive selection if the different colour variants performed differently in terms of prey capture under different moonlight levels. Moonlight, however, may affect prey capture as a by side effect of its influence on prey behaviours. Here we combine data of parental provisioning and owlets' quality with one ex-situ study of grasshoppers' activity to test whether Eurasian scops owls (Otus scops) with different plumage colour and their prey are differently affected by moonlight. Food provisioning increased from new- to full-moon. However, the effect of moonlight on owlet mass gain and immune response depended on paternal coloration. On the one hand, body mass gain of nestlings of the greyest fathers increased from nights with new- to full-moon, whereas it did not change with moonlight for the brownest fathers. On the other hand, PHA response of nestlings of the brownest fathers increased with high moonlight levels during the first week of life, whereas it did not change with moonlight levels for the greyest fathers. Grasshoppers were more active at new moon than at full or waning moon. Our study provides supporting evidence that moonlight influences the behaviour of both scops owls and its prey and suggests that fluctuations in environmental conditions can modulate the advantages of morphs. These results are important because they provide a general insight into a little appreciated mechanism for the maintenance of colour polymorphism in natural populations based on the interactive effect of different environmental factors.