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Figure 10 in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms
Figure 10. Phylogram of thoracican phylogeny, based on a combination of morphology (fossils and extant taxa) and guided by molecular data. The successively later first appearance of more crownward (derived) taxa supports the overall story, although there are some 'ghost' ranges within individual clades, in which fossil taxa appear anonymously late in the record. Note that based on the morphological interpretation, the Pollicipedomorpha are here placed basalmost among extant Thoracicalcarea. Compare with the tree derived from molecular analysis of extant forms (Fig. 7) and thoracican diversity through time (Fig. 9). Abbreviations: C, Cisuralian; E, Eocene; G, Guadulupian; LO, Lopingian; MISS, Mississippian; M, Miocene; NG, Neogene; O, Oligocene; P, Paleocene; PENN, Pennsylvanian; P-GENE, Paleogene. L, M, U (MISS, PENN, TRIASSIC, JURASSIC) and L, U (Cretaceous) refer to Lower, Middle and Upper.
Figure 1. Facetotecta. A–F in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms
Figure 1. Facetotecta. A–F, selected live images of y-nauplii representing some of the morphological diversity: lecitotrophic ones in A, C, D, F; planktotrophic ones in B, E. Note distinct differences in spination and body shapes. G, H, detailed morphology of y-larvae using scanning electron microscopy: G, ventral view; H, dorsal view, showing cuticular facets on the shield. I–K, the drastic metamorphosis from early y-nauplius (I) to last nauplius instar (J) and y-cyprid (K). These three larvae are conspecific. L, higher magnification view of the big rectangular box in K, showing an scanning electron micrograph of the cyprid antennules, with distal hooks (white circles). M, scanning electron micrograph of small square box in K, showing the lateral side of the y-cypris with a spiny labrum. N–P, metamorphosis from y-cypris to free ypsigon. This is most likely to be a larval or juvenile stage of an endoparasitic adult stage in hosts that have yet to be found. The specimens in A, D, F, I–J were sampled in coastal waters in Keelung, Northern Taiwan. The specimens in B, C, E, G, H were sampled on Green Island, Taiwan. The specimens in N–P originate from Sesoko Island, Japan. Abbreviations: a1, antennule; a2, second antennule; ce, compound eye; lb, labrum; mdb, mandible. Specimens J and K provided by Dr. Mark J. Grygier. Specimen J re-photographed from Grygier et al., (2019).
Figure 3. Acrothoracica. A, B in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms
Figure 3. Acrothoracica. A, B, examples of naupliar and cypris larval morphology of Acrothoracica. C, live corals, Leptatstrea, with the colour-valved Berndtia. D, most acrothoracican species live in gastropod shells, making slit-like burrows. Inserts show the burrows made by the barnacles (upper right) and a specimen in its burrow with extended cirri (lower left). E, Berndtia purpurea extending its cirri from the burrow inside the live tissue of the coral Leptastrea host. F Schematic diagram showing Trypetesa living in the columella of gastropod shells, showing the slit-like burrow opening. G, magnified view of columella of shell, showing the slit-like opening of the Trypetesa burrow. H, the dwarf male of Berndtia utinomii.
FIGURE 3 in A new intertidal barnacle, Chthamalus ngankeeae sp. nov. (Balanomorpha: Chthamalidae) from the Malaysian Peninsula and western Borneo waters
FIGURE 3. Chthamalus ngankeeae sp. nov., holotype, ASIZCR000458: A. cirrus I; B. segments of posterior ramus of cirrus I; C. distal segment of posterior ramus, showing the presence of bidentate setae; D. distal segment of anterior ramus of cirrus I; E. cirrus II; F. distal end of posterior ramus of cirrus II showing bidentate setae; G. distal end of anterior ramus of cirrus II; H. showing bidentate setae. Scale bars in μm.
FIGURE 10 in A new intertidal barnacle, Chthamalus ngankeeae sp. nov. (Balanomorpha: Chthamalidae) from the Malaysian Peninsula and western Borneo waters
FIGURE 10. Maximum likelihood tree of Chthamalidae sequences based on COI sequences. Posterior probability for Bayesian inference (BI), SH-aLRT, and ultrafast bootstrap support for ML are presented at nodes>90. Color indicates species assigned to the subgroups of Chthamalus suggested by Southward & Newman (2003), Chan & Cheang (2015), O'Riordan et al. (2010), and Simon-Blecher et al. (2021).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of hydrothermal vent stalked barnacle Vulcanolepas (Scalpelliforms: Eolepadidae) from the North Fiji Basin, Southwestern Pacific Ocean
FIGURE 4. Ƒulcanolepas fijiensis sp. nov. Holotype. A. Cirrus I - distal half of ramus bearing antenniform segments (antenniform segs), proximal half bearing robust segments (robust segs). B. Cirrus II - antenniform segments on distal half of ramus. Insert showing magnified segments of distal region. C. Cirrus III. Insert showing magnified intermediate segments. D. Cirrus IV. Insert showing magnified intermediate segments. E. Cirrus V. Insert showing magnified intermediate segments. F. Cirrus VI. Insert showing magnified intermediate segments. G. Penis. H. Caudal appendages. Scale bars in µm.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of hydrothermal vent stalked barnacle Vulcanolepas (Scalpelliforms: Eolepadidae) from the North Fiji Basin, Southwestern Pacific Ocean
FIGURE 3. Ƒulcanolepas fijiensis sp. nov. Holotype. A. Whole view, habitus, left side. B, C. Capitulum (left and right sides), showing paired terga (T) and scuta (S) and unpaired carina (CA), lateral (L) and rostrum (R). D, E. Capitulum, carinal and rostral view. F. Dissected capitulum, showing inner surface of capitular plates (white and smooth). Cirrus I is not separated from the remaining pairs of cirri (I, II, III indicate cirri I, II and III).
FIGURE 8 in A new species of the coral associated barnacle (Thoracica: Pyrgomatidae: Pyrgoma) from a deep-sea oculinid coral in New Caledonian waters
FIGURE 8. Cirri of Pyrgoma spurtuncata sp. nov. (MNHN-IU-2014-23572: holotype): A, cirrus I; B, C, distal serrulate setae on posterior and anterior rami of cirrus I; D, cirrus II; E, distal serrulate setae on posterior and anterior rami of cirrus II; F, cirrus III; G. magnified view of cirrus II; H, I, distal serrulate setae on posterior and anterior rami of cirrus III. Scale bars: A−I = 100µm.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of the coral associated barnacle (Thoracica: Pyrgomatidae: Pyrgoma) from a deep-sea oculinid coral in New Caledonian waters
FIGURE 7. Mouthparts of Pyrgoma spurtuncata sp. nov. (MNHN-IU-2014-23572: holotype): A, maxilla; B, mandibular palp; C, maxillule; D, mandible; E, lower margin and inferior angle of mandible; F, inferior margin of the mandible; G, labrum; H, teeth on the labrum. Scale bars: A, B, D, G = 100µm, C, E, F, H = 50µm.
Fig. 1 a, b in When dwarf males and hermaphrodites copulate: first record of mating behaviour in a dwarf male using the androdioecious barnacle Scalpellum scalpellum (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica)
Fig. 1 a, b Morphology of the androdioecious barnacle Scalpellum scalpellum. a A large, solitary hermaphrodite with the right side mantle valve partly cut open to reveal the thoracic cirri and the penis; a cut away penis shown above; note the rather short length of the penis compared to the body size. b A group of three adult hermaphrodites; two
Fig. 9 a–c in Reproductive strategy of two deep-sea scalpellid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) associated with decapods and pycnogonids and the first description of a penis in scalpellid dwarf males
Fig. 9 a–c Verum brachiumcancri, dwarf males in situ with penis. a LM view of male with penis extending into mantle cavity (brood chamber) of female, with enlarged inset showing central sperm canal in penis; five pairs of branches extend from sides of penis, and sperm will be expelled from distal opening. b Detailed SEM view of penis (also in Fig. 6a). c Detail of b, penis emerging through wide open aperture of dwarf male, leaving only a narrow slot (arrows); dotted line indicating exposed apical part of male, rest of body being protected within female receptacle. dwm Dwarf male, op distal opening of penis, pl shell plate, sbr side branch
Fig. 8 a–c in Reproductive strategy of two deep-sea scalpellid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) associated with decapods and pycnogonids and the first description of a penis in scalpellid dwarf males
Fig. 8 a–c Verum brachiumcancri, SEM of dwarf male dissected free from receptacle. a Whole view. b Detail showing four reduced plates (pl) with long setae near apical end (capitulum pole) and slit-shaped aperture (ap) situated between two lower plates. c Detail of surface with bands of cuticular combs directed toward apical end
Fig. 2 a–d V in Reproductive strategy of two deep-sea scalpellid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) associated with decapods and pycnogonids and the first description of a penis in scalpellid dwarf males
Fig. 2 a–d V. brachiumcancri on its host, the majid crab Rochinia hertwigi. a Crab with one barnacle (arrow). b Crab with six variously sized barnacles (arrows). c Crab with two large and one juvenile barnacles (arrows). d Close-up of two small juveniles on host, demonstrating presence of peduncle even in such small specimens, little exceeding a cypris larva in size
Figure 12 in Diversity and biogeography of the little known deep-sea barnacles of the genus Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Balanomorpha: Chionelasmatoidea) in the Southwest Pacific, with description of a new species
Figure 12. Waikalasma dianajonesae sp. nov. (a) Cirrus V. (b) Intermediate segments of posterior ramus. (c) Intermediate segments of anterior ramus. (d) Cirrus VI. (e) Intermediate segment of posterior ramus. (f) Intermediate segments of anterior ramus. (g) Penis. (h) Tip of penis. Scale bars in μm.
Figure 4 in Biodiversity and biogeography of the coral boring barnacles of the genus Berndtia (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica) in the West Pacific, with description of three new species
Figure 4. Berndtia denticulata sp. nov. Scanning electron microscopy of mantle sac structures, female. (A) Opercular area, upper-lateral view; (B) small posterior lobe (pl) of operculum; (C) simple, bifid and trifid teeth on lateral margin of opercular bar; (D) large rosette nodules on outer surface of opercular bar; (E) teeth (bifid, trifid and quadrifid) on posterior region of operculum; (F) protrusions of comb collar; (G) occludent margin of the opercular bar (ob) with comb collar (cc); (H) lateral view of opercular area; (I) simple and bifid sharp teeth on lateral margin of opercular bar; (J) multifid scales (ms) and small setae along occludent margin of opercular bar; (K) quadrifid teeth on mantle sac; (L) pentafid teeth and feeble multifid scales on mantle sac; (M) small posterior lobe of operculum, lateral view. Abbreviations: cc – comb collar, ob – opercular bar, pl – posterior lobe, ms – multifid scales. Scale bars in μm.
Figure 18 in Biodiversity and biogeography of the coral boring barnacles of the genus Berndtia (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica) in the West Pacific, with description of three new species
Figure 18. Berndtia utinomii sp. nov. Scanning electron microscopy of mantle sac structures, female. (A) Opercular area, upper-lateral view; (B) fine round nodules and sparse setae on outer surface of opercular bar; (C) simple setae on outer surface of opercular bar; (D) tip of posterior lobe; (E) posterior part of opercular area with comb collar (cc) and posterior lobe (pl); (F) lateral view of posterior lobe; (G, H) protrusions of comb collar; (I) teeth on lateral margin of opercular bar; (J) simple teeth and massive multifid scales on lateral region of operculum; (K) seta and multifid scales on lateral region of operculum; (L) simple; (M) trifid; (N) bifid teeth on mantle sac surface. Abbreviations: cc – comb collar, ob – opercular bars, pl – posterior lobe. Scale bars in μm.
FIGURE 9 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica
FIGURE 9. Vulcanolepas scotiaensis Peduncular scale arrangement. From peduncle of a mature "gracile" specimen, oriented with capitulum to top (capitulum length: 20 mm, peduncle length: 170mm). a: Arrangement immediately above the base of the peduncle; b: Arrangement mid-length along the peduncle, showing widely spaced scales and an attached juvenile; c:. Arrangement close to the capitulum, showing close proximity of small scales, (lower part of capitulum visible). Specimen from JC42-F-0396.
FIG. 5 in The barnacles of Astreopora (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatini/ Scleractinia, Acroporidae): organization plans, host speci®city, species-richness and geographic range
FIG. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of shell and opercular valves of (A) Hiroa stubbingsi Ross and Newman 1973 from Sulawesi, Indonesia and (B±I) Cionophora guillaumae sp. nov. (MNHN Ci 2803) from New Caledonia. (A) Lateral view of the margin of wall showing six radial (longitudinal) septa running normal to and separating the inner and outer lamina; note the transverse septa running between them and their more numerous marginal denticles that ®t into the grooves of the basis (see ®gure 2B). (B) External view of the wall of holotype showing the radiating rows of pillars on outer lamina of wall. (C) Internal view of wall of holotype showing the sheath and marginal teeth of the radial septa that ®t into the grooves in the basis (®gure 5I). (D) Lateral view of the margin of the wall of the holotype, showing four longitudinal (radial) septa with marginal denticles that ®t into the grooves of the basis and separated by a single transverse septum running parallel to the inner and outer laminae, and the U-shape valleys that run between the radiating rows of pillars on the outer lamina. (E) External view of right opercular plate of holotype. (F) Internal view of left opercular plate of holotype. (G) External view of left opercular plate of paratype (MNHN Ci 2804) showing possible trace of the external suture between tergal and scutal portions of the valve. (H) Internal view of rostral end of wall of paratype showing pair of ridges apparently demarcating the rostral margins of the bosses accommodating the expanded limbus adductorum of each opercular plate. (I) Basis of paratype illustrating internal grooves that accommodated the marginal teeth of the radial septa of the wall and the external tubes between them that accommodated host tissue. Scale bars: (A, I=1 mm; (B, C)=0.75 mm; (D)=0.5 mm; (E±H)= 0.25 mm.
FIG. 4 in The barnacles of Astreopora (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatini/ Scleractinia, Acroporidae): organization plans, host speci®city, species-richness and geographic range
FIG. 4. Hiroa stubbingsi Ross and Newman, 1973 from Astreopora myriophthalma Lamarck, 1816 from Sulawesi, Indonesia (RMNH C 2276): (A) cirrus I; (B) pinnate seta from inner part of posterior ramus of cirrus I; (C) cirrus II; (D) cirrus III; (E) cirrus V; (F) intermediate article of cirrus V; (G) penis. Scale bars: (A, C, D, E, G)= 0.2 mm; (B, F)= 0.05 mm.
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