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Fig. 13 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 13. Strict consensus cladogram from analysis of 37 morphological characters by Walsh and Suárez (2006), designed to test the relationships of Pygoscelis grandis.

Fig. 24 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 24. Scapulae of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: (A) the stem penguin Waimanu tuatahi (CM zfa34); (B) extant Eudyptes chrysolophus (AMNH 5974). Image A reprinted with permission from Slack et al. (2006). See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 6 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 6. Right carpometacarpus of MUSM 889 in (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view, and (C) distal view. Scale bar 5 1cm. See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 17 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 17. Results of iterative analyses testing the effect of assigning character codings from isolated elements to species terminals. Strict consensus of 1920 MPTs of 4493 steps from the analysis applying codings from the Tonniornis mesetaensis holotype humerus to the Delphinornis gracilis terminal. In the results of the permutation for Delphinornis larseni (6390 trees of 4493 steps), the same strict consensus tree was recovered.

Fig. 25 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 25. Coracoids of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: (A) the stem penguin Archaeospheniscus lowei (OM GL407); (B) extant Aptenodytes forsteri (AMNH 3767). The bone is incomplete in A, causing the proximal end to appear less widened. Broken edges suggest that the coracoid fenestra was originally completely enclosed in A. Scale bars 5 1 cm. See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 16 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 16. Strict consensus of 480 MPTs of 4494 steps from the analysis including the type B humerus (IB/P/B-0382) as a separate terminal.

Fig. 23 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 23. Quadrates of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: (A) the stem penguin Icadyptes salasi (MUSM 897); (B) extant Spheniscus demersus (NSM 6294). See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 30 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 30. Tarsometatarsi of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: the stem penguins (A) Waimanu manneringi (CM zfa35), (B) Palaeeudyptes klekowskii (UCMP 321486), and (C) Anthropornis sp. (UCMP 321023), and (D) extant Spheniscus magellanicus (AMNH 24679). Scale bars 5 1 cm. See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 15 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 15. Results of iterative analyses testing the effect of assigning character codings from isolated elements to species terminals. Strict consensus of 1503 MPTs of 4494 steps from the analysis applying codings from IB/P/B-0382 (type B humerus) to the Marambiornis exilis terminal. An identical strict consensus topology resulted from the permutations adding the type B humerus codings to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal.

Fig. 12 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 12. Single most parsimonious tree from analysis of 44 morphological characters by Acosta Hospitaleche et al. (2007, 2008).

Fig. 21 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 21. Phylogeny of Sphenisciformes calibrated to the stratigraphic record. Ghost lineages (Norell, 1992) are minimized. Dotted lines extending the range of clade 7 are based on identification of fragmentary fossils of late Eocene age to this clade. We utilize age ranges for Spheniscus urbinai and Spheniscus megaramphus provided by Stucchi (2007). Most penguins from the La Meseta Formation occur in Telm 7 (34.2–36.1 Ma), but a few species have been reported from lower units (see Myrcha et al., 2002; Jadwiszczak, 2006a), accounting for the extended ranges of Delphinornis larseni, Anthropornis grandis, and Palaeeudyptes gunnari. A specimen from the Chilcatay Formation (see fig. 1) referred to Palaeospheniscus sp. by Acosta Hospitaleche and Stucchi (2005) is provisionally referred to Palaeospheniscus patagonicus (Ksepka, 2007), accounting for the longer range of this taxon. For taxa that are poorly constrained in age, the midpoint of possible ages is used (e.g., Marplesornis is placed at the late Miocene). Geographical locality for fossil taxa and breeding range of extant taxa are provided in parentheses following taxa names. Asterisks indicate taxa with extensive breeding ranges including oceanic islands (see Bertelli and Giannini [2005] for more data on these species). Abbreviations: AF, Africa; AN, Antarctica; AU, Australia; NZ, New Zealand and surrounding islands; SA, South America.

Fig. 19 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 19. Results of iterative analyses testing the effect of assigning character codings from isolated elements to species terminals. Strict consensus of 930 MPTs of 4493 steps from the analysis applying codings from the Tonniornis mesetaensis holotype humerus to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal. An identical strict consensus topology resulted from the permutations adding the Tonniornis mesetaensis humerus codings to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal.

Fig. 20 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 20. Strict consensus of 1400 MPTs of 4492 steps from the analysis including the Tonniornis mesetaensis and Tonniornis minimum holotype humeri as separate terminals.

Figure 7. One subtree from a in Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

Figure 7. One subtree from a reduced consensus analysis using the RadCon program (Thorley & Page, 2000). The MPTs from the phylogenetic analyses with characters 22 and 23 ordered or replaced by binary characters produced slightly different sets of reduced consensus subtrees. This subtree, from the analysis with 22 and 23 ordered, shows the sphenosuchian Terrestrisuchus closer to the crocodyliforms Protosuchus and Alligator, a relationship not found in any subtree of the other analysis.

Figure 6 in Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

Figure 6. Strict consensus (A) and Adams consensus (B) of 151 most parsimonious trees (MPTs) resulting from the PAUP analysis of the data matrix in Table 1 (outgroups omitted in figure). Each MPT has a length of 64 steps, a Consistency Index (C.I.) of 0.609, and a Retention Index (R.I.) of 0.679. Reanalysis with characters 22 and 23 recoded as pairs of additive binary characters recovered 38 MPTs, each with a length of 62 steps, and with a less resolved strict consensus, but the Adams consensus, C, shows much more resolution.

Figure 5 in Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

Figure 5. Kayentasuchus walkeri gen. et sp. nov. Holotype. Lateral view of right ilium and femur. Abbreviations: at =?antitrochanter; tq = fourth trochanter; pi.t = possible homologue of pseudointernal trochanter in Hallopus (Walker, 1970). Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 1 in Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

Figure 1. Litargosuchus leptorhynchus gen. et sp. nov. Skull in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. Abbreviations for Figs 1, 2: ao.f = antorbital fenestra; ar = articular; cb = ceratobranchial I; d = dentary; e.m = external mandibular fenestra; ec = ectopterygoid; en = external naris; f = frontal; j = jugal; l = lacrimal; m = maxilla; n = nasal; or = orbit; p = parietal; pl = palatine; pm = premaxilla; prf = prefrontal; po = postorbital; po.p = paroccipital process; pt = pterygoid; q = quadrate; sq = squamosal; sp. = splenial; v = vomer. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 4 in Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

Figure 4. Kayentasuchus walkeri gen. et sp. nov. Holotype skull. A, ventral view of the braincase with its floor removed. B, medial view of the side wall of the braincase. Abbreviations: bs.s = space within the body of the basisphenoid; en.d = endolymphatic duct; ls = laterosphenoid; m.an = mastoid antrum; ot = otoccipital; p = parietal; po.p = paroccipital process; pt.f = post-temporal foramen; pr = prootic; q = quadrate; so = supraoccipital; sq = squamosal; ve = vestibule; VIII = foramen for cranial nerve VIII (n. vestibulo-cochlearis). Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 2 in Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

Figure 2. Litargosuchus leptorhynchus gen. et sp. nov. Skull in (A) left lateral and (B) right lateral views. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

Figure 3. Kayentasuchus walkeri gen. et sp. nov. Holotype skull. A, left lateral view of reconstructed skull; shape of dentary probably distorted during fossilization. B, posterior view of occiput as preserved. Abbreviations: ao.f = antorbital fenestra; d = dentary; e.m = external mandibular fenestra; f. m = foramen magnum; g = lateral groove on squamosal; j = jugal; l = lacrimal; m = maxilla; n = nasal; or = orbit; ot = otoccipital; p = parietal; pm = premaxilla; po.p = paroccipital process; pt.f = post-temporal fenestra; so = supraoccipital; sq = squamosal. Scale bar = 1 cm.