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122 results for “Incongruence”
Figure 6. Wings. A in Molecular phylogeny of Chinese raspy crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) reveals incongruences in current classification
Figure 6. Wings. A, Mar. sequestris; B, Dr. spinose; C, Dr. melanocrania; D, U. pulchra rubricapitis; E, Capnogryllacris sp.; F, Bo. xujuni.
Figure 14 in Molecular phylogeny of Chinese raspy crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) reveals incongruences in current classification
Figure 14. Tenuigryllacris huanglianensis sp. nov.. A, head in frontal view; B, pronotum in dorsal view; C, ovipositor in lateral view; D, living female individual.
Figure 7 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 7. Phylogenetic trees obtained after new analyses were performed. They are based on a compilation of data sets and three scorings by different authors. Out-groups are indicated in grey. The shared part, not shared previously, is shaded in grey. A, strict consensus tree of the four most-parsimonious trees found using the scoring in Upchurch et al. (2007a) (tree length, TL: 1078 steps). The matrix includes 469 characters. B, strict consensus tree of the six most-parsimonious trees found using the scoring in Yates et al. (2010) (TL: 1118 steps). The matrix includes 450 characters. C, strict consensus tree of the three most-parsimonious trees found using the scoring in Pol et al. (2011) (TL: 996 steps). The matrix includes 450 characters.
Figure 6 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 6. Adams consensus trees (except for Yates et al., 2010) found after a reduction of the taxonomic scope (21 ingroups). Out-groups are not represented. A, Adams consensus tree of the 252 most-parsimonious trees obtained running the data set from Upchurch et al. (2007a) (tree length, TL: 680 steps). B, most-parsimonious tree obtained running the data set from Yates et al. (2010) (TL: 896 steps). C, Adams consensus tree of the 88 most-parsimonious trees obtained running the data set of Pol et al. (2011) (TL: 546 steps). D, strict consensus of trees A, B, and C. Branches in grey illustrate the common parts in the three analyses.
Figure 5 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 5. Strict consensus trees (except for Yates et al., 2010) found after a reduction of the taxonomic scope (21 ingroups). Out-groups are not represented. A, strict consensus tree of the 252 most-parsimonious trees obtained running the data set from Upchurch et al. (2007a) (tree length, TL: 680 steps). B, most-parsimonious tree obtained running the data set from Yates et al. (2010) (TL: 896 steps). C, strict consensus tree of the 88 most-parsimonious trees obtained running the data set from Pol et al. (2011) (TL: 546 steps). D, strict consensus of the trees A, B, and C. Branches in grey indicate areas in common among the three analyses.
Figure 1 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 1. Original phylogenetic tree and character distribution map from the analysis presented by Upchurch et al. (2007a). A, strict consensus tree, where Blikanasaurus was removed a posteriori. Out-group taxa branches are in grey; in-group taxa branches are in black. B, character distribution map where the x-axis represents the percentage of total characters in each major subdivision (e.g. cranial, axial, and appendicular), and the y-axis represents the percentage of characters within a region (for instance skull roof, braincase, etc., in the cranial region). The percentage written in the rectangle formed by each minor subdivision represents its contribution to the total number of characters.
Figure 2 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 2. Original phylogenetic tree and character distribution map from the analysis presented by Yates et al. (2010). A, strict consensus tree, where authors removed Blikanasaurus, Camelotia, and Isanosaurus a priori. Out-group taxa branches are in grey; in-group taxa branches are in black; Plateosaurus e, Plateosaurus engelhardti; Plateosaurus g, Plateosaurus gracilis. B, character distribution map where the x-axis represents the percentage of total characters in each major subdivision (e.g. cranial, axial, and appendicular), and the y-axis represents the percentage of characters within a region (for instance skull roof, braincase, etc., in the cranial region). The percentage written in the rectangle formed by each minor subdivision represents its contribution to the total number of characters.
Figure 3 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 3. Original phylogenetic tree and character distribution map from the analysis presented by Pol et al. (2011). A, strict consensus tree, where Jingshanosaurus, Blikanasaurus, Camelotia, and Ferganasaurus were removed a posteriori. Out-group taxa branches are in grey; in-group taxa branches are in black; Azendhosaurus m, Azendhosaurus madagascar; Azendhosaurus l, Azendhosaurus laroussi. B, character distribution map, where the x-axis represents the percentage of total characters in each major subdivision (e.g. cranial, axial, and appendicular), and the y-axis represents the percentage of characters within a region (for instance skull roof, braincase, etc., in the cranial region). The percentage written in the rectangle formed by each minor subdivision represents its contribution to the total number of characters.
A European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01072825. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 4. Publications: 3.
Posteromedial Tibiofemoral Incongruence (PMTFI) Treatment
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05882591. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Mitochondrial genes have incongruent histories linked to their chromosomal position and function
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Data from: Phylogenetics of New World ‘justicioids’ (Justicieae: Acanthaceae): major lineages, morphological patterns and widespread incongruence with classification
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Data from: Incongruence in molecular species delimitation schemes: what to do when adding more data is difficult.
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Data from: Molecular phylogeny of the highly diversified catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) reveals incongruences with morphological classification
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Data from: Phylogenomic incongruence, hypothesis testing, and taxonomic sampling: the monophyly of characiform fishes
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Data from: Incongruence between morphological and mitochondrial-DNA characters suggests hybrid origins of parthenogenetic weevil lineages (genus Aramigus)
An expanded matrix of morphological characters for the genus Aramigus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which includes numerous polyploid parthenogenetic lineages, was compared and combined with a published matrix of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) characters. The matrix of morphological characters provides little resolution of the A. tessellatus and A. uruguayensis species complexes but does resolve previously unresolved relationships among other morphologically defined species (A. globoculus + A. intermedius, A. curtulus + A. planioculus). The morphological and mtDNA characters are significantly incongruent (0.435 ≤ IM ≤ 0.463; IMF = 0.0735), according to the tests of Farris et al. (P = 0.010) and Templeton (P < 0.005), probably because of hybrid origins of polyploid parthenogenetic lineages. For the few sexual lineages included in both matrices, morphology and mtDNA provide congruent estimates of phylogeny. In spite of recent injunctions against combining data sets that are incongruent because of differing histories, the results of the combined analyses were used to select one of the most-parsimonious mtDNA trees as the best estimate of maternal-lineage genealogy and to reconstruct the evolution of parthenogenesis under the assumption that transitions from sexuality to parthenogenesis are irreversible. Where cytogenetically justified, as in weevils, the irreversibility assumption is useful for producing conservative estimates of the age of parthenogenetic lineages in spite of potential sampling bias against sexuals.
Data from: Data set incongruence and correlated character evolution: an example of functional convergence in the hind-limbs of stifftail diving ducks
The unwitting inclusion of convergent characters in phylogenetic estimates poses a serious problem for efforts to recover phylogeny. Convergence is not inscrutable, however, particularly when one group of characters tracks phylogeny and another set tracks adaptive history. In such cases, convergent characters may be correlated with one or a few functional anatomical units and readily identifiable using comparative methods. Stifftail ducks (Oxyurinae) offer one such opportunity to study correlated character evolution and function in the context of phylogenetic reconstruction. Morphological analyses place stifftail ducks as part of a large clade of diving ducks that includes the sea ducks (Mergini), Hymenolaimus, Merganetta, and Tachyeres, and possibly the pochards (Aythyini). Molecular analyses, on the other hand, place stifftails far from other diving ducks and suggest, moreover, that stifftails are polyphyletic. Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences of eight stifftail species traditionally supposed to form a clade were compared with each other and with sequences from 50 other anseriform and galliform species. Stifftail ducks are not the sister group of sea ducks, but lie outside the typical ducks (Anatinae). Of the four traditional stifftail genera, monophyly of Oxyura and its sister group relationship with Nomonyx are strongly supported. Heteronetta probably is the sister group of that clade, but support is weak. Biziura is not a true stifftail. Within Oxyura, Old World species (O. australis, O. leucocephala, O. maccoa) appear to form a clade, with New World species (O. jamaicensis, O. vittata) branching basally. Incongruence between molecules and morphology is interpreted to be the result of adaptive specialization and functional convergence in the hind limbs of Biziura and true stifftails. When morphological characters are divided into classes, only hind-limb characters are significantly in conflict with the molecular tree. Null models of synonomous and nonsynonomous substitution based on patterns of codon-degeneracy and chemical dissimilarity, likewise, indicate that the nucleotide and amino acid changes postulated by the molecular tree are more plausible than those postulated by the morphological tree. These findings teach general lessons about the utility of highly adaptive characters (in particular those related to foraging ecology) and underscore the problems that convergence can pose for attempts to recover phylogeny. They also demonstrate how the concept of natural data partitions and simple models of evolution (e.g., parsimony, likelihood, neutrality) can be used to test the accuracy of independent phylogenetic estimates and provide arguments in favor of one tree topology over another.
Data from: Incongruence between morphological data sets: an example from the evolution of endoparasitism among parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Phylogenetic analyses of molecular and morphological data sets for a group of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) give strikingly different results. The molecular data indicate that the major life history transition from ectoparasitism to endoparasitism has occurred independently several times within the family while the morphological data indicate a single origin. Similar incongruent topologies are obtained if the morphological data are partitioned by either of two methods: distinguishing (1) characters of the larval stage and female reproductive system, or (2) characters selected individually by the authors prior to the analysis as likely to be mechanistically associated with endo/ectoparasitism. This result is supported by significant differences in tests of incongruence, and we propose that it is caused by convergence among morphological characters resulting from a shared life history strategy.
Supplementary material 6 from: Urfer K, Spasojevic T, Klopfstein S, Baur H, Lasut L, Kropf C (2021) Incongruent molecular and morphological variation in the crab spider Synema globosum (Araneae, Thomisidae) in Europe. ZooKeys 1078: 107-134. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1078.64116
Morphomatrix of the examined Synema globosum individuals
Supplementary material 2 from: Urfer K, Spasojevic T, Klopfstein S, Baur H, Lasut L, Kropf C (2021) Incongruent molecular and morphological variation in the crab spider Synema globosum (Araneae, Thomisidae) in Europe. ZooKeys 1078: 107-134. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1078.64116
Genbank and Bold numbers of the Synema globosum specimens that were obtained from these databases
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